Minimizing lipid oxidation during pH-shift processing of fish by-products by cross-processing with lingonberry press cake, shrimp shells or brown seaweed.

The potential of cross-processing herring or salmon by-products with brown seaweed, shrimp peeling by-products and lingonberry press cake (called "helpers") to minimize lipid oxidation during acid/alkaline pH-shift protein isolation was evaluated. Lingonberry press cake remarkably reduced levels of lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-trans2-hexenal (HHE) in both herring and salmon protein isolates (PI) while seaweed and shrimp by-product mitigated generation of MDA and HHE in herring PI. The salmon PI, however, by itself had very low oxidation levels. Cross-processing reduced protein yield compared with the classical pH-shift process by diminishing protein solubility, but still, the alkaline process version was promising. The color of the PIs varied greatly between different process combinations, reflecting partitioning of natural pigments into isolates. Altogether, cross-processing seems a promising tool for inhibition of lipid oxidation during pH-shift processing of sensitive fish by-products, with the alkaline version and lingonberry press cake being closest at hand for further studies.