Operative and non-operative management of children with abdominal gunshot injuries.

BACKGROUND: Non-operative management (NOM) is a standard treatment method for solid organ injuries worldwide. There is no consensus on the management of gunshot wounds (GSW) because of the higher frequency of hollow viscus injuries (HVI) and the unpredictable depth of tissue damage produced by kinetic energy transfer during retardation of the bullet. Here we aimed to reevaluate indications for surgery and NOM based on our pediatric patients with abdominal GSW. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients evaluated and treated for abdominal GSW at University of Dicle between January 2010 and October 2016. Patients with hemodynamic instability, signs of peritonitis on serial abdominal examination, and free air in the abdomen underwent laparotomy; these were included in group I (n=17). Patients managed non-operatively were included in group II (n=13). RESULTS: Our statistical analysis showed significantly lower Hb levels and systolic blood pressure levels (p<0.001) and higher pulse rate, higher mean injury severity score, and longer length of stay at intensive care unit in patients in group I than in those in group II (p<0.001). We further detected colon perforation (n=10) and small bowel perforation (n=7) in patients in group I; liver laceration (n=4), splenic injury (n=1), and renal injury (n=3) but no solid organ injury or HVI (n=5) were detected in patients in group II. CONCLUSION: The major drawback of NOM is the difficulty in diagnosing HVI in abdominal GSW, which may delay treatment. We suggest that patients with solid organ damage who are hemodynamically stable and exhibit no signs of peritonitis upon serial abdominal exam may be treated with NOM.

The Adrenal Gland: An Organ Neglected in Pediatric Trauma Cases.

PURPOSE: Adrenal gland injury (AGI) caused by trauma may cause bleeding and life-threatening problems in children.The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of AGI in final diagnoses of trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 458 patients with abdominal trauma (out of a total 8,200 pediatric patientswith trauma of any sort), who were referred to our clinic between January 2009 and July 2014, were reviewed retrospectively.The numbers of patients with AGI and their ages, gender, trauma patterns, affected organs, pediatrictrauma scores (PTSs), and injury severity scores (ISSs) were recorded, as well as the associated ultrasound (US)and tomographic scan data, treatments, and complications. Computed tomography (CT) scans obtained after traumawere subjected to both primary and secondary evaluation. RESULTS: In total, 28 patients with AGI were detected; their average age was 8.54 ± 4.09 (3-17) years. Twenty(71%) patients were male and 8 (29%) were female. Nineteen (68%) patients had fallen from heights; the mostcommonly injured organs were the kidneys, spleen, and lungs. Injuries were right-sided in 26 (92.9%) patients.The mean ISS was 13.2 (range 5-50) and the mean PTS 8.6 (range 0-11). Seven patients had ISS > 16 and ninehad PTS < 8. AGI was diagnosed by CT in 14 (50%) patients and in 3 (9%) by US at primary evaluation. Uponsecondary scan inspection focusing on the possibility of adrenal gland injury, such injury was ultimately detectedin 28 patients. All patients underwent conservative follow-up, and one died. CONCLUSION: We recommend calculation of the PTS, as well as other trauma scores, when pediatric patients sufferingmultiple or blunt abdominal trauma(s) present to the emergency . In addition, we believe that in children withtrauma involving the liver, spleen or kidneys, careful evaluation using a CT scan would increase the diagnosis ofAGI and reveal a realistic rate of AGI in trauma cases.

Effects of Ecballium Elaterium on Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Rat Model of Sepsis.

OBJECTIVE: Ecballium elaterium (EE) is a plant from Cucurbitaceae family. Its anti-inflammatory role in sepsis is not well understood. We investigated the effects of EE on serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and further explored the mechanisms underlying histological changes in liver and ileum following EE administration in a polymicrobial sepsis model. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Rats were subjected to sham laparotomy plus normal saline administration (control group, CG), laparotomy with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) (sepsis group, SG), and laparotomy with CLP plus 2.5 mg/kg EE administration (experimental group, EG). Twenty-four hours after laparotomy, animals underwent cardiac puncture, and blood was collected for interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) assessment. Whole sections of liver and ileum tissues were collected for histologic examination. RESULTS: The serum level of IL-6 was significantly lower in EG as compared to SG. Although IL-6 levels were shown a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) decline to near control values, no significant changes were observed in serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-α after EE treatment. Histologic examination revealed statistically significant reduction in collagen formation (p = 0.001) on serosal surface of ileum and hepatic venous congestion (p = 0.040) in EG as compared to SG. CONCLUSION: EE might play a protective role in sepsis prevention and treatment by decreasing IL-6 production and reducing liver damage and may influence bacterial translocation by reinforcing intestinal barrier function.

Predicting pseudocyst formation following pancreatic trauma in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: There are insufficient data on pre-screening for pancreatic pseudocysts (PC) following pancreatic trauma. This study investigated the use of radiological and laboratory testing for predicting the development of pancreatic pseudocysts after trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records of all pediatric patients presenting with pancreatic trauma between January 2003 and December 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) scores of Grade 3-5 were enrolled. The patients were divided into groups that developed [Group 1 (n = 20)] and did not develop [Group 2 (n = 18)] PC. The patients were evaluated in terms of their baseline characteristics, additional injuries, Injury Severity Score (ISS), pancreatic injury site, blood amylase levels 2 h and 10-15 days after the trauma, clinical presentation, and duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. FINDINGS: We followed 38 patients. Of the patients in Group 1, 70 % had an injury to the tail of the pancreas. The ISS trauma scores and durations of hospitalization and ICU stay were significantly greater in Group 2 (p < 0.05). The mean blood amylase level on Day 1 was 607 U/L (range 183-801 U/L) in Group 1 and 314 U/L (range 25-631 U/L) in Group 2; the respective levels on Day 10 were 838 U/L (range 123-2951 U/L) and 83.2 U/L (range 35-164 U/L). The serum amylase levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Group 1 than in Group 2 on Days 1 and 10. Four patients developed complications and two patients died. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic pseudocyst formation is more likely in patients with AAST Grade 3 pancreatic injury, also serum amylase levels ten times greater than normal 2 h after the trauma, and persistently elevated serum amylase levels 10-15 days following the trauma.

Immediate primary anastomosis for isolated oesophageal atresia: A single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Isolated oesophageal atresia without tracheo-oesophageal fistula represents a major challenge for most paediatric surgeons. Here, we present our experience with six neonates with isolated oesophageal atresia who successfully underwent immediate primary anastomosis using multiple Livaditis circular myotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All six neonates were gross type A isolated oesophageal atresia (6%), from among 102 neonates with oesophageal atresia, treated between January 2009 and December 2013. Five neonates were female; one was male. The mean birth weight was 2300 (range 1700-3100) g. RESULTS: All six neonates successfully underwent immediate primary anastomosis using multiple myotomies (mean 3; range 2-4) within 10 (median 3) days after birth. The gap under traction ranged from 6 to 7 cm. One neonate died of a major cardiac anomaly. Another neonate was lost to follow-up after being well for 3 months. Three anastomotic strictures were treated with balloon dilatation, and four anastomotic leaks were treated conservatively. The mean duration of follow-up was 33 months. CONCLUSIONS: To treat isolated oesophageal atresia, an immediate primary anastomosis can be achieved using multiple myotomies. Although, this approach is associated with high complication rates, as are other similar approaches, these complications can be overcome.

Intra-peritoneal administration of Ecballium elaterium diminishes postoperative adhesions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Ecballium elaterium (EE), Elaterium officinarum, in postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions in rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups and underwent midline laparotomy under 35 mg/kg ketamine and 5 mg/kg xylazine anaesthesia. In group 1 (n=10), the sham operation group, the abdominal walls were closed without any process. In group 2 (n=10), the control group, the antimesenteric border of the ceacum and the corresponding parietal peritoneum were abraded with dry sterile gauze. In group 3 (n=10), the EE group, 2.5 mg/kg dose of EE was administered as intraperitoneally to the rats after abrasion. All rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 15. Samples were obtained RESULTS: The adhesion score was significantly decreased in the EE group (p=0.001) in comparison with the control group. Microscopically, the EE and sham groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.000, respectively). Furthermore, the measurement of tissue levels of hydroxyproline was significantly lower in the sham and EE groups compared to the control group (sham group: 47.6 ± 10.6, EE group: 62.9 ± 9.7, CONTROL GROUP: 84.2 ± 22.1 mg /L/g-tissue). CONCLUSION: The grade and severity of abdominal adhesion could be significantly reduced through administered Ecballium elaterium and therefore be a suitable anti-inflammatory agent for the prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesion in the future.

Intra-peritoneal administration of Ecballium elaterium diminishes postoperative adhesions

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Ecballium elaterium (EE), Elaterium officinarum, in postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions in rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups and underwent midline laparotomy under 35 mg/kg ketamine and 5 mg/kg xylazine anaesthesia. In group 1 (n=10), the sham operation group, the abdominal walls were closed without any process. In group 2 (n=10), the control group, the antimesenteric border of the ceacum and the corresponding parietal peritoneum were abraded with dry sterile gauze. In group 3 (n=10), the EE group, 2.5 mg/kg dose of EE was administered as intraperitoneally to the rats after abrasion. All rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 15. Samples were obtained RESULTS: The adhesion score was significantly decreased in the EE group (p=0.001) in comparison with the control group. Microscopically, the EE and sham groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.000, respectively). Furthermore, the measurement of tissue levels of hydroxyproline was significantly lower in the sham and EE groups compared to the control group (sham group: 47.6 ± 10.6, EE group: 62.9 ± 9.7, Control group: 84.2 ± 22.1 mg /L/g-tissue). CONCLUSION: The grade and severity of abdominal adhesion could be significantly reduced through administered Ecballium elaterium and therefore be a suitable anti-inflammatory agent for the prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesion in the future. .

Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum by foreign body.

Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is a congenital disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually asymptomatic. Perforation of an MD by foreign bodies is an extremely rare cause of acute abdomen in children. We present a rare case of perforation of an MD in a child after eating melon seeds. The patient was treated successfully with segmental resection and primary anastomosis and had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in children.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR). Very little has been written about this condition in the pediatric age group. METHODS: Between January 2000 and December 2011, data on twenty-two patients with TDR were analyzed, and clinical data were recorded. The patients were divided into subgroups based on injury type and ISS values. RESULTS: Four patients were female, and eighteen were male. Mean age was 9.4 years (range 2-15 years). TDR was left-sided in twenty (91%) patients and right-sided in two (9%). The mean ISS (Injury Severity Score) was 19 (range 11-29). No significant difference in morbidity was noted between firearm and other injuries (p=0.565) or between ISS values below and above 16 (p=0.565). Seven patients (32%) had isolated diaphragmatic injury, while the other fifteen cases had additional associated injuries. Diagnoses were determined via a chest radiograph alone in the majority of cases, while suspected cases were confirmed by multidetector computed tomography if the patients were hemodynamically stable. Herniation was observed in twenty patients. Primary suture of the diaphragm and tube thoracostomy were performed in all patients. Postoperative complications included ileus (two cases), intussusception (one case), empyema (one case), and one patient succumbed during the operation. CONCLUSIONS: TDR, while uncommon, should be considered in cases of thoracoabdominal injury. All patients should undergo meticulous examination preoperatively. When the chest radiograph does not provide a definitive diagnosis, multidetector computed tomography, including multiplanar reconstruction or volume rendering, may be beneficial for confirming suspicion of diaphragmatic rupture.

Dilated ureter for esophageal substitution: a preliminary experimental study in the rat.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal replacement using digestive organs such as the colon, stomach, or jejunum has been used to treat long-gap esophageal atresia and caustic esophageal strictures. Nevertheless, it presents a major challenge. Here, we report a preliminary experimental study that examined the use of a free dilated ureter as an option for esophageal substitution in a transplantation rat model. METHODS: Ten 28-week-old male donor rats underwent distal ureteral ligation for 4 weeks, and the total dilated ureters were recovered. In each of the ten recipient 20-week-old male rats, a ureter was transplanted through the mediastinum into the esophageal bed, without vascular anastomosis. All rats received cyclosporine and cotrimoxazole for 10 days. On postoperative day 10, the rats were sacrificed, and the transplanted ureters were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. RESULTS: All procedures were achieved. In the early postoperative period, three transplanted rats died. Upon macroscopic evaluation, no evidence of complications was observed, and all transplanted ureters exhibited apparently good firm tissue. Histopathological examination showed a viable ureteral structure with good vascularity, low inflammation, and regenerated epithelium in all rats. CONCLUSION: As an option for esophageal substitution, heterotopic ureteral transplantation can be performed directly into the mediastinal location of the esophagus, without vascular anastomosis in a rat model. In the future, free dilated ureters might be useful for esophageal grafting or patching in humans; however, this procedure must be validated in additional large animal models before being attempted in humans.

Fluoroscopic balloon dilatation for caustic esophageal stricture in children: an 8-year experience.

PURPOSE: Esophageal balloon dilatation (EBD), when performed early and correctly, can efficiently treat caustic esophageal stricture (ES). Herein, we present 8 years of experience treating caustic ES, and discuss the technique as well as the complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 38 children in whom we performed fluoroscopic EBD under general anesthesia for caustic ES between November 2004 and November 2012 in our hospitals. The patients were grouped into the early dilatation group, who began EBD earlier (mean, 15 days) after caustic ingestion, and the late dilatation group who was referred later (mean, 34 days) for EBD by other centers. The ESs were classified into short and long strictures. Balloon size was increased gradually to a sufficient diameter over consecutive sessions. Characteristics of patients and ES, details of the EBD, and treatment results were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 369 EBD sessions were successfully performed in 38 children (aged 14 months to 14 years, median 3.5 years). In six patients, EBD treatments are continuing, one patient was lost to follow up, one patient who received a stent was excluded, and three returned to their previous centers. The remaining 27 patients were treated successfully by repeated EBD treatments. Nevertheless, in the early dilatation group (n=16), EBD treatment was significantly faster and shorter than that in the late dilatation group (n=11). In addition, the short stricture treatment was also of significantly shorter duration than the long stricture treatment. Six (1.6%) esophageal perforations occurred in five patients (13.2%); all were treated conservatively. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: For treatment of caustic ES, fluoroscopically guided EBD is safe and has a low rate of complications as well as a 100% success rate. However, it should be begun earlier, and in children, should be performed gently with balloons of gradually increasing appropriate diameters over consecutive sessions.

Esophageal transplantation in the rat.

PURPOSE: Esophageal replacement surgery has been used to treat long-gap esophageal atresia, caustic esophageal stricture, and esophageal avulsion. Here, we report total esophageal transplantation in rats without vascular anastomosis as an option for esophageal replacement surgery. METHODS: Fourteen total segments of esophageal transplants were harvested from 24-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats using a harvesting procedure. The segments were transplanted through the mediastinum in the esophageal bed of 15-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats without adjacent vascular anastomosis using the transhiatal pull-up technique. The ends of the transplanted esophagus were ostomized using cervical and abdominal esophagostomies. An immunosuppressive-treated (IT) group (n = 7) received cyclosporine and cotrimoxazole for 10 days, while an untreated (UT) group (n = 7) received only cotrimoxazole for 10 days. On post-operative day 10, the rats were sacrificed, and the transplant and recipient esophagi were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. RESULTS: All transplantations were successful and all transplanted rats survived. Upon macroscopic evaluation, no evidence of complications was observed and all transplanted esophagi in the two groups appeared to exhibit excellent firm tissue; however, mild necrosis was observed in the cervical end of the transplant in one rat in the IT group. Histopathologic examination showed a viable esophageal structure in all rats. Inflammation and muscular atrophy were lower in the IT group than in the UT group, whereas vascularity was higher in the IT group than in the UT group. CONCLUSION: Total esophageal transplantation was performed directly without vascular anastomosis into recipients in a rat model. This procedure should be done in larger animal models before being attempted in humans.

Transumbilical scarless surgery with thoracic trocar: easy and low-cost.

PURPOSE: Single-site laparoscopic surgery has become increasingly common. We herein report an easy and low-cost thoracic trocar technique (TTT) for these types of procedures and recommend the simpler name "transumbilical scarless surgery" (TUSS) to minimize confusion in nomenclature. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent TUSS by TTT using a thoracic trocar and surgical glove in our hospital between November 2011 and November 2012. Operating time, postoperative stay, and complications were detailed. RESULTS: A total of 101 TUSS by TTT were successfully performed, comprising appendectomy (n = 63), ovarian cyst excision (n = 7), splenectomy (n = 5), nephroureterectomy (n = 5), orchidopexy (n = 4), pyeloplasty (n = 3), nephrolithotomy (n = 2), orchiectomy (n = 2), varicocelectomy (n = 2), lymphangioma excision (n = 2), ureterectomy (n = 1), Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia repair (n = 1), ovarian detorsion (n = 1), antegrade continence enema (n = 1), intestinal resection anastomosis (n = 1), and intestinal duplication excision (n = 1). Kirschner wires were used for some organ traction. Nine patients required an additional port, but no major complications occurred. The postoperative stay (mean ± standard deviation) was 3.2 ± 1.4 days, and operating time was 58.9 ± 38.3 minutes. CONCLUSION: We recommend the simpler name of TUSS to minimize confusion in nomenclature for all transumbilical single-incision laparoendoscopic surgeries. TTT is an easy and low-cost TUSS technique.

Total esophageal avulsion at the esophagogastric junction after blunt trauma.

Total avulsion and transection of the esophagus at the esophagogastric junction are very rare after blunt trauma, and their management is challenging. Here, we present the case of a boy with this injury. To date, only two cases have been reported in children. One was treated successfully and the other died. The initial emergency operation should aim to save the life and native esophagus. Therefore, a primary or early thoracal end esophagostomy with gastrostomy should be performed, while primary repair should not be.

Magnetic compression ostomy for simple tube colostomy in rats--magnacolostomy.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic compression anastomoses (magnamosis) have been previously described for gastrointestinal, biliary, urinary, and vascular anastomoses. Objectives. Herein, the authors report the creation of a magnetic compression colostomy (magnacolostomy) using a simple technique in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Animals were randomized into two groups (n = 8, each): a magnetic colostomy (MC) group and a control surgical tube colostomy (SC) group. In the MC group, the first magnetic ball (3 mm) was rectally introduced into the rat colon. The second magnetic ball (4 mm) was placed subcutaneously into the left quadrant, and the two magnetic balls strongly coupled. On postoperative day 20 for the MC group and postoperative day 10 in the SC group, the rats were sacrificed and the colostomies evaluated macroscopically, histopathologically, and for mechanical burst testing. RESULTS: From the macroscopic evaluation, two rats failed to form the colostomy canal due to colostomy catheter and magnetic ball removal. In the remaining rats, evidence of complications were not observed. Two rats in the MC group displayed mild adhesion and all rats in the SC group displayed moderate adhesion. No significant differences between the burst pressures were observed. However, a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the procedure times of the MC (4.13 +/- 1.00 minutes) and SC groups (14.25 +/- 2.05 minutes) was evident. CONCLUSIONS: Magnacolostomy is an easy and effective procedure in the rat model and presents a safe, minimally invasive alternative to current tube colostomy procedures such as antegrade continence enemas, percutaneous endoscopic, and colostomy/cecostomy in humans.

The First Report of an Intraperitoneal Free-Floating Mass (an Autoamputated Ovary) Causing an Acute Abdomen in a Child.

A free-floating intraperitoneal mass is extremely rare, and almost all originate from an ovary. Here, we present the first case with an intraperitoneal free-floating autoamputated ovary that caused an acute abdomen in a child and also review the literature. A 4-year-old girl was admitted with signs and symptoms of acute abdomen. At surgery, the patient had no right ovary and the right tube ended in a thin band that pressed on the terminal ileum causing partial small intestine obstruction and acute abdomen. A calcified mass was found floating in the abdomen and was removed. The pathological examination showed necrotic tissue debris with calcifications. An autoamputated ovary is thought to result from ovarian torsion and is usually detected incidentally. However, it can cause an acute abdomen.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic laser lithotripsy for urinary stone treatment in children.

We reviewed our 6 years of experience with endoscopic holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser lithotripsy for treatment of urinary stones in different locations in 111 children. A retrospective review was performed on endoscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy procedures performed to treat stones in children between March 2006 and March 2012. In total, 120 laser lithotripsy procedures were performed to treat 131 stones in 111 children (80 males and 31 females; age range, 11 months to 16 years; median age, 6 years). Stones were located in the kidney in 48 cases (36.7 %), ureter in 52 (39.7 %), bladder in 21 (16.0 %), and urethra in 10 (7.6 %). Stone size ranged from 4 to 30 mm (mean, 12.8 mm), and anesthesia duration was 10-170 min (mean, 56 min). Forty-four ureters required balloon dilation, and 61 double J stents were inserted. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 75 months (mean, 35 months). Complete stone clearance was achieved at the end of the procedure in 102 (91.9 %) patients (age < 7 years, 93.3 % vs. age ≥ 7 years, 90.2 %; p > 0.05). The success rate was 81.3 % for kidney stones (<10 mm, 90.9 % vs. ≥ 10 mm, 78.4 %; p > 0.05) and 100 % for the ureter, bladder, and urethral stones. Overall success rate with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was 100 %. No major complications were encountered during or after the procedures. These results confirm the effectiveness and safety of holmium laser lithotripsy for treating all urinary stone locations in children of all ages.

The effects of long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on bone formation in ovariectomized rats.

The effects of long-term extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on bone formation and biochemical markers were investigated in ovariectomized rats. Sixty mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four different groups (n = 15): (i) unexposed control (CTL); (ii) ovariectomized only (OVX); (iii) non-ovariectomized, exposed (SHAM + ELF-MF); and (iv) ovariectomized, exposed (OVX + ELF-MF). The third and fourth groups were exposed to 1.5 mT ELF-MF for 4 h a day for 6 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined using dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) measurements. The formation and resorption of bone were evaluated using bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin, osteoprotogerin, and N-telopeptide. After 6 months of ELF-MF therapy, BMD values were significantly lower in the OVX group and higher in the OVX + ELF-MF and SHAM + ELF-MF groups than they were before therapy (P < 0.001). Although there was no significant difference in BMD values among the groups before therapy, the BMD values increased significantly after 6 months in the OVX + ELF-MF and SHAM + ELF-MF groups and were reduced in the OVX group compared to the CTL group (P < 0.001). The concentrations of BAP, osteocalcin, osteoprotogerin, and N-telopeptide in the three experimental groups also changed in a significant way compared to the CTL group. The results of the present study suggest that osteoporosis can be inhibited by ELF-MF stimulation treatments. It was also concluded that ELF-MF may be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.

An infantile splenic hemangiopericytoma case treated with partial splenectomy.

Splenic hemangiopericytoma is a very rare tumor. So far only 10 patients (9 adults, 1 child) have been reported in the literature and all of them were treated with total splenectomy. Herein, we report the first infant case of the splenic hemangiopericytoma in a 10-month-old girl and the first case that was treated with partial splenectomy for splenic hemangiopericytoma.