Disruptions in the food supply chain: A literature review.

Disruptions in the food supply chain are events that affect the flow of products and can be caused by extreme weather, natural disasters, conflicts, pandemics, and political situations, among others. These events can significantly impact food products' availability, quality, and cost, creating risks to the well-being of local populations and livelihoods. The specific literature on food supply chains needs to address other approaches to risk categorisation, which allow for establishing reference frameworks focused on the general classification of types of disruption and parameters related to solution methods. In this paper, we present a literature review to analyse the disruptions in the food supply chain. We classified 74 papers according to the types of disruptions, stakeholders, response level, supply chain echelon, solution methods, goals, and related considerations. The review results showed that the most common disruptions in the food supply chain are climatic, biological and environmental, logistics and infrastructure, and supply. The results of this review allow us to suggest some new research directions.

Análisis dinámico de la capacidad de respuesta de una cadena de suministros de productos tecnológicos. Caso Samsung

Se presentan los resultados de la simulación de una cadena de suministro de productos tecnológicos, orientado a la flexibilidad de producción desde una perspectiva de capacidad de respuesta en un contexto de producción bajo pedido. Se caracteriza la cadena de suministros identificando los elementos que constituyen el sistema para la formulación del caso de estudio y modelo dinámico, el cual es programado, calibrado y analizado en Vensim DSS. Los resultados reflejan que incrementos en la demanda implican ampliaciones en la capacidad de la planta a una tasa determinada por una política de mejora, condicionando la respuesta de la cadena. En las primeras etapas, la capacidad está por debajo de la demanda; en la fase de declive, gran parte de las instalaciones quedan ociosas; además, elementos como el tiempo de procesamiento, tiempo de entrega y tipo de orden son factores determinantes en la respuesta de la cadena. Más aún, la exactitud de los pronósticos para anticipar aumentos inesperados en la demanda contribuye a mejorar la respuesta de la cadena. Se concluye que el comportamiento de los productos tecnológicos crea grandes dificultades en la gestión de las cadenas de este tipo, dado que su obsolescencia y rápido crecimiento requieren que los eslabones de la cadena generen una respuesta sincronizada e inmediata, con el propósito de obtener un alto nivel de servicio. Sin embargo, esto implica inversiones significativas.

In this paper are presented the results of the simulation of a supply chain of technology products, aimed at production flexibility from the perspective of responsiveness in the context make to order Supply Chain is characterized by identifying the elements that constitute the system for the development of the case study and dynamic model, which is programmed, calibrated and analyzed in Vensim DSS. The results show that an increase in demand, implies expansion of the capacity of the plant at a rate determined by a policy of improving, conditioning the response of the chain. In the early stages, the capacity is below demand; but the decline phase, most of the facilities are idle. Additional, elements such as processing time, delivery time and insertion order are determining factors in the response chain. Furthermore, the accuracy of forecasts anticipate unexpected increases in demand that helps to improve the response chain. In conclusion, the behavior of technology products creates great difficulties in managing chains such as its obsolescence and rapid growth requires that the links in the chain generate a synchronized and immediate response in order to obtain a high level of service. However this involves significant investment.

Os resultados da simulação de uma tecnologia de cadeia de fornecimento flexibilidade de produção orientada para o produto a partir de um ponto de vista da capacidade de resposta em um pedido de contexto de produção apresentado. cadeia de fornecimento é caracterizado por identificar os elementos do sistema para a formulação de estudo de caso e o modelo dinâmico, que é programado, calibrado e analisado em DSS Vensim. Os resultados mostram que o aumento da procura envolvem a expansão da capacidade da planta a uma taxa determinada por uma política de melhoramento, condicionado a cadeia de resposta. Nos estágios iniciais, a capacidade é inferior à procura; na fase de declínio, a maioria das instalações estão ociosos; elementos adicionais, tais como o tempo de processamento, tempo de entrega eo tipo de ordem são fatores determinantes na cadeia de resposta. Além disso, a precisão das previsões para antecipar aumentos inesperados na demanda contribui para melhorar a cadeia de resposta. Concluiu-se que o comportamento de produtos de tecnologia cria grandes dificuldades na administração de cadeias deste tipo, uma vez que a sua caducidade e rápido crescimento requerem elos de corrente gerar uma resposta sincronizado e imediato, de modo a obter um elevado nível de serviço. No entanto, isso envolve um investimento significativo.

Diseño de una red logística para una comercializadora ferretera en el centro del Valle del Cauca

El diseño de una red logística es una forma de administrar la cadena de suministros, de tal forma que se integren todas las actividades buscando el mejoramiento de las relaciones en la cadena, con el objeto de alcanzar ventajas competitivas sustentables. Por tal motivo, este artículo tiene como finalidad diseñar un sistema de distribución eficiente, en términos de los costos logísticos totales para una comercializadora ferretera en el centro del departamento del Valle del Cauca. Para ello se adapta un modelo de programación lineal propuesto en la teoría, en el cual se minimizan los costos totales de logística. Adicionalmente, se estudia el problema de tiempo de ciclo, y hace énfasis especial en el ruteo que involucra dos centros de distribución y diversos centros de demanda. En el modelo se evalúan dos escenarios, uno que mantiene la organización actual y otro que realiza una nueva propuesta de logística; los costos totales del primer escenario fueron $1.739.792.680 y en el segundo fueron $1.682.708.680. Por otro lado, en la etapa de ruteo se presenta como resultado el reporte que nos muestra la mejor solución factible, minimizando la distancia total recorrida y estableciendo las paradas, los horarios y la secuencia de las rutas. Se concluye que es de gran importancia diseñar las redes logísticas considerando los costos logísticos que minimicen la operación % mediante estrategias operativas en producción, almacenamiento y distribución de las organizaciones.

The logistic network design is a way to manage the supply chain management, in the way to integrate of all activities to search an improvement of relationship in the chain, in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. It is the reason this paper has the goal to design an efficient distibution system in terms of total cost logistics for a hardware store marketer in Valle del cauca center For that, a linear programming model proposed in the theory is used to minimize the total logistics cost. Additionally, this paper studies the cycle time problem and makes special emphasis in routing that involves two distibution centers and various centers of demand. In the model, two scenarios are evaluated, the first keep the actual behavior of the company and the second is a new logistic proposal. The total cost for scenario 1 were $1.739.792.680 and for scenario 2 were $1.682.708.680. On the other hand, routing results present a report that show the best feasible solution, minimizing the total distance traveled and setting stops, schedules and routes sequence. As a conclution, it's so important to design logistics network considering the costs of logistics that minimize the operation through operational strategies in production, storage and distribution of organizations.

O projeto de uma rede logística é uma forma de gerenciar a cadeia de abastecimento, de modo que todas as actividades destinadas a melhorar as relações na cadeia, a fim de alcançar vantagens competitivas sustentáveis são integrados. Portanto, este artigo é a concepção de um sistema de distribuição eficiente em termos de custos logísticos totais para loja de ferragens de marketing no centro do departamento de Valle del Cauca. Isso requer um modelo de programação linear proposto na teoria, em que os custos logísticos totais são minimizados ternos. Além disso, o problema do tempo de ciclo é estudado, e coloca ênfase especial no encaminhamento envolvendo dois centros de distribuição e vários centros de demanda. No modelo de dois cenários, que mantém a organização atual e aquele que faz uma nova proposta de logística são avaliados; os custos totais da primeira etapa foram de $ 1.739.792.680 e $ 1.682.708.680 ficaram em segundo lugar Por outro lado, no passo de encaminhamento que ocorre como resultado o relatório, que mostra a melhor solução possível, minimizando a distância total e a configuração pára, horários e sequência de rotas. Conclui-se que é de grande importância, considerando redes logísticas projetando que minimizem os custos de logística através da Operação estratégias operacional em organizações de produção, armazenamento e distribuição.

Validación de una propuesta de encuesta sobre regulación de servicios farmacéuticos en México / Validation of a proposal of survey on the regulation of pharmaceutical services in Mexico

Introducción: la situación actual de los servicios farmacéuticos básicos y su regulación en México están más dirigidas para el aumento en la competencia comercial que para la participación de los farmacéuticos hacia la resolución de la problemática comunitaria, por lo que documentar cuáles son los servicios que actualmente se brindan y que no se regulan, resultaría interesante. Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento de medición que permita conocer la opinión de los protagonistas de los sistemas farmacéuticos acerca de los servicios que se brindan. Métodos: se elaboró un cuestionario dirigido a la comunidad farmacéutica, que aborda diferentes tipos de actuaciones a desarrollar en los servicios farmacéuticos, englobados por dimensiones, con preguntas cerradas, se consideran los servicios que se relacionan con la disponibilidad y acceso, información, vigilancia, atención clínica y farmacéutica, educación, promoción para la salud y de los medicamentos, investigación científica y algunos otros servicios a desempeñar. Resultados: el cuestionario se envió para su validación, mediante correo electrónico a 75 expertos procedentes de áreas académicas de farmacia de las universidades públicas y privadas, miembros de asociaciones del área farmacéutica comercial en México y a colaboradores de la Drug Utilization Research Group Latinoamérica de siete países, solo 20 lo responden. Los resultados se agrupan en 10 Dimensiones y 56 preguntas. Se calificaron 67 respuestas relacionadas con los servicios que se brindan y sus regulaciones como poco conocidas y 120 respuestas relacionadas con las consideraciones de lo que se debe regular o las necesidades de enseñanza en las universidades y programas académicos idóneos calificadas como de acuerdo; ningún experto dejó de responder. Conclusiones: se califica el cuestionario como instrumento de medición adecuado para conocer la situación de los servicios que se brindan en los establecimientos farmacéuticos en México, lo que permitirá posteriormente extenderla a América Latina(AU)

Introduction: the current situation of basic pharmaceutical services and their regulation in Mexico are more oriented to increase market competition than to encourage the participation of pharmacists in solving community-based problems, so it will be interesting to document those services that are rendered but not regulated. Objective: to develop a measuring instrument that allows learning about the opinions of the leading players in the pharmaceutical systems on the services that are offered. Methods: a questionnaire aimed at the pharmaceutical community was drafted to deal with different types of performances in the pharmaceutical services, encompassed by dimensions and with close questions; it takes into account the services that relate to availability and access, information, surveillance, clinical and pharmaceutical care, education, health promotion and drug promotion, scientific research and some other services to be rendered. Results: the questionnaire was e-mailed for validation to 75 experts from academic areas of pharmacy from public and private universities, members of associations in the commercial pharmaceutical area in Mexico and collaborators of Drug Utilization Research Group Latin America from 7 countries; just 20 of them answered the questionnaire. The results were grouped into 10 dimensions and 56 questions. Sixty seven answers related to services that are given and their regulations were rated as barely known and 120 answers related to analysis of what to be regulated or the learning requirements in universities and the ideal academic programs were rated as agreed upon. All experts sent their answers. Conclusions: this questionnaire is regarded as adequate measuring instrument to find out the situation of rendered services in the pharmacies of Mexico, which will allow further extend this survey to Latin America(AU)

Activity Levels in Healthy Older Adults: Implications for Joint Arthroplasty.

This work evaluated activity levels in a group of healthy older adults to establish a target activity level for adults of similar age after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).With the decreasing age of TJA patients, it is essential to have a reference for activity level in younger patients as activity level affects quality of life and implant design. 54 asymptomatic, healthy older adults with no clinical evidence of lower extremity OA participated. The main outcome measure, average daily step count, was measured using an accelerometer-based activity monitor. On average the group took 8813 ± 3611 steps per day, approximately 4000 more steps per day than has been previously reported in patients following total joint arthroplasty. The present work provides a reference for activity after joint arthroplasty which is relevant given the projected number of people under the age of 65 who will undergo joint arthroplasty in the coming years.

Differences in preferred walking speeds in a gait laboratory compared with the real world after total hip replacement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between walking speeds measured in a gait laboratory and those measured in real-world settings (habitual speed) in subjects with total hip replacements (THRs) and control subjects. The secondary objective is to determine whether the relationship between gait laboratory and habitual speeds was affected by recovery time or related to clinical indices. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Experimental subjects (n=26) evaluated 3 weeks and 12 months after THR and control subjects (n=24). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Walking speed measured in the gait laboratory, walking speed measured in the field by using activity monitors, Harris Hip Score (HHS), and the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). RESULTS: Laboratory speeds were significantly faster than habitual speeds in all groups (P<.001), but the 2 correlated significantly. The laboratory versus habitual-speed difference was unaffected by recovery time within the THR group (P=.180) but was larger for control subjects (.32+/-.21m/s) than for THR subjects (.19+/-.15m/s 1 year after surgery). Habitual speed significantly correlated with total WOMAC scores and with WOMAC stiffness and function subscores 3 weeks after THR. The HHS weakly correlated with 3-week laboratory speed. No speed and clinical correlations were seen 1 year after THR. CONCLUSIONS: Although subjects may exaggerate walking speeds in laboratory settings, laboratory-based data accurately reflect real-world activity. Setting affected speeds most in the control group. It is important to consider potential discrepancies between speeds walked in a laboratory versus in the real world when interpreting gait studies comparing 2 or more populations. Finally, analysis of these data suggests that clinical indices may more accurately reflect biomechanical function during early recovery after THR than after full recovery.