The cognitive and psychiatric subacute impairment in severe Covid-19.

Neurologic impairment persisting months after acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been described because of several pathogenic mechanisms, including persistent systemic inflammation. The objective of this study is to analyze the selective involvement of the different cognitive domains and the existence of related biomarkers. Cross-sectional multicentric study of patients who survived severe infection with SARS-CoV-2 consecutively recruited between 90 and 120 days after hospital discharge. All patients underwent an exhaustive study of cognitive functions as well as plasma determination of pro-inflammatory, neurotrophic factors and light-chain neurofilaments. A principal component analysis extracted the main independent characteristics of the syndrome. 152 patients were recruited. The results of our study preferential involvement of episodic and working memory, executive functions, and attention and relatively less affectation of other cortical functions. In addition, anxiety and depression pictures are constant in our cohort. Several plasma chemokines concentrations were elevated compared with both, a non-SARS-Cov2 infected cohort of neurological outpatients or a control healthy general population. Severe Covid-19 patients can develop an amnesic and dysexecutive syndrome with neuropsychiatric manifestations. We do not know if the deficits detected can persist in the long term and if this can trigger or accelerate the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.

External Validation of the ISAN, A2DS2, and AIS-APS Scores for Predicting Stroke-Associated Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: The Prestroke Independence, Sex, Age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (ISAN), Age, Atrial Fibrillation, Dysphagia, male sex, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (A2DS2), and acute ischemic stroke-associated pneumonia score (AIS-APS) scores were created to predict stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), one of the most important medical stroke complications. External validation of all such scores in an acute stroke population was the aim of our study. METHODS: Patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke were prospectively enrolled in the multicenter Stroke-Induced Pneumonia in Andalucía project between October 2014 and May 2016. Receiver operating characteristic curves and linear regression analyses were used to determine discrimination ability of the scores. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and the plot of observed versus predicted SAP risk were used to assess model calibration. RESULTS: Among 201 included patients, SAP rate was 15.5% (31). Higher ISAN, A2DS2, and AIS-APS scores were related to SAP (all P < .001). The C statistic was .83 (95% confidence interval [CI], .76-.91) for the ISAN score, .80 (95% CI, .70-.89) for the A2DS2 score, and .82 (95% CI, .74-.90) for the AIS-APS score, suggesting good discrimination. The ISAN and AIS-APS scores showed good calibration (Cox and Snell R2 = .206 and .174, respectively). The A2DS2 score showed the highest sensitivity (87%), and the AIS-APS score showed the highest specificity (92.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, the external validation of ISAN, A2DS2, and AIS-APS scores have demonstrated their accurate prediction of SAP and the ability of these scores as screening tools to better manage SAP. The AIS-APS score would be recommendable for the development of future clinical trials.

Early endoscopy-assisted treatment of multiple-suture craniosynostosis.

AIMS: Endoscopy-assisted treatment of craniosynostosis constitutes a novel modality for management of complex craniosynostoses. In this work, the authors aimed to assess the safety and advantages of performing these techniques in patients under 4 months of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study group comprised patients aged 4 months or younger with multiple-suture craniosynostosis undergoing endoscopy-assisted cranial remodeling. RESULTS: Between March 2007 and June 2011, we treated seven patients with combined affected sutures, five with unclassified nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, one with Muenke's and another with Crouzon's syndromes. One child with a cloverleaf skull had a family history of craniosynostosis. Mean age at diagnosis was 35.3 days (1-90 days). The most frequent combinations of involved sutures were sagittal and bicoronal suture (n = 3) and bilateral coronal suture (n = 3). Mean age at treatment was 62.8 days (13-109 days). Blood transfusion was required in only two patients. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.3 days (2-4 days). Mean follow-up period was 20.14 months (7-46 months). No patient presented ventriculomegaly or Chiari I malformation in follow-up studies, and only one showed a vertical disposition of the posterior fossa. No patient presented complications related to the procedures. A good result (Barlett I) was observed at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. Four patients followed up for more than 1 year did not develop craniolacunae. CONCLUSION: Endoscopy-assisted surgery for correction of craniosynostosis in children under 4 months represents a valid and safe management option. Early treatment may contribute to prevent the development of associated ventriculomegaly and Chiari I malformation.

Initial experience involving treatment and retreatment with carmustine wafers in combination with oral temozolomide: long-term survival in a child with relapsed glioblastoma multiforme.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastomas occur infrequently in children, and the prognosis is better than for glioblastomas seen in adults. Aggressive treatment is justified in pediatric patients. OBSERVATIONS: We present the case of a 6-year-old child with malignant posterior temporal glioma treated with surgery, radiotherapy, local chemotherapy with carmustine wafers, and oral therapy with temozolomide, both at initial diagnosis and at relapse 18 months later. After 6 years, the patient seems healthy with no focal neurologic signs, and imaging studies show no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: Multimodal therapy was found to have a very positive outcome for a child with malignant glioma.

[Neonatal intracranial haemorrhage secondary to spontaneous rupture of an aneurysm. Illustrative case and literature review]. / Hemorragia intracraneal en el neonato secundaria a rotura aneurismatica espontanea. Caso ilustrativo y revision de la bibliografia.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial arterial aneurysms are little frequent among the pediatric age group but the frequency is still lower in children under 1 year of age and extremely rare in neonates. We present a case, review literature and propose common characteristics and management of this pathology. CASE REPORT: A term newborn suffered reduction of the level of conscience. After brain ultrasound examination and CT scan was diagnosed with intraparenchymatous hematoma on the 7th day of life. Intraoperative, after evacuation of this hematoma, we discovered, clipped and extirpated a middle cerebral artery aneurysm without any problems. The patient's evolution was satisfactory only presenting a slight paresia of his right arm. CONCLUSION: We review the literature and find 16 cases of neonatal intracranial arterial aneurysms. Mortality rate is about 50%, but keeping in mind better survivals with surgical treatment in the last years. Thus we conclude, when it is possible, in favour of a surgical and precocious treatment of these neonatal aneurysm.

Hemorragia intracraneal en el neonato secundaria a rotura aneurismática espontánea. Caso ilustrativo y revisión de la bibliografía / Neonatal intracranial haemorrhage secondary to spontaneous rupture of an aneurysm. Illustrative case and literature review

Introducción. Los aneurismas intracraneales arteriales son raros en la edad pediátrica, pero mucho más en menores de 1 año, y más extraños aún en neonatos. Presentamos un caso, revisamos la bibliografía y proponemos características comunes, así como recomendaciones terapéuticas. Caso clínico. Recién nacido a término que sufre deterioro del nivel de conciencia y que tras ecografía y tomografía computarizada cerebrales es diagnosticado de hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo al séptimo día de vida. Tras la evacuación del hematoma, intraoperatoriamente se detecta aneurisma de la arteria cerebral media, que se clipa y extirpa sin problemas. El paciente evoluciona de forma favorable, permaneciendo como única secuela a los tres años de seguimiento una ligera paresia en el brazo. Conclusión. Tras revisar la bibliografía, encontramos 16 casos claros de aneurismas neonatales. La mortalidad global es cercana al 50%, pero hay que tener en cuenta que se observan supervivencias mucho mayores tras tratamiento quirúrgico en los últimos años. Por eso concluimos, cuando es posible, a favor de un tratamiento quirúrgico precoz de estas lesiones (AU)

Introduction. Intracranial arterial aneurysms are little frequent among the pediatric age group but the frequency is still ower in children under 1 year of age and extremely rare in neonates. We present a case, review literature and propose common characteristics and management of this pathology. Case report. A term newborn suffered reduction of the level of conscience. After brain ultrasound examination and CT scan was diagnosed with intraparenchymatous hematoma on the 7th day of life. Intraoperative, after evacuation of this hematoma, we discovered, clipped and extirpated a middle cerebral artery aneurysm without any problems. The patient’s evolution was satisfactory only presenting a slight paresia of his right arm. Conclusion. We review the literature and find 16 cases of neonatal intracranial arterial aneurysms. Mortality rate is about 50%, but keeping in mind better survivals with surgical treatment in the last years. Thus we conclude, when it is possible, in favour of a surgical and precocious treatment of these neonatal aneurysm (AU)