Standard and Expanded Series Patch Testing Update by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC). / Actualización de la batería estándar y batería ampliada de pruebas alérgicas de contacto por el Grupo Español de Investigación en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea (GEIDAC).

After the meeting held by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) back in October 2021, changes were suggested to the Spanish standard series patch testing. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2% pet.), textile dye mixt (6.6% pet.), linalool hydroperoxide (1% pet.), and limonene hydroperoxide (0.3% pet.) were, then, added to the series that agreed upon in 2016. Ethyldiamine and phenoxyethanol were excluded. Methyldibromoglutaronitrile, the mixture of sesquiterpene lactones, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene (Lyral) were alo added to the extended Spanish series of 2022.

Epidemiological, Clinical, and Allergic Profile of Psoriatic Patients. Evaluation of the Spanish Registry of Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC). / Perfil epidemiológico, clínico y alérgico en pacientes con psoriasis. Evaluación del Registro Español de Dermatitis de Contacto (REIDAC).

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis whose clinical and topographic distribution requires differential diagnosis, or the possible association with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), requiring patch testing (PT) as part of the diagnostic procedure. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and allergic profile of patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of psoriasis undergoing PT and compare them with patients with a diagnosis of ACD at the end of the diagnostic process. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data from REIDAC from 2018 through 2023 of selected patients with a diagnosis of psoriasis and/or ACD. RESULTS: A total of 11 502 patients were included, 513 of whom had been diagnosed with primary or secondary psoriasis, 3640 with ACD, and 108 with both diseases. Men were more predominant in the groups of patients with psoriasis, psoriasis+ACD, and lesions were more predominantly seen in the hands with little association with atopic factors vs the ACD group. The rate of positivity in PT to the 2022 Spanish battery of allergens was lower in the group with psoriasis only in 27% of the patients. The most common allergens found in the psoriasis group were also the most common ones found in the overall ACD population. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 36.2% of psoriatic patients tested positive in PT to the 2022 Spanish battery of allergens, which proved that this association is not uncommon. Overall, psoriatic patients had a higher mean age, were more predominantly men, and showed more hand involvement.

Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends. / Vigilancia epidemiológica en los últimos 4 años del Registro Español de Investigación en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea: situación actual y tendencias.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis is one of the objectives of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy. Knowing whether the prevalence of positive tests to the different allergens changes over time is important for this monitoring process. OBJECTIVES: To describe the various temporary trends in allergen positivity in the GEIDAC standard series from 2018 through December 31, 2022. METHODS: This was a multicenter, observational trial of consecutive patients analyzed via patch tests as part of the study of possible allergic contact dermatitises collected prospectively within the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy. The data was analyzed using 2 statistical tests: one homogeneity test (to describe the changes seen over time) and one trend test (to see whether the changes described followed a linear trend). RESULTS: A total of 11327 patients were included in the study. Overall, the allergens associated with a highest sensitization were nickel sulfate, methylisothiazolinone, cobalt chloride, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, and fragrance mix i. A statistically significant decrease was found in the percentage of methylisothiazolinone positive tests across the study years with an orderly trend. CONCLUSIONS: Although various changes were seen in the sensitizations trends to several allergens of the standard testing, it became obvious that a high sensitization to nickel, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and fragrances mix i remained. Only a significant downward trend was seen for methylisothiazolinone.

Acquired vibratory angioedema with a severe impact on work performance.

Vibratory urticaria/angioedema is an inducible type of urticaria that may be elicited by vibratory stimuli from work tool and instruments. A 39-year-old male construction worker was diagnosed with acquired vibratory angioedema associated with chronic spontaneous urticaria involving a severe work performance impairment. Response to omalizumab was immediate and complete. We evaluated the Urticarial Activity Score; the response to the vibratory angioedema provocation vortex test; and evolution of analytical parameters (e.g. high-affinity IgE receptor expression on peripheral blood basophils, C-reactive protein, D-dimer and IgE levels). Vibratory angioedema may be misdiagnosed as delayed pressure urticaria if the appropriate specific provocation tests are not performed. According to our knowledge, this is the first time a pneumatic hammer is described as a trigger; the first case responding to omalizumab; and the second published case associated with spontaneous chronic urticaria.

Alérgenos candidatos para ser incluidos en la serie estándar española a partir de los datos del Registro Español de Dermatitis de Contacto / Candidate Allergens for Inclusion in the Spanish Standard Series Based on Data from the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry

Antecedentes y objetivo La actualización de las series estándar de pruebas epicutáneas debe basarse en datos objetivos de frecuencia de sensibilización de los alérgenos que componen cada batería. La última renovación de la batería estándar española se realizó en 2016 y de la europea en 2019, quedando pendiente valorar la inclusión de alérgenos emergentes. Material y método Desarrollamos un estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico de los pacientes consecutivos del registro del Grupo Español de Investigación en Dermatitis y Alergia Cutánea sometidos a pruebas epicutáneas con hidroperóxido de linalool, hidroperóxido de limoneno, 2-hidroxi-etil-metacrilato, benzisotiazolinona, octilisotiazolinona, mezcla textil, metabisulfito sódico, propóleo, bronopol, mezcla de compuestas II, diazolidinil urea, imidazolidinil urea, decil glucósido y lauril glucósido, durante los años 2019 y 2020. Resultados Se analizó una muestra de 4.654 pacientes estudiados con diazolidinil urea, imidazolidinil urea y bronopol, y de 1.890 pacientes con el resto de los alérgenos. El índice MOAHLFA fue: M 30%, O 18%, A 15%, H 29%, L 6,5%, F 23%, A 68%. Siete alérgenos mostraron una frecuencia de sensibilización mayor del 1%: hidroperóxido de linalool, 2-hidroxi-etil-metacrilato, benzisotiazolinona, hidroperóxido de limoneno, mezcla textil, metabisulfito sódico y propóleo. Tres alérgenos mostraron una frecuencia de relevancia presente superior al 1%: hidroperóxido de linalool, 2-hidroxi-etil-metacrilato e hidroperóxido de limoneno; para benzisotiazolinona y mezcla textil, esta frecuencia fue de entre el 0,9 y el 1%. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados indican que debería valorarse la inclusión de siete nuevos alérgenos en la batería estándar española. Estos resultados podrían contribuir a la próxima actualización de la batería basal europea (AU)

Background Standard patch test series must be updated using objective data on allergen sensitization. The Spanish standard series was last updated in 2016 and the European series in 2019, and the inclusion of several emerging allergens needs to be evaluated. Material and methods We conducted a prospective, observational, multicenter study of consecutive patients from the registry of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) who were patch tested in 2019 and 2020 with linalool hydroperoxide, limonene hydroperoxide, 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate, benzisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone, textile dye mix (TDM), sodium metabisulfite, propolis, bronopol, Compositae mix II, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, decyl glucoside, and lauryl glucoside. Results We analyzed data for 4654 patients tested with diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, and bronopol, and 1890 tested with the other allergens. The values for the MOAHLFA index components were 30% for male, 18% for occupational dermatitis, 15% for atopic dermatitis, 29% for hand, 6.5% for leg, 23% for face, and 68% for age > 40 years. Sensitization rates above 1% were observed for 7 allergens: linalool hydroperoxide, 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate, benzisothiazolinone, limonene hydroperoxide, TDM, sodium metabisulfite, and propolis. Three allergens had a current relevance rate of over 1%: linalool hydroperoxide, 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylat, and limonene hydroperoxide. Benzisothiazolinone and TDM had a relevance rate of between 0.9% and 1%. Conclusions Our results indicate that 7 new allergens should be considered when extending the Spanish standard patch test series. The data from our series could be helpful for guiding the next extension of the European baseline series (AU)

Patch Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations of the AEDV's Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC). / Recomendaciones del Grupo Español de Investigación en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea (GEIDAC) de la AEDV en relación con la realización de pruebas epicutáneas durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

As the COVID-19 pandemic gradually comes under control, the members of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) have drawn up a proposed list of the requirements, limitations, and conditioning factors affecting the resumption of work in contact dermatitis units. The assumption is that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 is still circulating and that occasional or seasonal outbreaks will occur. They recommend that the first step should be to assess how many patch tests each clinic can handle and review the waiting list to prioritize cases according to disease severity and urgency. Digital technologies can, where possible, be used to send and receive the documentation necessary for the patch test (information, instructions, informed consent, etc.). If the necessary infrastructure is available, patients can be offered the option of a remote initial consultation. Likewise, in selected cases, the patch test results can be read in a virtual visit using photographs taken by the patient or a video visit can be scheduled to allow the physician to evaluate the site of application remotely. These measures will reduce the number of face-to-face visits required, but will not affect the time spent on each case, which must be scheduled in the normal manner. All of these recommendations are suggestions and should be adapted to the needs and possibilities of each health centre.

Phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and ORF7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and the frequency of wild-type PRRS virus in México.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a genetically diverse RNA virus and is an economically significant disease in the swine industry. In this study, a total of 8,126 serum samples were obtained from 275 technified and semi-technified farms belonging to 30 of the 32 states of Mexico and representative of the eight regions of the country. Anti-PRRSv antibodies against the PRRS vaccine and an isolated wild Mexican virus were tested by ELISA. Antibodies were found in 15%-49% of the tested sera, with 2.4%-9.8% against the vaccine and 7.7%-26% against the wild virus. The PRRSv virus was detected by RT-PCR in 77 of the 1,630 pooled samples tested, representing seven of the eight geographic regions into which the Mexican Republic is divided. The complete sequences of open reading frames 5 and 7 from 20 PRRSv-positive samples were determined. The analysis of the sequences together with the previously published sequences of historic strains revealed that all the strains belonged to the one, five and eight lineages of the PRRSV2. Striking differences, particularly in ORF5 and ORF7, were found between sequences of the strains and the reference virus, due to insertions and substitutions in positions that play key roles in the recognition, structure and function of the virus. Overall, these results established the magnitude of PRRS virus genetic diversity, and the most frequent virus strain that predominates in Mexico. The PRRSV2 is presented in the porcine population of Mexico; the circulating strains have important changes in ORF5 and ORF7, which probably explain the results obtained in the serological analysis of the wild virus and vaccine strains.

Malignancies and infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus. Are these emerging diseases? / Neoplasias e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: ¿enfermedades emergentes?

Since the start of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, tumour disease among patients has been significant. The collection of malignancies can be divided primarily into 2 groups: those associated with HIV (all of which are related to viral diseases) and those not associated with HIV (only some of which are associated with viral diseases). The origin of these malignancies is multifactorial, and the main causes that have led to an increase in tumour disease are immunosuppression, coinfection with oncogenic viruses and life prolongation secondary to the use of antiretroviral therapy. Establishing the general characteristics of the undiagnosed AIDS tumours is difficult, mainly because they are a highly heterogeneous group formed by malignancies of a diverse nature. The treatments do not differ from those used in the general population, although the management can be more difficult due to the late diagnosis, drug interactions and associated comorbidities.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Acrylates in Long-Lasting Nail Polish. / Dermatitis alérgica de contacto por acrilatos en esmaltes permanentes.

The first reported cases of allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates in manicure procedures in relation to the application of porcelain nails were published decades ago. The frequency of sensitization has increased due to the introduction of the so-called permanent nail polish containing photo-bonded acrylates, mainly involving the beauticians who apply them, and to a lesser extent, the consumers. The recent commercialized permanent polish kits for domestic use could trigger even higher degrees of sensitization. In this article, the clinical features, diagnostic procedures, treatment and preventive measures are described. Acrylates are present in a wide range of sources including multiple medical materials. Sensitization caused by a merely aesthetic procedure might end up having an eventual important impact in the future consumer's health which is why restrictive policies should be implemented limiting its use to qualified professionals and banning the indiscriminate sale of domestic kits.

Oestrus synchronization treatment induces histomorphological changes on the uterine tube epithelium of the gilt.

The aim of this study was to determine the histomorphological changes that occurred in response to two treatments for oestrus synchronization in three different regions of the gilt's uterine tubes epithelium: the ampulla (AMP), ampulla-isthmic junction (AIJ) and isthmus (IST). Nine prepuberal gilts were divided into three groups (n = 3): (1) eCG 400 IU and hCG 200 IU (eCG/hCG), (2) progesterone agonist (P4) and (3) control group. The number of secretory cells (stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction or PAS-positive cells) decreased in the AMP in the P4 treated group when compared to the control group, whereas, no difference was observed in the number of PAS-negative cells in the AMP of the three groups. A significant decrease in the number of PAS-positive cells was observed in the AIJ and IST of the P4 treated group when compared to the eCG/hCG and control groups. An increase in the number of PAS-negative cells was observed in the AIJ and IST in the P4 treated group. The epithelium height in the AMP and AIJ was increased in the eCG/hCG group when compared to the control and P4 groups. In this last group, we observed a reduced height compared with the other two groups for the AIJ. In the IST, there were no significant changes in the epithelium height of the control or the other two groups (eCG/hCG and P4). The epithelial cells of the P4 treated group had the least amount of cytoplasmic granules and the lowest intensity of PAS staining in the AMP, AIJ and IST. Animals treated with eCG/hCG showed an intermediate number of cytoplasmic granules and intensity in all regions evaluated. These data show that P4 treatment for synchronization induces a significant (P < 0.001) decrease of PAS-positive cells and staining intensity of cytoplasmic granules in the different regions studied and an increased number of PAS-negative cells in the AIJ and IST epithelium. Moreover, eCG/hCG treatment increased the height of the epithelium in the AMP and AIJ, while in this last region, the P4 treatment decreased the epithelium height. These results show that synchronization treatments with P4 and in a smaller proportion with eCG/hCG can modify the amount of PAS-positive and PAS-negative cells, and the epithelium height. This has influence in the secretory activity of the epithelium and possibly alters the fluid microenvironment of the gilt's uterine tube. The biological impact of regional variations in the epithelial cells of the gilt's uterine tube needs further investigation to understand the implications that the reproductive processes can have in the uterine tube.

Vetrabutine clorhydrate use in dystocic farrowings minimizes hemodynamic sequels in piglets.

The objective was to measure the effects of VC (a uterotonic drug with vasodilator effects) in eutocic and dystocic sows, on the acid-base balance and some vitality traits of piglets at birth. Farrowing was induced with prostaglandin F2α. Four groups of sows (20 sows/group) were monitored; Groups 1 and 2 were eutocic sows, whereas Groups 3 and 4 were dam-fetal dystocic sows. Groups 1 and 3 (control) were given saline, whereas Groups 2 and 4 were given VC im (1.66 mg/kg of body weight) after the first piglet was born. Piglets' physio-metabolic performance was monitored peripartum. Treatment with VC reduced (P<0.0001) the percentage of intrapartum stillbirths in sows either with eutocic (5.2 vs. 10.0%) and dystocic (7.6 vs. 16.7%) farrowings and increased (P<0.0001) the number of pigs born alive without any evidence of AFS (89.9 vs. 79.9%, eutocic and 81.6 vs. 65.2%, dystocic). In addition, for the group of pigs with no acute fetal suffering (AFS), VC treatment enhanced survival responses with a half point grater vitality score in Group 4; it also reduced the latency to first teat contact by 6 min (P<0.05) in both treated groups compared to controls; and it improved the condition of the pigs' umbilical cord, with more adhered (98 vs. 86% in eutocic and 88 vs. 80% in dystocic; P<0.05) and less ruptured cords. Moreover, VC reduced the severity of adverse physio-metabolic indicators and the acid-base balance of piglets with AFS at birth by lowering blood lactate (89.8 vs. 93.5 mmol/L in eutocic groups and 94.6 vs. 100.2 mmol/L in dystocic groups; P<0.05), PaCO2 and Ca2+, and by increasing blood pH, HCO3 and PaO2 levels (P<0.05).

Identification of antigenic variants of the porcine rubulavirus in sera of field swine and their seroprevalence.

We sampled sera from 1013 non-vaccinated swine from four states in Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán and the Estado de Mexico, to analyse anti-porcine rubulavirus antibody titres against three different porcine rubulavirus isolates (PAC-4/1993, PAC-6/2001, and PAC-9/2003) using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. The results revealed that there were antigenic differences among the isolates assessed. In particular, the estimated correlation between the PAC-4/1993 and PAC-6/2001 (0.50) isolates and between the PAC-4/1993 and PAC-9/2003 isolates (0.56) displayed a moderate positive correlation. In contrast, there was a strong positive correlation between the PAC-6/2001 and PAC-9/2003 isolates (0.73). We also found that in the state of Guanajuato, PAC-4/1993 was the isolate that was most frequently identified; in Jalisco, the isolate was PAC-6/2001; and in Michoacán, the isolate was PAC-9/2003. By contrast, in the Estado de Mexico, all three isolates appeared to circulate with a low seroprevalence. In general, the analysed sera from the four states displayed a porcine rubulavirus serological prevalence ranging from 9% to 23.7%. These data indicate that there is not complete antibody cross-antigenicity among the three isolates, and the antigenic variations in the antibody response found in this study implies that the use of a monovalent vaccine would not generate complete protection against the different antigenic subtypes.

Effects of long distance transportation and CO2 stunning on critical blood values in pigs.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two stressful stimuli, long transportation and 80% CO(2) stunning on metabolic-physiological variables, hemodynamic and gas exchange in slaughter pigs imported from the U.S. to Mexico City with a journey time of 27 h, with 8 h of lairage at the abattoir. A total of 589 pigs from three genders were monitored. Overall results show that both stimuli caused metabolic and physiological disturbance. Gilts were more efficient in controlling glycemia after a long transport journey (24h), than castrated males (P<0.05), whose glucose was increased above the 30 mg/dL basal level. Females on arrival had 23mg/dL more lactate compared to basal levels (P<0.05). Stunning caused more physiological effects compared to transportation. Regarding the gender factor, females and entire males were more susceptible to transport stress and stunning compared to the castrated pigs, and entire males showed more complications restoring the gas exchange compared to females and barrows.

Changes in blood constituents of swine transported for 8 or 16 h to an Abattoir.

The effects of two transportation periods on physio- metabolic hemodynamic changes and gaseous exchange in commercial swine during transportation to the slaughterhouse was studied in 684 pigs, 357 barrows and 327 gilts, transported in 2 groups for 8 and 16 h. Transportation caused an increase of oxygen consumption and body temperature, a decrease in pH, lactic acid accumulation. Both transportation periods caused higher than normal plasma glucose levels, lactic acidosis and evidence of dehydration. The linear regression analysis for pigs transported for 8h indicates that the PO(2,) lactate and Ca(++) variables correlated negatively with the PCO(2.) Whilst the animals that were transported for 16 h had negative correlations between glucose, and calcium, hematocrit, lactate and potassium levels. It was concluded that regardless of transport time acidosis, hypocapnia, hypoxaemia, hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia, hyperglycemia, lactacidemia and increased hematocrit levels occurred.