Preeclampsia in women with pregestational diabetes - a cohort study.

Aims: To evaluate risk factors for preeclampsia (PE) in women with pregestational diabetes.Methods: Retrospective cohort study of women with pregestational diabetes cared for at a specialized prenatal care facility. Maternal characteristics at booking and during pregnancy were studied for their association with preeclampsia. Multivariable models were tested using Poisson regression with robust estimates; results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 62 of 206 women (30%, 95% CI 24-37%). Previous chronic hypertension was found in 53 subjects (26%; 95% CI 20-32%), of whom 41 (77%, 95% CI 64-88) were type 2 women. Type 1 diabetes, chronic hypertension, systolic blood pressure >124 mmHg at booking and gestational weight gain, either total or excessive for body mass index category, behaved as independent risk factors.Conclusions: In women with pregestational diabetes, some risk factors may predict PE, similar to those found in non-diabetic pregnant women. Two non-modifiable factors (type of diabetes and chronic hypertension) and two modifiable ones (systolic blood pressure levels and gestational weight gain) were found relevant in this cohort. A policy of close monitoring of blood pressure and weight gain, aiming adequate weight gain, may be added to current recommended measures. The high prevalence of PE in women with prepregnancy diabetes, especially those with initial pregnancy systolic blood pressure >124 mmHg, supports a policy of early institution of low dose aspirin. Further multicentric studies will help define the role of these risk factors as contributors to PE in pregestational diabetes.

Rastreamento e diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional no Brasil / Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Brazil

Em primeiro de agosto de 2016, considerando-se a relevância do Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG), tanto por sua prevalência como pelas consequências para o binômio materno-fetal em curto e em longo prazo, foi realizado, em São Paulo, um fórum de discussão sobre o tema, com o objetivo de definir uma proposta para o diagnóstico de DMG para o Brasil. Nesse contexto, participaram da reunião médicos especializados na assistência a mulheres com DMG: obstetras da Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), endocrinologistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD) e consultores da Organização Panamericana de Saúde (Opas/OMS Brasil) e assessores técnicos do Ministério da Saúde. Apresentamos neste documento os principais pontos debatidos visando à análise cuidadosa das possibilidades para diagnóstico de DMG, considerando-se as diferenças de acesso aos serviços de saúde existentes no Brasil.(AU)

Maternal ophthalmic artery Doppler ultrasonography in preeclampsia and pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler measure - the ratio of velocity peaks (PR) - to adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOMES: Prospective cohort study of 56 women with preeclampsia that underwent Doppler measurements of OA flow, medial to optic nerve. PR results were classified as normal (PR < 0.78), abnormal (PR 0.78-0.98), or highly abnormal (PR ≥ 0.99). Attending clinicians were blinded to OA Doppler results. The primary endpoints were (1) a composite of adverse maternal outcomes-central nervous system injury (eclampsia or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), HELLP syndrome, hypertensive crisis, maternal admission to the intensive care unit, and maternal death-and (2) a composite of adverse perinatal outcomes-birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age, neonatal acidemia, 5-min Apgar score <7, admission of infants weighing >2500 g to the neonatal intensive care, preterm birth <32 weeks, fetal or neonatal death. RESULTS: Adverse maternal outcomes became more frequent as the PR values increased (p=.005). The occurrence of hypertensive crisis after hospital admission (secondary endpoint) was also positively associated with PR values (p=.001). Adverse perinatal outcomes were not associated with PR values (p=.551), but women in the highly abnormal PR group (PR ≥ 0.99) had the earliest deliveries (p=.001) and the smallest newborns (p=.004). All women in the highly abnormal PR group (n=16) had an adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal OA Doppler PR ≥ 0.99 in preeclampsia may identify women at increased risk of adverse maternal outcomes and pregnancies at the greatest risk of preterm birth.

Cesariana primária em nulíparas: fatores de risco em hospital público universitário / Primary cesarean delivery in nulliparous women: risk factors at a public university hospital

Objetivo: Identificar fatores determinantes para risco de cesariana primária em nulíparas. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo desenvolvido em hospital público universitário. Foram incluídas todas primíparas atendidas na emergência obstétrica de dezembro/2006 a junho/2007. Informações sociodemográficas e doenças prévias foram obtidas na admissão; o desfecho principal foi a via de parto. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson e as variáveis com significância de associação ≤ 0,2 entraram no modelo múltiplo. Resultados: As variáveis determinantes da cesariana primária entre nulíparas foram: apresentação fetal não cefálica (RR=2,8; IC95 %=1,9 ­ 4,2); emergências obstétricas (RR=2,4; IC95 %=1,7 ­ 3,2); macrossomia fetal presumida (RR=1,9; IC95%=1,2 ­ 3,2); doenças fetais (RR=1,6; IC95%=1,2 ­ 2,2); idade gestacional igual ou maior de 40 semanas (RR=1,5; IC95%=1,1 ­ 2,0); distúrbios hipertensivos (RR=1,33; IC95%=1,01 ­ 1,76) e idade materna (RR=1,05; IC95%=1,03 - 1,07). Conclusões: Os resultados indicaram que os principais fatores determinantes para cesariana primária são condições potencialmente modificáveis. A apresentação fetal não-cefálica pode ser alterada com utilização mais frequente da versão cefálica externa; a idade gestacional ≥ 40 semanas, com datação criteriosa da gestação e protocolos previamente definidos para indução do parto; a macrossomia fetal presumida, com treinamento em avaliação clínica e/ou ecográfica do peso fetal no termo (AU)

Aim: To identify the factors associated with the increased incidence of primary cesarean delivery among nulliparous women. MethodS: Prospective cohort study at a public university hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. All primiparous women who gave birth at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between December 2006 and June 2007 were eligible. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained on admission. The primary endpoint was mode of delivery. Results: a Poisson regression analysis showed that the determinants for primary cesarean section in this population of nulliparous women were: non-cephalic presentation (RR=2.8; 95%CI=1.9- 4.2); obstetric emergencies (RR=2.4;95%CI=1.7 ¬­ 3.2); suspected macrosomia (RR=1.9; 95%CI=1.2 ­ 3.2); fetal disease (RR=1.6; 95%CI=1.2 ­ 2.2); gestational age ≥40 weeks (RR 1.5; 95%CI=1.1 ­ 2.0); hypertensive disorders (RR=1.33; 95%CI=1.01 ­ 1.76) and maternal age (RR=1.05; 95%CI=1.03 ­1.07). Conclusions: this study shows that the main factors behind the incidence of cesarean sections in nulliparous women can be solved without a cesarean. The noncephalic presentation can be changed with external cephalic version; gestational age ≥ 40 weeks can be avoided with careful timing of pregnancy and pre-defined protocols for labor induction; and assumed fetal macrosomia can be minimized with training in clinical and/or sonographic fetal weight assessment (AU)

Fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em funcionárias do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre / Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in employees of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular (DCV) é a principal causa de morte em mulheres nos países desenvolvidos. Identificar os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular modificáveis é imprescindível para atuação dos médicos e demais trabalhadores da saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em funcionárias do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de prevalência no qual foram avaliadas 172 mulheres. Foi aplicado questionário sobre atividade física e fatores de risco para DCV e aferido peso, altura, pressão arterial (PA) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Resultados: A média do IMC foi 27,3 kg/m2. Setenta mulheres (40,7%) apresentavam IMC 30. A média da CC (89 cm) estava acima do limite superior da normalidade para mulheres. O número de fumantes foi 24(14%). Em relação à atividade física, 79(60%) funcionárias relataram atividade moderada à vigorosa por pelo menos 4 horas semanais. A atividade física mostrou relação inversa com a medida da cintura – aproximadamente a cada 78 minutos de atividade física semanal há redução de 1 cm na circunferência da cintura (P <0,001). Conclusões: A prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovasculares no grupo de 172 funcionárias da enfermagem do HCPA é preocupante: 60% com sobrepeso e obesidade, circunferência abdominal em média 89 cm, medida da PA elevada em 13% das mulheres não hipertensas e 50% das hipertensas com controle pressórico inadequado. Ações educativas e de estímulo a atividade física deveriam consideradas em nosso hospital.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women in developing countries. The ability to identify risk factors for cardiovascular disease is essential to better performance of health workers. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in employees of Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed evaluating 172 women. A questionnaire on physical activity and risk factors for CVD and measures of weight, height, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) were completed for each participant. Results: Mean BMI was 27.3 kg/m2). Seventy women (40.7%) had BMI 30. Average waist circumference (89 cm) was also above the upper normal limit for women (88 cm). Twenty-four (14%) women were active smokers. Regarding physical activity, 79(60%) employees reported moderate to vigorous activity at least for four hours weekly. The number of hours/week of physical activity was inversely correlated to waist circumference - approximately for every 78 minutes of weekly physical activity there was a 1 cm reduction in waist circumference (P <0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the group of 172 women studied was high: 60% had overweight and obesity, mean waist circumference was 89 cm, high blood pressure in 13% of non hypertensive women, and 50% of hypertensive patients with inadequate blood pressure control. Education on physical activity and risk profile for CVD events should be considered in our hospital.