Development and acceptability of a video-based vaccine promotion tutorial for obstetric care providers.

A prenatal care provider's recommendation for maternal vaccines is one of the strongest predictors of vaccine acceptance during pregnancy. Aside from basic talking points, few resources exist to help obstetric care providers effectively navigate conversations with vaccine hesitant patients. This paper describes the development and acceptability of "VaxChat," an hour-long, evidence-based video tutorial aimed at improving obstetric care providers' ability to promote maternal vaccines. Between June and November 2017, 62 obstetric care providers registered to receive continuing medical education credit for viewing VaxChat. Of the post-tutorial responses received, over 90% said VaxChat increased their knowledge of what to say to vaccine hesitant patients, increased their confidence in addressing vaccinations with their pregnant patients, and will help them improve their practice culture regarding maternal vaccine promotion. Eighty percent intend to change how they approach vaccine conversations. These data suggest VaxChat may be a welcome complement to existing provider-to-patient talking points.

Pleuropulmonary manifestation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pleuropulmonary (PP) involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, limited data are available regarding lung complications in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of PP manifestations and to identify the associated risk factors. METHODS: This was a retrospective study involving 419 patients diagnosed at a tertiary center over a 12.5-year period. The frequency of pulmonary manifestations was recorded based on combined results from chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest. RESULTS: The overall frequency of lung involvement was 25.8%. Pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and interstitial lung disease were the most common abnormalities (36%, 35%, and 23%, respectively). The presence of comorbid illness (odds ratio [OR]: 3.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.02-5.1), male gender (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3-4.24), and the presence of extra-articular manifestations of RA (ExRA) (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 0.4-4.01) were predictive of lung involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and interstitial lung disease were the most common abnormalities seen in RA patients. The presence of comorbidity, male gender, and ExRA was significantly associated with lung involvement.

Routine immunization services in Pakistan: seeing beyond the numbers.

Vaccine-preventable diseases continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in Pakistan, and the country remains one of the last reservoirs of polio, posing a threat of viral spread within the region and globally. This structured review describes challenges in the achievement of vaccination targets and identifies arenas for policy and programmatic interventions and future research. Burdened with limited demand and inefficient vaccination services, the recently devolved Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) faces multiple hurdles in increasing immunization volumes, improving the quality of services and ensuring timely vaccination. The EPI requires multi-pronged, multi-level, coordinated interventions to improve programme functioning and to enhance vaccination uptake at community level. Additionally, a lack of rigorous scientific enquiry on vaccination services limits the introduction of well-developed, responsive interventions. The paper describes systemic bottlenecks, proposes potential solutions and suggests lines of further enquiry to understand and reduce the languishing immunization rates in Pakistan.

Routine immunization services in Pakistan:seeing beyond the numbers

Vaccine-preventable diseases continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in Pakistan,and the country remains one of the last reservoirs of polio,posing a threat of viral spread within the region and globally.This structured review describes challenges in the achievement of vaccination targets and identifies arenas for policy and programmatic interventions and future research.Burdened with limited demand and inefficient vaccination services,the recently devolved Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)faces multiple hurdles in increasing immunization volumes,improving the quality of services and ensuring timely vaccination.The EPI requires multi-pronged,multi-level,coordinated interventions to improve programme functioning and to enhance vaccination uptake at community level.Additionally,a lack of rigorous scientific enquiry on vaccination services limits the introduction of well-developed,responsive interventions.The paper describes systemic bottlenecks,proposes potential solutions and suggests lines of further enquiry to understand and reduce the languishing immunization rates in Pakistan

Les maladies a prevention vaccinate demeurent Tune des causes principales de morbidite et de mortalite parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans au Pakistan,et le pays constitue Tun des derniers reservoirs de poliomyelite,representant ainsi une menace de propagation des virus a Techelle regionale et mondiale.Get examen structure decrit les defis inherents a la realisation des objectifs de la couverture vaccinale,et identifie les domaines qui requierent des interventions politiques et programmatiques ainsi que de plus amples travaux de recherche.Du fait d'une faible demande et de I'inefficacite des services de vaccination,le Programme elargi de vaccination [PEV], recemment decentralise,est confronte a de multiples obstacles dans sa demarche d'augmentation des vaccinations,d'amelioration de la qualite des services et d'administration de vaccins en temps voulu.Le PEV requiert des interventions coordonnees surplusieurs fronts etatous les niveaux pour ameliorer son fonctionnementetaugmenter Tacceptation des vaccins au niveau communautaire.De plus,un manque d'investigations scientifiques rigoureuses sur les services de vaccination empeche la mise en place d'interventions bien congues et adaptees.La presente etude recense les obstacles systemiques,propose des solutions potentielles et suggere des axes de recherche a approfondir afin de comprendre les elements qui entrament la stagnation des taux de vaccination au Pakistan et d'inverser la tendance

Improving influenza and Tdap vaccination during pregnancy: A cluster-randomized trial of a multi-component antenatal vaccine promotion package in late influenza season.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based interventions to improve influenza vaccine coverage among pregnant women are needed, particularly among those who remain unvaccinated late into the influenza season. Improving rates of antenatal tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is also needed. PURPOSE: To test the effectiveness of a practice-, provider-, and patient-focused influenza and Tdap vaccine promotion package on improving antenatal influenza and Tdap vaccination in the obstetric setting. METHODS: A cluster-randomized trial among 11 obstetric practices in Georgia was conducted in 2012-2013. Intervention practices adopted the intervention package that included identification of a vaccine champion, provider-to-patient talking points, educational brochures, posters, lapel buttons, and iPads loaded with a patient-centered tutorial. Participants were recruited from December 2012-April 2013 and included 325 unvaccinated pregnant women in Georgia. Random effects regression models were used to evaluate primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Data on antenatal influenza and Tdap vaccine receipt were obtained for 300 (92.3%) and 291 (89.5%) women, respectively. Although antenatal influenza and Tdap vaccination rates were higher in the intervention group than the control group, improvements were not significant (For influenza: risk difference (RD)=3.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI): -4.0%, 11.2%; for Tdap: RD=1.3%, 95% CI: -10.7%, 13.2%). While the majority of intervention package components were positively associated with antenatal vaccine receipt, a provider's recommendation was the factor most strongly associated with actual receipt, regardless of study group or vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention package did not significantly improve antenatal influenza or Tdap vaccine coverage. More research is needed to determine what motivates women remaining unvaccinated against influenza late into the influenza season to get vaccinated. Future research should quantify the extent to which clinical interventions can bolster a provider's recommendation for vaccination. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov, study ID NCT01761799.

Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common connective tissue disease affecting the lung, few studies have assessed risk factors that predict pulmonary manifestations. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of lung manifestations in SLE patients from Western Saudi Arabia by analysing results from high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans and to identify independent risk factors for lung involvement. METHODS: This was a 10-year retrospective study involving 184 SLE patients. We examined all HRCT lung abnormalities and determined whether findings were associated with the presence of lupus nephritis (LN), SLE disease activity (as defined by SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 item scores ≥ 4 for any and all items) or levels of complement and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA). RESULTS: We identified 61 patients (33%) with pulmonary involvement, and 52 (85%) of these subjects showed HRCT abnormalities. The most common HRCT findings were pleural effusion, consolidation and atelectasis (58%, 42% and 42%, respectively). There was a significant association between abnormal HRCT results and hypocomplementemia, high levels of anti-dsDNA and disease activity (P < 0.05), particularly with regard to pleuropericardial effusion and consolidation. Pulmonary abnormalities were significantly higher within the first five years after SLE diagnosis (P < 0.001). However, neither disease duration nor LN was associated with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Lung manifestations were frequent in SLE patients from Saudi Arabia, with pleural effusion, consolidation and atelectasis being the most common. Low complement levels, high anti-dsDNA levels and disease activity were significantly associated with abnormal HRCT findings (all P < 0.001).

Accuracy of influenza vaccination rate estimates in United States nursing home residents.

The US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requires nursing homes and long-term-care facilities to document residents' vaccination status on the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI). Vaccinating residents can prevent costly hospital admissions and deaths. CMS and public health officials use RAI data to measure vaccination rates in long-term-care residents and assess the quality of care in nursing homes. We assessed the accuracy of RAI data against medical records in 39 nursing homes in Florida, Georgia, and Wisconsin. We randomly sampled residents in each home during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 influenza seasons. We collected data on receipt of influenza vaccination from charts and RAI data. Our final sample included 840 medical charts with matched RAI records. The agreement rate was 0·86. Using the chart as a gold standard, the sensitivity of the RAI with respect to influenza vaccination was 85% and the specificity was 77%. Agreement rates varied within facilities from 55% to 100%. Monitoring vaccination rates in the population is important for gauging the impact of programmes and policies to promote adherence to vaccination recommendations. Use of data from RAIs is a reasonable approach for gauging influenza vaccination rates in nursing-home residents.

Effect of food coupon incentives on timely completion of DTP immunization series in children from a low-income area in Karachi, Pakistan: a longitudinal intervention study.

This study introduced food/medicine vouchers as an incentive to mothers of infants visiting Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) centers in a low socio-economic area. The timely completion of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines combined (DTP) series immunization rates between intervention and control cohorts were compared. The DTP up-to-date immunization coverage at 18 weeks of age increased two-fold (RR 2.20, 95% CI: 1.95-2.48, p<0.001) in the incentive cohort compared to the no-incentive cohort. While increasing immunization coverage is a complex structural and behavioral process, food/medicine coupon may improve routine immunization coverage in developing countries.

Climatic, temporal, and geographic characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus disease in a tropical island population.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of morbidity in children worldwide, although data from equatorial regions are limited. We analysed climatic, spatial, and temporal data for children presenting to hospitals in Lombok island, Indonesia with clinical pneumonia. During the study period, 2878 children presented and 741 RSV cases were identified. In multivariate analysis with an 8-day lag, occurrence of rain was associated with 64% higher incidence of RSV disease [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.38]. A 1% rise in mean relative humidity and 1 degree C increase in mean air temperature was associated with a 6% (IRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.10) and 44% (IRR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.66) increase in RSV cases, respectively. Four statistically significant local clusters of RSV pneumonia were identified within the annual island-wide epidemics. This study demonstrates statistical association of monsoon-associated weather in equatorial Indonesia with RSV. Moreover, within the island-wide epidemics, localized RSV outbreaks suggest local factors influence RSV disease.