Social isolation leads to mild social recognition impairment and losses in brain cellularity.

Chronic social stress is a significant risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders, mainly major depressive disorder (MDD). In this way, patients with clinical depression may display many symptoms, including disrupted social behavior and anxiety. However, like many other psychiatric diseases, MDD has a very complex etiology and pathophysiology. Because social isolation is one of the multiple depression-inducing factors in humans, this study aims to understand better the link between social stress and MDD using an animal model based on social isolation after weaning, which is known to produce social stress in mice. We focused on cellular composition and white matter integrity to establish possible links with the abnormal social behavior that rodents isolated after weaning displayed in the three-chamber social approach and recognition tests. We used the isotropic fractionator method to assess brain cellularity, which allows us to robustly estimate the number of oligodendrocytes and neurons in dissected brain regions. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was employed to analyze white matter microstructure. Results have shown that post-weaning social isolation impairs social recognition and reduces the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes in important brain regions involved in social behavior, such as the anterior neocortex and the olfactory bulb. Despite the limitations of animal models of psychological traits, evidence suggests that behavioral impairments observed in patients might have similar biological underpinnings.

Implicações da Covid-19 na condição de trabalho de profissionais de enfermagem: estudo descritivo / Implications of Covid-19 on the working conditions of nursing professionals: a descriptive study

OBJETIVO: analisar as condições de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem no contexto de pandemia da Covid-19 em um hospital do interior de Mato Grosso. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa com coleta de dados realizada por meio de um questionário onde a escala de Likert foi atribuída. Os dados foram obtidos no período entre novembro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021 e tabulados por meio do Microsoft Excel®. RESULTADOS: amostra composta por 50 profissionais de enfermagem. A maioria dos participantes 48 (96,00%) realizaram atendimento direto aos casos de COVID-19 e asseguram ter recebido equipamentos de paramentação individual para assistência. Em relação a capacitações, 41 (82,0%) afirmaram ter obtido no ambiente de trabalho e 42 (84,00%) profissionais perceberam alterações no labor decorrente da situação pandêmica. CONCLUSÃO: os participantes reconhecem que houve alterações na rotina laboral decorrente da pandemia da Covid-19, potencializando os desgastes físicos e mentais associados ao trabalho.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the working conditions of nursing professionals in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in a hospital in the interior of Mato Grosso State. METHOD: descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study with data collection performed through a questionnaire using the Likert scale. Data were obtained between November 2020 and January 2021 and tabulated on Microsoft Excel®. RESULTS: sample composed of 50 nursing professionals. The majority of the participants 48 (96.00%) performed direct care to Covid-19 patients and ensured they had received individual PPE equipment. Regarding training, 41 (82.0%) stated that they had obtained training in the work environment and 42 (84.00%) professionals noticed changes in work due to the pandemic situation. CONCLUSION: the participants recognized that there were changes in the work routine resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic, potentiating the physical and mental strain associated with work.

Factors associated with the incomplete opportune vaccination schedule up to 12 months of age, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso / Fatores associados ao esquema vacinal oportuno incompleto até os 12 meses de idade, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso

Abstract Objective: To analyze factors associated with the incomplete timely vaccination schedule up to 12 months of age, in children born in 2015, in the municipality of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Methods: Population survey, August/2017 to February/2018, which used the method proposed by the World Health Organization to collect information about routine vaccination. For analysis of the associated factors, the recommendations of the National Immunization Program of the Ministry of Health were considered. Univariate analysis was performed, and the factors associated with p<0.20 entered in the multiple analysis, with hierarchical entry of individual variables and contextual indicator of concentration of the income extremes. Results: The incomplete timely vaccination schedule up to 12 months was 82.03% (95%CI 78.41-86.63). In the final model, the following remained independently associated: having one or more siblings at home (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.75-5.76) and not receiving a visit from a community health worker in the last 30 days (OR 1.93; 95%CI 1.04-3.57). Conclusions: It is necessary to implement an active search for children with vaccination delay in relation to the recommended interval for each vaccine, in addition to the need to strengthen the link of the family health strategy and child caregivers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar fatores associados ao esquema vacinal oportuno incompleto até os 12 meses de idade, em crianças nascidas em 2015, no município de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Métodos: Inquérito populacional, agosto/2017 a fevereiro/2018, que utilizou o método proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para coletar informações sobre a vacinação de rotina. Para analisar os fatores associados, consideraram-se as recomendações do Programa Nacional de Imunização do Ministério da Saúde. Realizou-se análise univariada e os fatores associados com p<0,20 entraram na análise múltipla, com entrada hierarquizada das variáveis individuais e indicador contextual de concentração de extremos de renda. Resultados: O esquema vacinal oportuno incompleto até os 12 meses foi de 82,03% (IC95% 78,41-86,63). No modelo final, permaneceram independentemente associados: possuir um irmão ou mais no domicílio (OR 3,18; IC95% 1,75-5,76) e não receber visita de agente comunitário de saúde nos últimos 30 dias (OR 1,93; IC95% 1,04-3,57). Conclusões: É necessário implementar busca ativa de crianças com atraso vacinal em relação ao intervalo recomendado para cada vacina, além da necessidade de fortalecer o vínculo da estratégia de saúde da família e cuidadores de crianças.

Factors associated with the incomplete opportune vaccination schedule up to 12 months of age, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with the incomplete timely vaccination schedule up to 12 months of age, in children born in 2015, in the municipality of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. METHODS: Population survey, August/2017 to February/2018, which used the method proposed by the World Health Organization to collect information about routine vaccination. For analysis of the associated factors, the recommendations of the National Immunization Program of the Ministry of Health were considered. Univariate analysis was performed, and the factors associated with p<0.20 entered in the multiple analysis, with hierarchical entry of individual variables and contextual indicator of concentration of the income extremes. RESULTS: The incomplete timely vaccination schedule up to 12 months was 82.03% (95%CI 78.41-86.63). In the final model, the following remained independently associated: having one or more siblings at home (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.75-5.76) and not receiving a visit from a community health worker in the last 30 days (OR 1.93; 95%CI 1.04-3.57). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to implement an active search for children with vaccination delay in relation to the recommended interval for each vaccine, in addition to the need to strengthen the link of the family health strategy and child caregivers.

Mega-dams and extreme rainfall: Disentangling the drivers of extensive impacts of a large flooding event on Amazon Forests.

Extreme weather events and the presence of mega-hydroelectric dams, when combined, present an emerging threat to natural habitats in the Amazon region. To understand the magnitude of these impacts, we used remote sensing data to assess forest loss in areas affected by the extreme 2014 flood in the entire Madeira River basin, the location of two mega-dams. In addition, forest plots (26 ha) were monitored between 2011 and 2015 (14,328 trees) in order to evaluate changes in tree mortality, aboveground biomass (AGB), species composition and community structure around the Jirau reservoir (distance between plots varies from 1 to 80 km). We showed that the mega-dams were the main driver of tree mortality in Madeira basin forests after the 2014 extreme flood. Forest loss in the areas surrounding the reservoirs was 56 km2 in Santo Antônio, 190 km2 in Jirau (7.4-9.2% of the forest cover before flooding), and 79.9% above that predicted in environmental impact assessments. We also show that climatic anomalies, albeit with much smaller impact than that created by the mega-dams, resulted in forest loss along different Madeira sub-basins not affected by dams (34-173 km2; 0.5-1.7%). The impact of flooding was greater in várzea and transitional forests, resulting in high rates of tree mortality (88-100%), AGB decrease (89-100%), and reduction of species richness (78-100%). Conversely, campinarana forests were more flood-tolerant with a slight decrease in species richness (6%) and similar AGB after flooding. Taking together satellite and field measurements, we estimate that the 2014 flood event in the Madeira basin resulted in 8.81-12.47 ∙ 106 tons of dead biomass. Environmental impact studies required for environmental licensing of mega-dams by governmental agencies should consider the increasing trend of climatic anomalies and the high vulnerability of different habitats to minimize the serious impacts of dams on Amazonian biodiversity and carbon stocks.

Conhecimento e atuação da equipe de enfermagem na pandemia da COVID-19 / Knowledge and performance of the nursing team in the COVID-19 pandemic / Conocimiento y desempeño del equipo de enfermería en la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento e condições de trabalho dos profissionais de Enfermagem no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 em um hospital público. Método: trata-se de um estudo misto, descritivo, transversal, a ser realizado com os profissionais de Enfermagem atuantes nos setores de atendimento a pacientes internados com COVID-19 em um hospital público. Coletar-se-ão os dados por meio de instrumento tipo checklist e entrevista. Resultados esperados: espera-se que este estudo possibilite compreender o cenário atual que os profissionais de Enfermagem vivenciam durante a pandemia quanto ao seu conhecimento e condições de trabalho para o alcance de possíveis melhorias no ambiente laboral e transformações nas políticas públicas nacionais.(AU)

Objective: to describe the knowledge and working conditions of nursing professionals in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in a public hospital. Method: this is a mixed, descriptive, crosssectional study to be carried out with nursing professionals working in the sectors of assistance to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a public hospital. The data will be collected by using a checklist-type instrument and an interview. Expected results: this study is expected to make it possible to understand the current scenario lived by nursing professionals during the pandemic regarding their knowledge and working conditions in order to obtain possible improvements in the work environment and changes in national public policies.(AU)

Objetivo: describir los conocimientos y las condiciones laborales de los profesionales de enfermería en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en un hospital público. Método: se trata de un estudio mixto, descriptivo, transversal, para ser realizado con profesionales de enfermería que laboran en los sectores de atención a pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 en un hospital público. Los datos se recopilarán utilizando una lista de verificación y un instrumento tipo entrevista. Resultados esperados: se espera que este estudio permita comprender el escenario actual que viven los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia en cuanto a sus conocimientos y condiciones laborales para lograr posibles mejoras en el clima laboral y cambios en las políticas públicas nacionales.(AU)

Neurofibroma plexiforme gigante da região lombar com transformação hemorrágica ? Relato de caso / Giant plexiform neurofibroma of the lumbar region with hemorrhagic transformation ? Case report

A neurofibromatose tipo 1 é uma facomatose que apresenta, entre outras características, tumores oriundos da bainha dos nervos como o neurofibroma plexiforme. Neste artigo é relatado o caso de um paciente que sofreu transformação hemorrágica espontânea de um neurofibroma plexiforme gigante na região lombar. Existem apenas cinco casos relatados na literatura de neurofibroma plexiforme gigante na região lombar, havendo apenas dois casos de transformação hemorrágica de tal lesão, sendo este o terceiro maior neurofibroma plexiforme relatado na região lombar. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia e à ressecção total da lesão. O anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de neurofibroma plexiforme e revelou a presença de vasos displásicos, que poderiam ser a causa do sangramento espontâneo. É ressaltada a necessidade de orientação aos pacientes quanto ao crescimento súbito da lesão e à hemorragia como diagnóstico diferencial etiológico de tal crescimento.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a phakomatose that may present as a variant called plexiform neurofibroma. The case of a patient who suffered a spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation of a giant plexiform neurofibroma in the lumbar region is discussed. There are only five cases reported of giant plexiform neurofibroma in the lumbar region and two cases of hemorrhagic transformation of this type of tumor. The lesion was totally resected and is the third largest plexiform neurofibroma reported. The histopathological exam confirmed the diagnosis and revealed the presence of dysplastic vessels, the probable cause of spontaneous bleeding. The authors emphasize the need of orientation to the patients about the possibility of fast growth of the lesion due to spontaneous bleeding.

Ligas Acadêmicas: o que há de positivo? Experiência de implantação da Liga Baiana de Cirurgia Plástica / Academic league: is it positive? Experience of Liga Baiana de Cirurgia Plástica

Introdução: A Liga Baiana de Cirurgia Plástica (LBCP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia da Universidade Federal da Bahia é uma liga acadêmica sem fins lucrativos, fundada em maio de 2006 com a finalidade de aproximar graduandos à especialidade médica de Cirurgia Plástica. Objetivo: O presente estudo pretende avaliar os pontos positivos e negativos, o grau de satisfação e aprendizado dos membros após um ano de implantação da LBCP. Método: Foram analisadas, por meio de questionário aplicado aos membros no final do ano letivo, todas as ati vidades realizadas pela LBCP, no período de maio de 2006 a julho de 2007. As atividades foram: reuniões semanais com aulas sobre os principais assuntos em cirurgia plástica, atendimento ambulatorial e instrumentação cirúrgica no Hospital Universitário, reuniões da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica - Regional Bahia, organização de eventos e elaboração de trabalhos científicos. Resultados: A taxa de alunos que se interessavam pela especialidade era 28,6% antes da liga, evoluindo para 78,6%. As taxas de satisfação e aprendizado após I ano de LBCP foram de 84% e 78%, respecti vamente. Conclusão: As ligas acadêmicas são instrumentos de forte poder para inserção na atividade médica e científica, propiciam melhor contato e conhecimento da especialidade, desmistificando assuntos outrora desconhecidos.

Introduction: Plastic Surgery academic league (LBCP) of the Medical School of Federal University ofBahia (UFBA) is an academic league with no financiaI interests. Objective: The aim of this study is evaluate the main positive and negative points of LBCP, member's satisfaction and knowledge after one year. Method: The questioner applied to the members analyzed, by the end ofthe year, the main LBCP events during May 2006 and July 2007. They were: weekly lectures, activities in plastic surgery clinics at Universitary Hospital, Brazilian Plastic Surgery Society - Regional Bahia meetings, surgical instrumentation of plastic surgeries, events organization and scientific development. Results: The percentage of student interested in acting as plastic surgeon grew from 28.6% to 78.6%. Satisfaction and improvement of knowledge ranged 84% and 78%. Conclusion: Academic leagues are powerful instruments for graduates insertion in scientific and medical activities. They bring real contact and knowledge, demystifying unknown aspects of the specialty.

Comparative study of suture and in skin closure of rats

PURPOSE: To compare the biocompatibility of ethyl-cyanoacrylate (ECA) and octylcyanoacrylate (OCA) wound closures to sutures in rat skin. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were subjected to three incisions which were closed using ECA, OCA or sutures . Rats were divided into four groups which received biopsies on the 3rd, 7th, 14th or 21st post-operative days. Necrosis, inflammation, dermatitis, infection, dehiscence, cicatricial enlargement and costs were examined; the histopathology evaluated was epithelialization, deep openings, foreign substance reaction, residues of synthesis material, fibrosis, inflammation, dehiscence and necrosis. RESULTS: The tissue adhesives presented the largest dehiscence levels, and ECA the lowest cost while the other measures were similar. Regarding histopathology, deep openings were more common with OCA and granulomas were most frequently obtained with ECA. The two tissue adhesives produces less inflammation than the inicial suture from post-operative day 7, while ECA and OCA cause similar inflammatory reactions. ECA did not differ significantly from OCA and sutures on other measures. CONCLUSION: ECA was well tolerated in this study and did not induce necrosis, allergic reactions or infections, presenting several advantages in relation to OCA and sutures, including lower costs and fewer complications.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a biocompatibilidade do etil-cianoacrilato (ECA) em fechamento de pele em ratos comparativamente ao octil-cianoacrilato (OCA) e à sutura. MÉTODOS: Rattus norvegicus albinus (n=24) foram submetidos a três incisões, cada uma fechada por um dos métodos de síntese estudados. Quatro grupos (n=6) foram feitos, conforme o dia pós-operatório (DPO) em que foram eutanasiados: 3DPO, 7DPO,14DPO e 21DPO. Necrose, edema, eritema, dermatite, infecção, deiscência, alargamento cicatricial e custos foram os itens examinados; histopatologicamente avaliou-se epitelização, abertura profunda, reação de corpo estranho, resíduos de material de síntese, fibrose, reação inflamatória, deiscência e necrose. RESULTADOS: Os adesivos apresentaram os maiores níveis de deiscências, e o ECA o custo mais baixo; nos demais itens, não houve diferenças. Histopatologia: A abertura profunda foi mais comum com o OCA; ECA foi o material mais encontrado em granulomas; os adesivos foram mais brandos que a sutura a partir do 7° DPO no quesito inflamação, enquanto que o ECA causou uma reação similar ao OCA; nos outros itens, ECA não apresentou diferença importante em relação ao OCA e à sutura. CONCLUSÃO: O ECA foi bem tolerado neste grupo de estudo, sem induzir necrose, reações alérgicas e infecção, apresentando diversas vantagens de uso em relação ao OCA e à sutura.

Comparative study of suture and in skin closure of rats / Estudo comparativo entre sutura e cianoacrilatos no fechamento de pele de ratos

PURPOSE: To compare the biocompatibility of ethyl-cyanoacrylate (ECA) and octylcyanoacrylate (OCA) wound closures to sutures in rat skin. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were subjected to three incisions which were closed using ECA, OCA or sutures . Rats were divided into four groups which received biopsies on the 3rd, 7th, 14th or 21st post-operative days. Necrosis, inflammation, dermatitis, infection, dehiscence, cicatricial enlargement and costs were examined; the histopathology evaluated was epithelialization, deep openings, foreign substance reaction, residues of synthesis material, fibrosis, inflammation, dehiscence and necrosis. RESULTS: The tissue adhesives presented the largest dehiscence levels, and ECA the lowest cost while the other measures were similar. Regarding histopathology, deep openings were more common with OCA and granulomas were most frequently obtained with ECA. The two tissue adhesives produces less inflammation than the inicial suture from post-operative day 7, while ECA and OCA cause similar inflammatory reactions. ECA did not differ significantly from OCA and sutures on other measures. CONCLUSION: ECA was well tolerated in this study and did not induce necrosis, allergic reactions or infections, presenting several advantages in relation to OCA and sutures, including lower costs and fewer complications.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a biocompatibilidade do etil-cianoacrilato (ECA) em fechamento de pele em ratos comparativamente ao octil-cianoacrilato (OCA) e à sutura. MÉTODOS: Rattus norvegicus albinus (n=24) foram submetidos a três incisões, cada uma fechada por um dos métodos de síntese estudados. Quatro grupos (n=6) foram feitos, conforme o dia pós-operatório (DPO) em que foram eutanasiados: 3DPO, 7DPO,14DPO e 21DPO. Necrose, edema, eritema, dermatite, infecção, deiscência, alargamento cicatricial e custos foram os itens examinados; histopatologicamente avaliou-se epitelização, abertura profunda, reação de corpo estranho, resíduos de material de síntese, fibrose, reação inflamatória, deiscência e necrose. RESULTADOS: Os adesivos apresentaram os maiores níveis de deiscências, e o ECA o custo mais baixo; nos demais itens, não houve diferenças. Histopatologia: A abertura profunda foi mais comum com o OCA; ECA foi o material mais encontrado em granulomas; os adesivos foram mais brandos que a sutura a partir do 7º DPO no quesito inflamação, enquanto que o ECA causou uma reação similar ao OCA; nos outros itens, ECA não apresentou diferença importante em relação ao OCA e à sutura. CONCLUSÃO: O ECA foi bem tolerado neste grupo de estudo, sem induzir necrose, reações alérgicas e infecção, apresentando diversas vantagens de uso em relação ao OCA e à sutura.

Comparative study of suture and Cyanoacrylates in skin closure of rats.

PURPOSE: To compare the biocompatibility of ethyl-cyanoacrylate (ECA) and octylcyanoacrylate (OCA) wound closures to sutures in rat skin. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were subjected to three incisions which were closed using ECA, OCA or sutures . Rats were divided into four groups which received biopsies on the 3rd, 7th, 14th or 21st post-operative days. Necrosis, inflammation, dermatitis, infection, dehiscence, cicatricial enlargement and costs were examined; the histopathology evaluated was epithelialization, deep openings, foreign substance reaction, residues of synthesis material, fibrosis, inflammation, dehiscence and necrosis. RESULTS: The tissue adhesives presented the largest dehiscence levels, and ECA the lowest cost while the other measures were similar. Regarding histopathology, deep openings were more common with OCA and granulomas were most frequently obtained with ECA. The two tissue adhesives produces less inflammation than the inicial suture from post-operative day 7, while ECA and OCA cause similar inflammatory reactions. ECA did not differ significantly from OCA and sutures on other measures. CONCLUSION: ECA was well tolerated in this study and did not induce necrosis, allergic reactions or infections, presenting several advantages in relation to OCA and sutures, including lower costs and fewer complications.

Deficits in testosterone facilitate enhanced fear response.

Testosterone has been implicated in many behaviors related to sexual and reproductive function, but its role in fear responses is unclear. Studies in both humans and animals have linked altered testosterone concentrations to externalizing behaviors like aggression and violence, but less to more internalizing behaviors like fear. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of testosterone on innate fear response in male rats. TMT (2,5-dihydo-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline), a chemical extracted from fox feces, was used to elicit a fear response in the male rats with normal and diminished levels of testosterone. Behavioral indices such as in freezing response, and fear-induced analgesia were monitored in response to TMT. The results demonstrate that deficits in testosterone resulted in a significant increase in the freezing time and fear-induced analgesia. These studies suggest that testosterone decline may have a significant effect on increasing innate fear response and fear-induced enhancement of analgesia in male rats.