RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on whether hybrid immunity differs by count and order of immunity-conferring events (infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] or vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). From a multi-site cohort of frontline workers, we examined the heterogeneity of the effect of hybrid immunity on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. METHODS: Exposures included event count and event order, categorized into 7 permutations. Outcome was level of serum antibodies against receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (total RBD-binding immunoglobulin). Means were examined up to 365 days after each of the first to seventh events. RESULTS: Analysis included 5793 participants measured from 7 August 2020 to 15 April 2023. Hybrid immunity from infection before 1 or 2 vaccine doses elicited modestly superior antibody responses after the second and third events (compared with infections or vaccine doses alone). This superiority was not repeated after additional events. Among adults infected before vaccination, adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 1.23 (1.14-1.33), 1.09 (1.03-1.14), 0.87 (.81-.94), and 0.99 (.85-1.15) after the second to fifth events, respectively. Post-vaccination infections elicited superior responses; adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CI) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 0.93 (.75-1.17), 1.11 (1.06-1.16), 1.17 (1.11-1.24), and 1.20 (1.07-1.34) after the second to fifth events, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of heterogeneity in antibody levels by permutations of infection and vaccination history could inform COVID-19 vaccination policy.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Humanos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Estudios Prospectivos , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Importance: Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were recommended in the US for children and adolescents aged 12 years or older on September 1, 2022, and for children aged 5 to 11 years on October 12, 2022; however, data demonstrating the effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines are limited. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 among children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data for the period September 4, 2022, to January 31, 2023, were combined from 3 prospective US cohort studies (6 sites total) and used to estimate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years. A total of 2959 participants completed periodic surveys (demographics, household characteristics, chronic medical conditions, and COVID-19 symptoms) and submitted weekly self-collected nasal swabs (irrespective of symptoms); participants submitted additional nasal swabs at the onset of any symptoms. Exposure: Vaccination status was captured from the periodic surveys and supplemented with data from state immunization information systems and electronic medical records. Main Outcome and Measures: Respiratory swabs were tested for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as a positive test regardless of symptoms. Symptomatic COVID-19 was defined as a positive test and 2 or more COVID-19 symptoms within 7 days of specimen collection. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 among participants who received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose vs participants who received no vaccine or monovalent vaccine doses only. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, underlying health conditions, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status, geographic site, proportion of circulating variants by site, and local virus prevalence. Results: Of the 2959 participants (47.8% were female; median age, 10.6 years [IQR, 8.0-13.2 years]; 64.6% were non-Hispanic White) included in this analysis, 25.4% received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose. During the study period, 426 participants (14.4%) had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these 426 participants, 184 (43.2%) had symptomatic COVID-19, 383 (89.9%) were not vaccinated or had received only monovalent COVID-19 vaccine doses (1.38 SARS-CoV-2 infections per 1000 person-days), and 43 (10.1%) had received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose (0.84 SARS-CoV-2 infections per 1000 person-days). Bivalent vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 54.0% (95% CI, 36.6%-69.1%) and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 was 49.4% (95% CI, 22.2%-70.7%). The median observation time after vaccination was 276 days (IQR, 142-350 days) for participants who received only monovalent COVID-19 vaccine doses vs 50 days (IQR, 27-74 days) for those who received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose. Conclusion and Relevance: The bivalent COVID-19 vaccines protected children and adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19. These data demonstrate the benefit of COVID-19 vaccine in children and adolescents. All eligible children and adolescents should remain up to date with recommended COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Estudios Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunas de ARNm/uso terapéutico , Vacunas Combinadas/uso terapéutico , Preescolar , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In a cohort of essential workers in the United States previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for reinfection included being unvaccinated, infrequent mask use, time since first infection, and being non-Hispanic Black. Protecting workers from reinfection requires a multipronged approach including up-to-date vaccination, mask use as recommended, and reduction in underlying health disparities.
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COVID-19 , Reinfección , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data on antibody kinetics are limited among individuals previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). From a cohort of healthcare personnel and other frontline workers in 6 US states, we assessed antibody waning after messenger RNA (mRNA) dose 2 and response to dose 3 according to SARS-CoV-2 infection history. METHODS: Participants submitted sera every 3 months, after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and after each mRNA vaccine dose. Sera were tested for antibodies and reported as area under the serial dilution curve (AUC). Changes in AUC values over time were compared using a linear mixed model. RESULTS: Analysis included 388 participants who received dose 3 by November 2021. There were 3 comparison groups: vaccine only with no known prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 224); infection prior to dose 1 (n = 123); and infection after dose 2 and before dose 3 (n = 41). The interval from dose 2 and dose 3 was approximately 8 months. After dose 3, antibody levels rose 2.5-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-3.0) in group 2 and 2.9-fold (95% CI = 2.6-3.3) in group 1. Those infected within 90 days before dose 3 (and median 233 days [interquartile range, 213-246] after dose 2) did not increase significantly after dose 3. CONCLUSIONS: A third dose of mRNA vaccine typically elicited a robust humoral immune response among those with primary vaccination regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection >3 months prior to boosting. Those with infection <3 months prior to boosting did not have a significant increase in antibody concentrations in response to a booster.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/prevención & control , Formación de Anticuerpos , SARS-CoV-2 , ARN Mensajero , Vacunas de ARNm , Anticuerpos AntiviralesRESUMEN
Importance: Data on the epidemiology of mild to moderately severe COVID-19 are needed to inform public health guidance. Objective: To evaluate associations between 2 or 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and attenuation of symptoms and viral RNA load across SARS-CoV-2 viral lineages. Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective cohort study of essential and frontline workers in Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, Oregon, Texas, and Utah with COVID-19 infection confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing and lineage classified by whole genome sequencing of specimens self-collected weekly and at COVID-19 illness symptom onset. This analysis was conducted among 1199 participants with SARS-CoV-2 from December 14, 2020, to April 19, 2022, with follow-up until May 9, 2022, reported. Exposures: SARS-CoV-2 lineage (origin strain, Delta variant, Omicron variant) and COVID-19 vaccination status. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical outcomes included presence of symptoms, specific symptoms (including fever or chills), illness duration, and medical care seeking. Virologic outcomes included viral load by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing along with viral viability. Results: Among 1199 participants with COVID-19 infection (714 [59.5%] women; median age, 41 years), 14.0% were infected with the origin strain, 24.0% with the Delta variant, and 62.0% with the Omicron variant. Participants vaccinated with the second vaccine dose 14 to 149 days before Delta infection were significantly less likely to be symptomatic compared with unvaccinated participants (21/27 [77.8%] vs 74/77 [96.1%]; OR, 0.13 [95% CI, 0-0.6]) and, when symptomatic, those vaccinated with the third dose 7 to 149 days before infection were significantly less likely to report fever or chills (5/13 [38.5%] vs 62/73 [84.9%]; OR, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.0-0.3]) and reported significantly fewer days of symptoms (10.2 vs 16.4; difference, -6.1 [95% CI, -11.8 to -0.4] days). Among those with Omicron infection, the risk of symptomatic infection did not differ significantly for the 2-dose vaccination status vs unvaccinated status and was significantly higher for the 3-dose recipients vs those who were unvaccinated (327/370 [88.4%] vs 85/107 [79.4%]; OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.1-3.5]). Among symptomatic Omicron infections, those vaccinated with the third dose 7 to 149 days before infection compared with those who were unvaccinated were significantly less likely to report fever or chills (160/311 [51.5%] vs 64/81 [79.0%]; OR, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.1-0.5]) or seek medical care (45/308 [14.6%] vs 20/81 [24.7%]; OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.2-0.9]). Participants with Delta and Omicron infections who received the second dose 14 to 149 days before infection had a significantly lower mean viral load compared with unvaccinated participants (3 vs 4.1 log10 copies/µL; difference, -1.0 [95% CI, -1.7 to -0.2] for Delta and 2.8 vs 3.5 log10 copies/µL, difference, -1.0 [95% CI, -1.7 to -0.3] for Omicron). Conclusions and Relevance: In a cohort of US essential and frontline workers with SARS-CoV-2 infections, recent vaccination with 2 or 3 mRNA vaccine doses less than 150 days before infection with Delta or Omicron variants, compared with being unvaccinated, was associated with attenuated symptoms, duration of illness, medical care seeking, or viral load for some comparisons, although the precision and statistical significance of specific estimates varied.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Vacunación , Carga Viral , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/virología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral/análisis , ARN Viral/genética , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ARN , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Carga Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Carga Viral/genética , Carga Viral/estadística & datos numéricos , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Infecciones Asintomáticas/epidemiología , Infecciones Asintomáticas/terapia , Factores de Tiempo , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas de ARNmAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Socorristas , Bomberos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Humanos , Policia , VacunaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Physical activity provides health and developmental benefits to young children. The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings describes physical activity opportunities and sedentary occasions for children aged 1 to 5 years at programs participating in the US Department of Agriculture Child and Adult Care Food Program. METHODS: The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings obtained a nationally representative sample of classrooms within Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating Head Start and child care centers via multistage cluster sampling. For 1 observation day, an observer in each classroom tallied designated outdoor and indoor playspaces; minutes children spent in playspaces; barriers and facilitators to physical activity; and classroom time when most children were physically active (eg, walking, dancing), sedentary (seated, lying down), or neither. Weighted descriptive tabulations by program type compared outdoor physical activity opportunity counts and total physical activity opportunity durations to national guidelines. Multivariate regression analysis investigated association of barriers with physical activity opportunity duration. RESULTS: The sample included 227 classrooms, 96 in child care centers and 131 in Head Start programs. All had sedentary occasions outside meals, snacks, and naps; virtually all offered opportunities for physical activity. Seventy-four percent of programs met national guidance on sufficient number of outdoor opportunities, weather permitting. Just 50% met guidance of ≥60 to 90 minutes of physical activity, whereas only 43% met both sets of guidance. Weather and staff not joining in outdoor play were associated with 74 and 31 fewer minutes devoted to physical activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest ample room for improvement in provision of physical activity opportunities during child care.
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Cuidado del Niño , Guarderías Infantiles , Adulto , Niño , Salud Infantil , Preescolar , Intervención Educativa Precoz , Ejercicio Físico , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Assess Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) program compliance with meal component requirements for children aged 3-5 years by program type, and describe foods and beverages most commonly served. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 1-week menu surveys during winter/spring 2017. SETTING: US CACFP-participating child care programs. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative multistage cluster sample of 664 programs: 222 child care centers, 247 Head Start programs, 195 family child care homes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Percentage of meals including required components; frequently served foods and beverages. ANALYSIS: Mean percentages; 2-tailed t tests; alphaâ¯=â¯0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Most breakfasts (97%), lunches (88%), and afternoon snacks (97%) included all required CACFP meal components. Most breakfasts included fruits (96%), but not vegetables; 16% included a meat/meat alternate. Most lunches (81%) included both fruits and vegetables. Afternoon snacks were mostly grains/breads (80%) and fruits (57%). Most frequently served foods included 1% unflavored milk and fresh fruits such as apples and bananas. Most menus limited juice, offered low-sugar cereal, and did not include flavored milk; very few menus included noncreditable foods with added sugar. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Most CACFP meals provided required components, but there is room for improvement, particularly for increasing vegetables served and limiting foods high in added sugar and fat.
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Cuidado del Niño , Servicios de Alimentación , Adulto , Niño , Guarderías Infantiles , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Alimentaria , Humanos , Comidas , Política Nutricional , Azúcares , VerdurasAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Personal de Salud , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Vacunación , Vacunas Sintéticas , Vacunas de ARNmRESUMEN
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was recommended by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for persons aged 12-15 years (referred to as adolescents in this report) on May 12, 2021, and for children aged 5-11 years on November 2, 2021 (1-4). Real-world data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) in these age groups are needed, especially because when the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant became predominant in the United States in December 2021, early investigations of VE demonstrated a decline in protection against symptomatic infection for adolescents aged 12-15 years and adults* (5). The PROTECT prospective cohort of 1,364 children and adolescents aged 5-15 years was tested weekly for SARS-CoV-2, irrespective of symptoms, and upon COVID-19-associated illness during July 25, 2021-February 12, 2022. Among unvaccinated participants (i.e., those who had received no COVID-19 vaccine doses) with any laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, those with B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant infections were more likely to report COVID-19 symptoms (66%) than were those with Omicron infections (49%). Among fully vaccinated children aged 5-11 years, VE against any symptomatic and asymptomatic Omicron infection 14-82 days (the longest interval after dose 2 in this age group) after receipt of dose 2 of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was 31% (95% CI = 9%-48%), adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health information, frequency of social contact, mask use, location, and local virus circulation. Among adolescents aged 12-15 years, adjusted VE 14-149 days after dose 2 was 87% (95% CI = 49%-97%) against symptomatic and asymptomatic Delta infection and 59% (95% CI = 22%-79%) against Omicron infection. Fully vaccinated participants with Omicron infection spent an average of one half day less sick in bed than did unvaccinated participants with Omicron infection. All eligible children and adolescents should remain up to date with recommended COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Vacuna BNT162/administración & dosificación , Vacuna BNT162/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the impact of changes in estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness on the incidence of laboratory-confirmed infection among frontline workers at high risk for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: We analyzed data from a prospective frontline worker cohort to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 by month as well as the association of COVID-19 vaccination, occupation, demographics, physical distancing, and mask use with infection risk. Participants completed baseline and quarterly surveys, and each week self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs and reported symptoms. RESULTS: Among 1018 unvaccinated and 3531 fully vaccinated workers, the monthly incidence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in January 2021 was 13.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.4-17.4), declining to 0.5 (95% CI -0.4-1.4) per 1000 person-weeks in June. By September 2021, when the Delta variant predominated, incidence had once again risen to 13.6 (95% CI 7.8-19.4) per 1000 person-weeks. In contrast, there was no reportable incidence among fully vaccinated participants at the end of January 2021, and incidence remained low until September 2021 when it rose modestly to 4.1 (95% CI 1.9-3.8) per 1000. Below average facemask use was associated with a higher risk of infection for unvaccinated participants during exposure to persons who may have COVID-19 and vaccinated participants during hours in the community. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination was significantly associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection despite Delta variant predominance. Our data demonstrate the added protective benefit of facemask use among both unvaccinated and vaccinated frontline workers.
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COVID-19 , Socorristas , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Atención a la Salud , Humanos , Incidencia , Estudios Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , VacunaciónRESUMEN
We surveyed users of a behavioral health helpline serving New York City and surroundings, to assess their helpline experiences, changes in psychological distress after contacting the helpline, and factors associated with differences in these measures. We surveyed users twice: roughly 2 weeks following their helpline contact, from 4/2019 to 9/2019 (N = 1097 respondents) and again 6 months following contact, from 10/2019 to 3/2020 (N = 732 respondents). Eighty-nine percent of respondents reported that contacting the helpline helped them deal a little or a lot more effectively with their problems. Rates of psychological distress decreased from 41.3% 2 weeks following helpline contact to 29.0% 6 months after (P < 0.05). Improvements in psychological distress were found across a range of demographic characteristics and were greatest for repeat users. Users reported broadly positive experiences with the helpline and improved psychological distress 6 months later. Behavioral health helplines can offer beneficial services to diverse populations, complementing the formal behavioral healthcare system.
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Líneas Directas , Satisfacción Personal , Humanos , Ciudad de Nueva York , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data on the development of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 after SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are limited. METHODS: From a prospective cohort of 3975 adult essential and frontline workers tested weekly from August 2020 to March 2021 for SARS-CoV-2 infection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay irrespective of symptoms, 497 participants had sera drawn after infection (170), vaccination (327), and after both infection and vaccination (50 from the infection population). Serum was collected after infection and each vaccine dose. Serum-neutralizing antibody titers against USA-WA1/2020-spike pseudotype virus were determined by the 50% inhibitory dilution. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) and corresponding fold increases were calculated using t tests and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Among 170 unvaccinated participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 158 (93%) developed nAbs with a GMT of 1003 (95% confidence interval, 766-1315). Among 139 previously uninfected participants, 138 (99%) developed nAbs after mRNA vaccine dose 2 with a GMT of 3257 (2596-4052). GMT was higher among those receiving mRNA-1273 vaccine (GMT, 4698; 3186-6926) compared with BNT162b2 vaccine (GMT, 2309; 1825-2919). Among 32 participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, GMT was 21â 655 (14 766-31â 756) after mRNA vaccine dose 1, without further increase after dose 2. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of mRNA vaccine after SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in the highest observed nAb response. Two doses of mRNA vaccine in previously uninfected participants resulted in higher nAbs to SARS-CoV-2 than after 1 dose of vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. nAb response also differed by mRNA vaccine product.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273 , Adulto , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Humanos , Pruebas de Neutralización , Estudios Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Vacunas Sintéticas , Vacunas de ARNmRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early-child-care (ECE) programs may substantially influence child diet quality. OBJECTIVE: The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings describes the usual food group intake of preschool-aged children attending ECE programs relative to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations, comparing intakes during child-care and non-child-care days. DESIGN: Meal observations and parent-completed food diaries in a cross-sectional nationally representative multistage cluster sample of Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: One thousand four hundred sixty-eight children aged 3 to 5 years attending 217 Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs (eg, child-care centers and Head Start) during 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily energy intake, daily US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern Food Group intakes, and percentage of daily intakes meeting 2015-2020 DGA Food Pattern recommendations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Regression-adjusted usual intakes and percentage of children meeting recommendations were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Single-day mean intakes were used to test for statistical differences between child-care and non-child-care days. RESULTS: Mean usual energy intake was 1,524 ± 19.3 kcal during child-care days and exceeded the recommended range at 1,702 ± 30.2 kcal during non-child-care days; single-day means indicated significantly lower energy intake on child-care days (P < 0.001). The percent of children meeting DGA recommendations on a child-care day varied by DGA food group: fruits (51.4%), grains (50.1%), dairy (42.5%), vegetables (6.5%), whole grains (4.6%), and protein foods (0.1%). Recommended limits on calories from added sugar and solid fats were met by 28.2% and 14.6% of children, respectively. Compared with mean food group intakes during a single child-care day, non-child-care day intakes were similar for fruits and vegetables, lower for dairy and whole grains, and higher for total grains, protein foods, and calories from added sugars and solid fats. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is room to increase nutrient density inside and outside of child care, intakes on child-care days more closely align to DGAs.
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Cuidado del Niño , Ingestión de Alimentos , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Humanos , Política Nutricional , Estados Unidos , VerdurasRESUMEN
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) in randomized placebo-controlled Phase III trials in persons aged 12-17 years (referred to as adolescents in this report) (1); however, data on real-word vaccine effectiveness (VE) among adolescents are limited (1-3). As of December 2021, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adolescents aged 16-17 years and under FDA emergency use authorization for those aged 12-15 years. In a prospective cohort in Arizona, 243 adolescents aged 12-17 years were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) each week, irrespective of symptoms, and upon onset of COVID-19-like illness during July 25-December 4, 2021; the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant was the predominant strain during this study period. During the study, 190 adolescents contributed fully vaccinated person-time (≥14 days after receiving 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine), 30 contributed partially vaccinated person-time (receipt of 1 dose or receipt of 2 doses but with the second dose completed <14 days earlier), and 66 contributed unvaccinated person-time. Using the Cox proportional-hazards model, the estimated VE of full Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection was 92% (95% CI = 79%-97%), adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health information, frequency of social contact, mask use, location, and local virus circulation. These findings from a real-world setting indicate that 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine are highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among Arizona adolescents. CDC recommends COVID-19 vaccination for all eligible persons in the United States, including persons aged 12-17 years.
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Vacuna BNT162/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Eficacia de las Vacunas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Arizona/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Prueba de COVID-19 , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Information is limited regarding the effectiveness of the two-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) in preventing infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and in attenuating coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) when administered in real-world conditions. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 3975 health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers. From December 14, 2020, to April 10, 2021, the participants completed weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing by providing mid-turbinate nasal swabs for qualitative and quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The formula for calculating vaccine effectiveness was 100% × (1 - hazard ratio for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants), with adjustments for the propensity to be vaccinated, study site, occupation, and local viral circulation. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 204 participants (5%), of whom 5 were fully vaccinated (≥14 days after dose 2), 11 partially vaccinated (≥14 days after dose 1 and <14 days after dose 2), and 156 unvaccinated; the 32 participants with indeterminate vaccination status (<14 days after dose 1) were excluded. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76 to 97) with full vaccination and 81% (95% CI, 64 to 90) with partial vaccination. Among participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mean viral RNA load was 40% lower (95% CI, 16 to 57) in partially or fully vaccinated participants than in unvaccinated participants. In addition, the risk of febrile symptoms was 58% lower (relative risk, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.98) and the duration of illness was shorter, with 2.3 fewer days spent sick in bed (95% CI, 0.8 to 3.7). CONCLUSIONS: Authorized mRNA vaccines were highly effective among working-age adults in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection when administered in real-world conditions, and the vaccines attenuated the viral RNA load, risk of febrile symptoms, and duration of illness among those who had breakthrough infection despite vaccination. (Funded by the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Carga Viral , Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273 , Adolescente , Adulto , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virología , Prueba de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Portador Sano/diagnóstico , Portador Sano/prevención & control , Socorristas , Femenino , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gravedad del Paciente , Estudios Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Messenger RNA (mRNA) BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 in randomized placebo-controlled Phase III trials (1,2); however, the benefits of these vaccines for preventing asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) infection, particularly when administered in real-world conditions, is less well understood. Using prospective cohorts of health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers* in eight U.S. locations during December 14, 2020-March 13, 2021, CDC routinely tested for SARS-CoV-2 infections every week regardless of symptom status and at the onset of symptoms consistent with COVID-19-associated illness. Among 3,950 participants with no previous laboratory documentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2,479 (62.8%) received both recommended mRNA doses and 477 (12.1%) received only one dose of mRNA vaccine. Among unvaccinated participants, 1.38 SARS-CoV-2 infections were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) per 1,000 person-days.§ In contrast, among fully immunized (≥14 days after second dose) persons, 0.04 infections per 1,000 person-days were reported, and among partially immunized (≥14 days after first dose and before second dose) persons, 0.19 infections per 1,000 person-days were reported. Estimated mRNA vaccine effectiveness for prevention of infection, adjusted for study site, was 90% for full immunization and 80% for partial immunization. These findings indicate that authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are effective for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of symptom status, among working-age adults in real-world conditions. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for all eligible persons.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Socorristas , Personal de Salud , Enfermedades Profesionales/prevención & control , Ocupaciones/clasificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/epidemiología , Prueba de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Socorristas/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Adulto Joven , Vacunas de ARNmRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an undertreated psychological condition prevalent among service members and veterans. Members of the military community often raise mental health concerns in primary care settings. However, many primary care physicians (PCPs) lack training in PTSD within the military community and may be underprepared to discuss PTSD or trauma with patients. OBJECTIVES: We assessed PCPs' knowledge of evidence-based PTSD screening and treatment practices, confidence in their abilities to provide clinical care around PTSD, and frequency of asking new patients about their military history. We also examined PCP characteristics related to these measures. RESEARCH DESIGN: We surveyed a national sample of 7426 PCPs to assess their PTSD knowledge, confidence, and military history screening practices. Data were analyzed using weighted multivariable regressions. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of PCPs reported they very often or always screened for military history and, on average, PCPs answered 41% of the PTSD knowledge items correctly. PCPs who rated their PTSD knowledge higher were more confident and more frequently screened for military history, but did not have higher knowledge scores compared with PCPs with lower self-assessed knowledge. Several PCP characteristics, such as sex, years of practice, and practice setting, predicted PTSD measures. CONCLUSIONS: PCPs have gaps in their knowledge and screening practices related to PTSD. The absence of a meaningful correlation of knowledge scores with PCP self-assessed knowledge or confidence suggests PCPs may not accurately rate their own knowledge. Targeted, evidence-based training on effective practices may promote PTSD clinical knowledge.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Personal Militar , Médicos de Atención Primaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the number of new clients accepted by licensed mental health clinicians in Massachusetts and clinician characteristics associated with new clients accepted. METHODS: Surveys about client access to outpatient mental health care were sent to a stratified random sample of 2,250 licensed mental health clinicians (psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed certified social workers, licensed independent clinical social workers, licensed mental health counselors, and licensed marriage and family therapists) practicing in Massachusetts. The survey was administered from September 2016 to March 2017 by using a mail survey with a push-to-Web design and telephone follow-up. The final adjusted response rate was 28% (N=413). Results were weighted to reflect the sampling design and for nonresponse and are representative of all licensed mental health clinicians in Massachusetts. RESULTS: On average, clinicians accepted seven new clients per month. Although most clinicians reported accepting one or more new clients per month, half reported accepting four or fewer new clients per month. After adjustment for other factors, the analysis showed that clinicians in practices owned by hospitals or health systems reported accepting eight more new clients per month, on average, than clinicians in solo private practices (p<0.05). Clinicians in private group practices reported accepting two more new clients per month on average than clinicians in solo private practices (p<0.05). Working fewer than 30 hours per week and tenure of more than 1 year in one's current position were negatively associated with acceptance of new clients. CONCLUSIONS: New client acceptance varied by practice setting but not by type of clinician. These findings can inform mental health system and workforce planning to improve access to mental health services.
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Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Servicios de Salud Mental/organización & administración , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Massachusetts/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud Mental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Recursos Humanos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Youth mentoring practitioners and researchers have shown a growing interest in determining the ways in which mentor-youth matching practices might influence the duration and effectiveness of mentoring relationships. The current project tested whether mentor-youth similarities at baseline, in terms of demographic variables and interests in certain activities (e.g., sports, art), predicted a longer duration of mentoring relationships. Analyses used baseline and follow-up data from over 9,000 youth who participated in community-based mentoring programs in the northeastern United States, as well as their volunteer mentors. Racial and ethnic similarity between mentor and youth was predictive of longer match duration. Moreover, a shared dislike of activities was associated with longer matches than either shared interests or discordant interests in activities. Findings have important implications for determining the ways in which mentor-youth matching practices influence the length and effectiveness of mentoring relationships.