Fishes (Actinopterygii) of the rapids and associated environments in the lower Vaupés River Basin: an undiscovered Colombian Amazon diversity.

The Vaupés River stands out as one of the few within the Amazon basin due to its numerous rapids. These riverine fast-flowing sections not only provide habitat to highly specialized fishes but also function as natural barriers hindering the movement of fish along its course. During a fish-collecting expedition in the lower Vaupés River basin in Colombia, 95 species were registered belonging to 30 families and seven orders. Despite recent inventories in the region, our comprehensive sampling efforts particularly focused on the rapids and associated rheophilic fauna, allowing us to contribute the first records of four fish species in Colombia (Mylopluslucienae Andrade, Ota, Bastos & Jégu, 2016, Tometesmakue Jégu, Santos & Jégu, 2002, also first record of the genus, Leptodoraspraelongus (Myers & Weitzman, 1956), and Eigenmanniamatintapereira Peixoto, Dutra & Wosiacki, 2015) and six presumably undescribed species (i.e., Jupiaba sp., Moenkhausia sp., Phenacogaster sp., Bunocephalus sp., Hemiancistrus sp., and Archolaemus sp.). In this study, a commented list of the ichthyofauna of these environments is presented, as well as a photographic catalog of fish species integrated into the CaVFish Project - Colombia.

La neurobiología del asesino: aspectos neuroanatómicos, genéticos, bioquímicos, extrínsecos y sociales / The neurobiology of the killer: neuroanatomical, genetic, biochemical, extrinsic and social aspects / A neurobiologia do assassino: aspectos neuroanatômicos, genéticos, bioquímicos, extrínsecos e sociais

El cuestionamiento del por qué alguien querría asesinar a otra persona aún no tiene una respuesta única: ¿supervivencia, odio, placer, venganza? Frente a este fenómeno, las neurociencias ofrecen un espacio de comprensión relevante y actual para dar respuesta a este interrogante. Diversos estudios clínicos y en neuroimagen han mostrado diversas alteraciones anatómicas, bioquímicas, genéticas y su relación con una variedad de redes neuronales asociadas a conductas agresivas. Subregiones en la corteza prefrontal, la amígdala, el hipocampo y el lóbulo temporal juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de la biología de la agresión. Variaciones genéticas en la regulación de proteinas y neurotransmisores tales como la serotonina y la dopamina han sido establecidas como mediadores en las conductas agresivas y homicidas. Las interacciones epigenéticas y los mediadores sociales representan importantes factores de riesgo adicionales para la agresividad. El presente artículo sistematiza algunos de los factores que influyen en la conducta homicida. Delimita sus factores de riesgo y correlato neurobiológico, así como aporta información basada en evidencia que ayude en la prevención de dichos comportamientos, la comprensión multidimensional del delito y el desarrollo de intervenciones efectivas fundamentadas en las neurociencias cognitivas forenses.

The question of why someone would want to murder another person still has no single answer: survival, hatred, pleasure, revenge? In the face of this phenomenon, neuroscience offers a relevant and current area of understanding to answer this question. Several clinical and neuroimaging studies have shown diverse anatomical, biochemical and genetic alterations and their relationship with a variety of neural networks associated with aggressive behaviors. Subregions in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and temporal lobe play an important role in the development and functioning of the biology of aggression. Genetic variations in the regulation of proteins and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine have been established as mediators of aggressive and homicidal behaviors. Epigenetic interactions and social mediators represent additional important risk factors for aggression. The present article systematizes some of the factors that influence homicidal behavior. It delineates their risk factors and neurobiological correlates, as well as provides evidence-based information to aid in the prevention of such behaviors, the multidimensional understanding of crime, and the development of effective interventions based on forensic cognitive neuroscience.

A questão de pôr que alguém quereria matar outra pessoa ainda não tem uma única resposta: sobrevivência, ódio, prazer, vingança? Diante deste fenômeno, as neurociências oferecem uma área relevante e atual de compreensão para responder a esta pergunta. Vários estudos clínicos e de neuroimagem têm mostrado diversas alterações anatômicas, bioquímicas e genéticas e sua relação com uma variedade de redes neurais associadas a comportamentos agressivos. Sub-regiões no córtex pré-frontal, amígdala, hipocampo e lobo temporal desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento e funcionamento da biologia da agressão. Variações genéticas na regulação de proteínas e neurotransmissores como a serotonina e a dopamina foram estabelecidas como mediadores de comportamentos agressivos e homicidas. As interações epigenéticas e os mediadores sociais representam fatores de risco adicionais importantes para a agressão. Este artigo sistematiza alguns dos fatores que influenciam o comportamento homicida. Ela delineia seus fatores de risco e correlatos neurobiológicos e fornece informações baseadas em evidências para ajudar na prevenção de tais comportamentos, na compreensão multidimensional do crime e no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes baseadas na neurociência cognitiva forense.

Las Neurociencias Forenses: El nuevo Paradigma Penal / Forsensic Neurosciences: The New Criminal Paradigm

Resumen Las neurociencias están en medio de un resurgimiento del interés en la dimensión biológica de los estados mentales y la conducta humana, aún más con su introducción en el ámbito ce la criminología biosocial y el sistema penal. La introducción de nuevas disciplinas en el ámbito penal representa un reto al momento de validarlas como una herramienta útil para el proceso, dado que cada vertiente tendrá puntos a favor y en contra de ellas, por lo cuál es fundamental analizar de forma crítica la utilidad, viabilidad y grado de certeza que ofrezcan dichas disciplinas. Al margen de las neurociencias forenses, resulta predominante analizarlas de forma integral, biológica, psicológica, ética y legal, con la finalidad de que las aportaciones que esta rama ofrezca al estado de derecho sean objetivas y aptas para el sistema penal de cada circunstancia temporal y social en que se implementen.

Abstract Neurosciences are in the midst of a resurgence of interest in the biological dimension of human mental states and behavior, even more so with the introduction of biosocial criminology and the penal system into the field. The introduction of new disciplines in the criminal field represents a challenge when validating them as a useful tool for the process, given that each aspect will have points for and against them, which is why it is essential to critically analyze the usefulness, viability and degree of certainty offered by these disciplines. Apart from forensic neurosciences, it is predominant to analyze them in an integral, biological, psychological, ethical and legal way, so that the contributions that this branch offers to the rule of law are objective and suitable for the criminal system of each temporary and social circumstance in which they are implemented.

Comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Factors affecting working equid welfare are wide-ranging and reflect cultural, economic and climatic conditions, the type of work equids are used for, and individual differences in the practices of their handlers. In Mexico working equids are widely used for facilitating agricultural activities, however, welfare issues are common. OBJECTIVES: To assess working equids across three communities in Mexico, identify predominant welfare problems and document how these problems vary across locations, associated working roles and species type. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: The study combined the administration of a wide-ranging questionnaire to equid handlers/owners and a welfare assessment of their animal. 120 equid owners were asked about their equid management practices, the working conditions and health status of their animal. The welfare of their equids (56 donkeys, 7 mules, 57 horses) was assessed by evaluating body condition, signs of illness or injury and behavioural indicators. RESULTS: Welfare varied by species, working role, sex and location. The poorest welfare was seen in one of the two arid regions (the third location having a tropical climate). Donkeys had poorer welfare than horses, and equids used for packing had poorer welfare than those used for riding and agroforestry. Overall poor body condition and wounds were the most common problems seen. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Work type, species type and location strongly co-varied, thus the impact of each factor could not be assessed in isolation. The sample size was relatively small. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed significant regional variations in welfare, suggesting that environmental and/or cultural variations are producing a major effect on welfare.

Síndrome cardiorrenal: Nuevas perspectivas / Cardiorenal syndrome: New perspectives

La disfunción cardiaca y la renal coexisten con alta prevalencia. Se ha definido a esta entidad clínica como síndrome cardiorrenal y una de sus características principales es la resistencia al tratamiento. Se han descrito múltiples hipótesis para explicar su fisiopatología, como la desregulación hemodinámica y, recientemente, mecanismos neurohumorales e inmunológicos que intervienen en su desarrollo y perpetuación. Se clasifica de acuerdo con su forma de presentación y componentes fisiopatológicos. Existen distintos enfoques terapéuticos para controlar o limitar el progreso de la enfermedad. Esta revisión discute y analiza la información actual sobre la fisiopatología, la clasificación y el tratamiento de esta entidad.

There is a high prevalence of heart failure associated to kidney failure or viceversa. This association has been defined as a clinical entity: cardiorenal syndrome and one of its main characteristics is the resistance to treatment. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of this syndrome, such as hemodynamic deregulation and recently, other neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms involved in the development and perpetuation of this pathology. Classifications have been based on the form of presentation or physiopathological manifestations. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to control or limit the progress of this disease. This review discusses and analyzes the current information on pathophysiology, different classifications and treatment.

Flow force and torque on submerged bodies in lattice-Boltzmann methods via momentum exchange.

We review the momentum exchange method to compute the flow force and torque on a submerged body in lattice-Boltzmann methods by presenting an alternative derivation. Our derivation does not depend on a particular implementation of the boundary conditions at the body surface, and it relies on general principles. After the introduction of the momentum exchange method in lattice-Boltzmann methods, some formulations were introduced to compute the fluid force on static and moving bodies. These formulations were introduced in a rather intuitive, ad hoc way. In our derivation, we recover the proposals most frequently used, in some cases with minor corrections, gaining some insight into the two most used formulations. At the end, we present some numerical tests to compare different approaches on a well-known benchmark test that support the correctness of the formulas derived.

Selected health and management issues facing working donkeys presented for veterinary treatment in rural Mexico: some possible risk factors and potential intervention strategies.

The examination of 216 donkeys presented for treatment at the Donkey Sanctuary-World Horse Welfare-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico mobile clinics revealed a number of health and welfare problems. A general overview of the donkeys' health was made and showed that the median body condition score (BCS) in this population was 2.5. Underweight animals only accounted for 26% of the population. Females, 0-5-year-olds and >21-year-olds, were more likely to be underweight. When analysed, there was no correlation between faecal worm egg count (FEC) and BCS. The prevalence of strongyle infection as assessed by FEC was shown to be 80% with a median FEC of 600 eggs per gramme. Donkeys were assessed for body lesions and showed a high prevalence (71%), particularly in the facial region (54%). Analysis showed that mature animals (6-15 years old) were at increased risk of body lesions compared to older animals (16+ years old) as were donkeys with dental disease and those in particular villages. Risk factor analysis for lesions of the face showed that stallions and geldings are at increased risk as were donkeys wearing halters made from nylon rope. This study has identified areas for further investigation and potential areas where targeted interventions may be made to improve the health and welfare of working donkeys in Mexico.

[Bone loss treatment, pseudoarthrosis, arthrodesis and benign tumors using xenoimplant: clinical study].

BACKGROUND: Bone loss as a result of arthrodesis, pseudarthrosis, benign tumors and bone defects was treated using a xenoimplant (Nukbone). METHODS: The effectiveness of the material was evaluated through a longitudinal and observational study at the Hospital Regional "General Ignacio Zaragoza" (HRGIZ) ISSSTE. The Mexican xenoimplant is a patent of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). RESULTS: Fifty two patients were considered regardless of age or gender. Of these patients, 28 were male and 24 female. Average age of the patients was 47.7 years (9-84 years). Twenty eight patients had arthrodesis, 16 were treated with pseudarthrosis, three patients had benign tumors and five patients presented bone defects, which were implanted with Nukbone at the site and was the correct treatment for the problem. The xenoimplant is fully integrated during a period of 3-18 months, depending on the size of the pathology and the region where it was placed. Fracture healing was evaluated radiographically according to the classification of Montoya. No patient had clinical signs of rejection. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, bony xenoimplants (osseous) have been used, all of foreign origin due to the high degree of technological dependence in this country. In this study we describe the use, for the first time, of a Mexican xenoimplant with a patent from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The Mexican xenoimplant is biocompatible and can be adapted to treat pathologies where bony (osseous) material is needed.

Tratamiento de pérdidas óseas, pseudoartrosis, artrodesis y tumores óseos benignos con un xenoimplante mexicano (estudio clínico) / Bone loss treatment, pseudoarthrosis, arthrodesis and benign tumors using xenoimplant: clinical study

Objetivo: Se trataron pérdidas óseas, artrodesis, pseudoartrosis, tumores benignos y defectos óseos con un xenoimplante. Material y métodos: Se evaluó la eficacia del material mediante un estudio observacional y longitudinal en el Hospital Regional “General Ignacio Zaragoza” del ISSSTE. Resultados: Fueron considerados 52 pacientes, 28 masculinos y 24 femeninos, de los cuales a 28 se les practicó artrodesis, 16 fueron tratados por pseudoartrosis, tres presentaron tumores óseos benignos y cinco defectos óseos, a los cuales se les colocó el xenoimplante en el sitio y forma adecuada según el problema por tratar. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 47.7 años, con un rango de nueve a 84 años. Se presentó consolidación ósea entre los tres y ocho meses después de la cirugía; el xenoimplante se integró totalmente en un periodo de tres a 18 meses dependiendo del tamaño de la patología y la región donde fue colocado. La consolidación ósea fue valorada radiográficamente de acuerdo con la clasificación de Montoya. Ningún paciente presentó signos clínicos de rechazo. Conclusiones: En México se han empleado xenoimplantes óseos de origen extranjero debido a la gran dependencia tecnológica del país. Por primera vez se utiliza un xenoimplante producido en el país y cuya patente es de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El xenoimplante Nukbone® fue biocompatible y resultó adecuado para tratar patologías donde se requiere aporte óseo.

BACKGROUND: Bone loss as a result of arthrodesis, pseudarthrosis, benign tumors and bone defects was treated using a xenoimplant (Nukbone). METHODS: The effectiveness of the material was evaluated through a longitudinal and observational study at the Hospital Regional "General Ignacio Zaragoza" (HRGIZ) ISSSTE. The Mexican xenoimplant is a patent of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). RESULTS: Fifty two patients were considered regardless of age or gender. Of these patients, 28 were male and 24 female. Average age of the patients was 47.7 years (9-84 years). Twenty eight patients had arthrodesis, 16 were treated with pseudarthrosis, three patients had benign tumors and five patients presented bone defects, which were implanted with Nukbone at the site and was the correct treatment for the problem. The xenoimplant is fully integrated during a period of 3-18 months, depending on the size of the pathology and the region where it was placed. Fracture healing was evaluated radiographically according to the classification of Montoya. No patient had clinical signs of rejection. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, bony xenoimplants (osseous) have been used, all of foreign origin due to the high degree of technological dependence in this country. In this study we describe the use, for the first time, of a Mexican xenoimplant with a patent from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The Mexican xenoimplant is biocompatible and can be adapted to treat pathologies where bony (osseous) material is needed.