Consumo habitual de chocolate y estado cognitivo en los adultos mayores españoles / Influence of habitual chocolate consumption over the Mini-Mental State Examination in Spanish older adults

Antecedentes: estudios previos han encontrado que el consumo de flavonoides se asocia a menor riesgo de deterioro cognitivo. Sin embargo, el efecto del consumo habitual de chocolate sobre el estado cognitivo no está bien esclarecido. Objetivo: examinar si el consumo habitual de chocolate se asocia con un mejor estado cognitivo en adultos mayores españoles. Metodología: estudio transversal, utilizando datos del estudio ENRICA-Senior. El consumo habitual de chocolate fue evaluado con una historia dietética informatizada. Los participantes fueron divididos en las siguientes categorías, de acuerdo a su consumo de chocolate: sin consumo, < 10 g/d y ≥ 10 g/d. El estado cognitivo fue determinado mediante la versión del test Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) para España. Los puntos de corte para definir deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) fueron: ≤ 25, ≤ 24 y ≤ 23. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal y logística ajustados por los principales factores confusores para calcular coeficientes beta y odds ratios (OR) de asociación. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo de personas que no reportaron consumir chocolate, aquellos con un consumo habitual de ≥ 10 g/d obtuvieron una mayor puntuación en el MMSE (coeficiente beta e intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%] del modelo ajustado: 0,26 [0,02- 0,50]; p de tendencia lineal = 0,05). Cuando examinamos la asociación solo con chocolate negro, los resultados también fueron significativos (coeficiente beta: 0,48 [IC 95%: 0,18-0,78]; p de tendencia lineal < 0,001). El consumo de chocolate total no se asoció con DCL en ninguna de las definiciones propuestas. Sin embargo, el consumo de chocolate negro se asoció con menor probabilidad de DCL (OR e IC 95% para MMSE ≤ 25: 0,39 [0,20-0,77]; para MMSE ≤ 24: 0,26 [0,10-0,67]; y para MMSE ≤ 23: 0,25 [0,07-0,82]). Conclusión: estos resultados sugieren que puede existir una asociación entre consumo de chocolate y mejor función cognitiva en personas mayores (AU)

Background: There are associations described between dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and foods with a high content of polyphenols. Objective: To assess the influence of habitual chocolate consumption over the MMSE in Spanish older adults. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, using data of the follow-up of the Seniors-Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain (ENRICA) cohort. Habitual chocolate consumption in the last year was assessed with a computerized dietary history; differences between dark chocolate and milk chocolate were recorded. Chocolate intake was classified into the following categories: no consumption, < 10 g/day, and ≥ 10 g/day. Validated MMSE scores for Spain were obtained during an interview and different cutoff points were used to define ≤ 25, ≤ 24 and ≤ 23. Linear and logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted beta coefficients and odds ratios (OR). Results: Compared to non-consumers, participants with a habitual chocolate consumption of ≥ 10 g/d had a better MMSE score (adjusted beta coefficient and 95% confidence interval: 0.26 (0.02-0.50; p trend = 0.05); for dark chocolate, the results were also statistically significant (0.48 [0.18-0.78]; p trend < 0.001). Total chocolate consumption was not associated with higher likelihood of having MCI. However, dark chocolate consumption was associated with less likelihood of MCI (OR and 95%CI for MMSE ≤ 25: 0.39 [0.20-0.77]; for MMSE ≤ 24: 0.26 [0.10-0.67]; and for MMSE ≤ 23: 0.25 [0.07-0.82]). Conclusion: Our results suggest that habitual dark chocolate consumption might improve cognitive function among the older population (AU)

Habitual coffee consumption and 24-h blood pressure control in older adults with hypertension.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In normotensive and hypertensive individuals, blood pressure (BP) rises acutely during a few hours following coffee or caffeine consumption. However, the effect of habitual coffee consumption on BP and BP control is uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the association of habitual coffee consumption on 24-h BP and BP control among older adults with hypertension. METHODS: Data were taken from the Seniors-Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain (ENRICA), a cross-sectional study conducted in 2012 among 1164 individuals aged ≥63 years. Habitual coffee consumption was assessed with a validated diet history. BP was recorded by 24-h ambulatory monitoring. Ambulatory hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or being under antihypertensive treatment, and uncontrolled BP was deemed as BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg among hypertensives. Analyses were performed with linear and logistic regressions adjusted for the main confounders, including diet, time since diagnosis of hypertension and the number of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS: Among the 715 hypertensive participants, those consuming ≥3 cups of coffee/day showed higher 24-h systolic BP (beta: 3.25 mm Hg, p value = 0.04) and diastolic BP (beta: 2.24 mm Hg, p value = 0.02) than non-coffee drinkers. Compared to non-coffee drinkers, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for uncontrolled BP among those consuming 1, 2, and ≥3 cups of coffee/day were, respectively: 1.95 (1.15-3.30), 1.41 (0.75-2.68), and 2.55 (1.28-5.09); p for trend = 0.05. The association was similar among individuals who were smokers, had excess weight (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, or hypercholesterolemia. No association was found between coffee consumption and having a non-dipper BP pattern (<10% nocturnal decline in BP) among hypertensives. CONCLUSION: Habitual coffee consumption was associated with uncontrolled BP in a hypertensive older population.