Eichner classification based on panoramic X-ray images using deep learning: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Research using panoramic X-ray images using deep learning has been progressing in recent years. There is a need to propose methods that can classify and predict from image information. OBJECTIVE: In this study, Eichner classification was performed on image processing based on panoramic X-ray images. The Eichner classification was based on the remaining teeth, with the aim of making partial dentures. This classification was based on the condition that the occlusal position was supported by the remaining teeth in the upper and lower jaws. METHODS: Classification models were constructed using two convolutional neural network methods: the sequential and VGG19 models. The accuracy was compared with the accuracy of Eichner classification using the sequential and VGG19 models. RESULTS: Both accuracies were greater than 81%, and they had sufficient functions for the Eichner classification. CONCLUSION: We were able to build a highly accurate prediction model using deep learning scratch sequential model and VGG19. This predictive model will become part of the basic considerations for future AI research in dentistry.

Ten-year trends in values of joint space width and osteophyte area of knee joints: Comparison of the baseline and fourth ROAD study surveys.

Objective: Considering the joint space width and osteophyte area (OPA) of the knee joints of Japanese adults, this study elucidated the ten-year trends in medial minimum joint space width (mJSW) and OPA using data of two independent cohorts from a population-based cohort study. Methods: The baseline survey of the Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability study was conducted from 2005 to 2007; 2975 participants (1041 men, 1934 women) completed all knee osteoarthritis (OA) examinations. The fourth survey was performed from 2015 to 2016; distinct 2445 participants (764 men, 1681 women) completed identical examinations. The medial mJSW and medial tibial OPA were measured bilaterally using an automated system. Results: The mean medial mJSW (standard deviation) was 3.22 (0.96) mm and 2.65 (0.95) mm at baseline and 3.81 (1.20) mm and 3.13 (1.15) mm in the fourth survey for men and women, respectively. The mean medial mJSW in the fourth survey was significantly greater in both men and women in all age groups than at baseline (p â€‹< â€‹0.01). The mean OPAs in men aged 40-49 and 60-69 years and women aged 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years were significantly smaller in the fourth survey (p â€‹< â€‹0.05). The trend in mJSW remained the same even after adjusting for confounding factors in the multivariate analysis, but the trend in OPA was weakened. Conclusions: A significant improvement in the medial mJSW within 10 years could decrease the incidence and progression of knee OA and prevent the risk of walking disability.

Mechanochemical synthesis of cerium chlorapatite from a mixture of cerium chloride heptahydrate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and calcium hydroxide for biomedical application.

BACKGROUND: Cerium ions promote osteoclastogenesis and activate bone metabolism, while cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties, making them promising for biomedical applications. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a synthesis method for sustained-release cerium-ion bioceramics containing apatite. Substituted apatite was found to be an effective biomaterial. METHODS: Cerium-containing chlorapatite was synthesized using a mechanochemical method employing dicalcium phosphate, cerium chloride heptahydrate, and calcium hydroxide as raw materials. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS: Cerium chlorapatite was successfully synthesized in the 10.1% and 20.1% samples. However, at Ce concentrations higher than 30.2%, the samples consisted of three or more phases, indicating the instability of a single phase. CONCLUSION: The method used in this study was found to be more efficient and cost-effective than the precipitation method for producing substituted apatite and calcium phosphate-based biomaterials. This research contributes to the development of sustained-release cerium-ion bioceramics with potential applications in the field of biomedicine.

IL-6 Reduces Spheroid Sizes of Osteophytic Cells Derived from Osteoarthritis Knee Joint via Induction of Apoptosis.

Osteophytes in osteoarthritis (OA) joints contribute to restriction of joint movement, joint pain, and OA progression, but little is known about osteophyte regulators. Examination of gene expression related to cartilage extracellular matrix, endochondral ossification, and growth factor signaling in articular cartilage and osteophytes obtained from OA knee joints showed that several genes such as COL1A1, VCAN, BGLAP, BMP8B, RUNX2, and SOST were overexpressed in osteophytes compared with articular cartilage. Ratios of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, which were characterized by co-expression of CD105 and CD166, were significantly higher in osteophytic cells than articular cells. A three-dimensional culture method for cartilage and osteophyte cells was developed by modification of cultures of self-assembled spheroid cell organoids (spheroids). These spheroids cultured in the media for mesenchymal stem cells containing transforming growth factor-ß3 showed characteristic morphologies and gene expression profiles of articular cartilage and osteophytes, respectively. The effects of IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 on the spheroids of articular and osteophytic cells were studied. To the best of our knowledge, they provide the first evidence that IL-6 suppresses the spheroid size of osteophytic cells by inducing apoptosis and reducing extracellular matrix molecules. These data show that IL-6 is the suppressor of osteophyte growth and suggest that IL-6 expression and/or activity are implicated in the regulation of osteophyte formation in pathologic joints.

Interaction mode of hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin with vaccine adjuvant components Tween 80 and Triton X-100 revealed by fluorescence increasing-quenching analysis.

The nonionic surfactants Tween 80 (Tw80) and Triton X-100 (TX100), which are used as components of adjuvants, were used with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hydroxfypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) as model antigens. The interaction patterns of Tw80 and TX100 with the hydrophobic cores of the model antigens were investigated. The fluorescence of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, was used to evaluate the effect of surfactants on each model antigen. A Hanes Woolf plot was used to analyze the adsorption of ANS to BSA, and an activator-inhibitor model was used to analyze the concentration-dependent increase and decrease of ANS fluorescence intensity. For BSA, TX100 occupies the ANS binding site inside the BSA hydrophobic core, while Tw80 does not contribute to the ANS binding site in the hydrophobic core. For HP-ß-CD, the ANS concentration required for analyzable fluorescence intensity extended to the range where ANS concentration-dependent quenching was not negligible. Using the activator inhibitor model, we were able to separate the activators and inhibitors of ANS fluorescence and evaluate the affinity of ANS for HP-ß-CD and surfactants. The results obtained showed that TX100 provided a hydrophobic environment to the ANS while being encapsulated by HP-ß-CD, while Tw80 did not interact with HP-ß-CD and provided a hydrophobic environment to the ANS independently of each other. The interpretations obtained were corroborated by the determination of the CMC of TX100 and Tw80, the effect of salt on ANS fluorescence, and 1H-NMR and ROESY. In summary, the results showed that the large hydrophilic head of Tween, composed of sorbitan and PEG chains, floated in the aqueous phase like a balloon, while Triton pierced the hydrophobic core of the antigen like a spear. In both BSA and HP-ß-CD model antigens, TX100 impinged on the hydrophobic core.

PPARα Induces the Expression of CAR That Works as a Negative Regulator of PPARα Functions in Mouse Livers.

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a transcription factor that controls the transcription of genes responsible for fatty acid metabolism. We have recently reported a possible drug-drug interaction mechanism via the interaction of PPARα with the xenobiotic nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Drug-activated CAR competes with the transcriptional coactivator against PPARα and prevents PPARα-mediated lipid metabolism. In this study, to elucidate the crosstalk between CAR and PPARα, we focused on the influence of PPARα activation on CAR's gene expression and activation. Male C57BL/6N mice (8-12 weeks old, n = 4) were treated with PPARα and CAR activators (fenofibrate and phenobarbital, respectively), and hepatic mRNA levels were determined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Reporter assays using the mouse Car promoter were performed in HepG2 cells to determine the PPARα-dependent induction of CAR. CAR KO mice were treated with fenofibrate, and the hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα target genes were determined. Treatment of mice with a PPARα activator increased Car mRNA levels as well as genes related to fatty acid metabolism. In reporter assays, PPARα induced the promoter activity of the Car gene. Mutation of the putative PPARα-binding motif prevented PPARα-dependent induction of reporter activity. In electrophoresis mobility shift assay, PPARα bound to the DR1 motif of the Car promoter. Since CAR has been reported to attenuate PPARα-dependent transcription, CAR was considered a negative feedback protein for PPARα activation. Treatment with fenofibrate induced the mRNA levels of PPARα target genes in Car-null mice more than those in wild-type mice, suggesting that CAR functions as a negative feedback factor for PPARα.

Positive feedback regulation of frizzled-7 expression robustly shapes a steep Wnt gradient in Xenopus heart development, together with sFRP1 and heparan sulfate.

Secreted molecules called morphogens govern tissue patterning in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it is still unclear how reproducible patterning can be achieved with diffusing molecules, especially when that patterning concerns differentiation of thin tissues. Wnt is a morphogen that organizes cardiac development. Wnt6 patterns cardiogenic mesoderm to induce differentiation of a thin tissue, the pericardium, in Xenopus. In this study, we revealed that a Wnt receptor, frizzled-7, is expressed in a Wnt-dependent manner. With a combination of experiments and mathematical modeling, this receptor-feedback appears essential to shape a steep gradient of Wnt signaling. In addition, computer simulation revealed that this feedback imparts robustness against variations of Wnt ligand production and allows the system to reach a steady state quickly. We also found that a Wnt antagonist sFRP1, which is expressed on the opposite side of the Wnt source, accumulates on N-acetyl-rich heparan sulfate (HS). N-acetyl-rich HS concentration is high between the sources of Wnt and sFRP1, achieving local inhibition of Wnt signaling via restriction of sFRP1 spreading. These integrated regulatory systems restrict the Wnt signaling range and ensure reproducible patterning of the thin pericardium.

Effects of Quercetin Glycoside Supplementation Combined With Low-Intensity Resistance Training on Muscle Quantity and Stiffness: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Objective: Aging of skeletal muscle is characterized not only by a decrease of muscle quantity but also by changes in muscle quality, such as an increase in muscle stiffness. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with quercetin glycosides (QGs), well-known polyphenolic flavonoids, combined with resistance exercise on muscle quantity and stiffness. Materials and Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in community-dwelling, Japanese people aged 50-74 years who were randomly allocated to exercise with placebo or 200 or 500 mg of QG supplementation. All participants performed low-intensity resistance training mainly targeting thigh muscles with 40% of 1-repetition maximum, 3 days per week for 24 weeks. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), lean mass, and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle stiffness were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. Results: Forty-eight subjects completed the 24-week intervention. There were no significant group × time interactions in thigh CSA for primary outcome, as well as lean mass. VL muscle stiffness in the stretched position was significantly lower in both the 200 mg and 500 mg QG groups than in the placebo group after the 24-week intervention (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between changes of VL muscle CSA and stiffness during the 24-week intervention. Conclusion: Quercetin glycoside supplementation combined with low-intensity resistance exercise improved passive muscle stiffness independently of muscle quantity. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/], identifier [UMIN000037633].

Saturated adsorption of lidocaine and coal tar dyes onto porous polytetrafluoroethylene.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has excellent physical properties and has been used in a wide range of applications in various fields. Adsorption research on PTFE is essential as primary research for the further application of PTFE. We attempted to adsorb coal tar dyes and model drugs such as lidocaine onto PTFE as a guideline to search for medicines that adsorb onto PTFE. Saturation curves were obtained after analyzing the adsorption of coal tar dyes on PTFE using the Hanes-Woolf plot. In addition, we collected multiple cases of ATR-FTIR spectral changes and/or retention depending on TPM derivatives and other adsorbates. Lidocaine matched some coal tar dye for the apparent spectral changes between the adsorbed molecules and its crystalline powder. The apparent spectral changes are blue-shifted, suggesting a hydrophobic interaction between the dyes/lidocaine and porous PTFE. This work provides a promising strategy for further application of PTFE.

Increased selectivity of sodium deoxycholate to around Tryptophan213 in bovine serum albumin upon micellization as revealed by singular value decomposition for excitation emission matrix.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of bile salts (sodium deoxycholate, NaDC) on the conformation of a globular protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA). The two Tryptophan (Trp) residues of BSA and the fluorescence energy of NaDC are in a three-way relationship, and singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to separate each element in the fluorescence spectra. SVD was used to separate the elements in the fluorescence spectra. SVD showed that NaDC had a particularly large effect on the microenvironment around Trp213 and that micellar NaDC enhanced the selectivity for Trp213. In addition, the Stern-Volmer plots of the warfarin (WAR) specific domain (domain I) and ketoprofen (KP) specific domain (domain II) in the presence and absence of NaDC showed that the effect of NaDC was selective for domain II, where Trp213 is located. These results indicate that NaDC induces a localized and selective conformational change in BSA, and that the selectivity varies depending on the aggregation state of NaDC.

Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation in the Structure-Dependent Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on the Aqueous Solubility of Diltiazem.

Certain combinations of acidic and basic drugs can cause significant changes in physicochemical properties through the formation of ionic liquids, eutectic mixtures, or deep eutectic solvents. In particular, combining indomethacin and lidocaine is known to result in apparent increases in both the partition coefficients (hydrophobicity) and aqueous solubilities (hydrophilicity). The physicochemical interactions between drugs change the water solubility of the drugs and affect the bio-availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Therefore, we need to clarify the mechanism of changes of water solubility of drugs through the physicochemical interactions. In the present study, we identified a thermodynamic factor that regulates the dissolution of a basic drug, in the presence of various acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The results demonstrated that enthalpy-entropy compensation plays a key role in the dissolution of drug mixtures and that relevant thermodynamic conditions should be considered.

Effects of resistance training intensity on muscle quantity/quality in middle-aged and older people: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A sarcopenia diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of low muscle quantity or quality under the 2018 revised definition by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2. Imaging methods [i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance analysis are tools to evaluate muscle quantity or quality. The present study aimed to investigate whether and how low-intensity and moderate-intensity resistance training improved both muscle quantity and quality measured by MRI, DXA, and segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S-BIS) in middle-aged and older people. METHODS: A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Community-dwelling people aged 50-79 years were randomly allocated to no exercise (no-Ex), low-intensity exercise (low-Ex), and moderate-intensity exercise (moderate-Ex) groups. Participants in the exercise groups performed resistance training for 24 weeks, with loads of 40% and 60% of one repetition maximum in the low-Ex and moderate-Ex groups, respectively. Cross-sectional area (CSA), lean mass, and muscle electrical properties on S-BIS were used to determine the effects of training interventions on muscle quantity and quality of the lower limbs. RESULTS: Fifty participants (no-Ex 17, age 63.5 ± 8.5 years, women 47.1%; low-Ex 16, age 63.6 ± 8.1 years, women 50.0%; moderate-Ex 17, age 63.5 ± 8.3 years, women 52.9%) completed the 24 week exercise intervention. For the primary outcome, significant intervention effects were found in thigh muscle CSA on MRI between the moderate-Ex and no-Ex groups (+6.8 cm2 , P < 0.01). Low-Ex for 24 weeks only increased quadriceps CSA (+2.3 cm2 , P < 0.05). The per cent change of thigh muscle CSA (+7.0%, P < 0.01) after 24 week moderate-Ex was higher than that of leg lean mass on DXA (+2.3%, P = 0.088). Moderate-Ex for 24 weeks also improved S-BIS electrical properties related to muscle quantity and quality, including the intracellular resistance index (+0.1 cm2 /Ω, P < 0.05), membrane capacitance (+0.7 nF, P < 0.05), and phase angle (+0.3 deg, P < 0.05); their changes were positively correlated with that of thigh muscle CSA (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance exercise with moderate intensity improved muscle quantity and quality measured by MRI and S-BIS, whereas that with low intensity only increased muscle quantity in middle-aged and older people. The comparisons among the responses to exercise between the assessment methods indicate the greater value of MRI and S-BIS to measure changes of muscle quantity and quality than of lean mass measured by DXA for assessing the local effects of resistance training.

Comparative study of the hydrophobic interaction effect of pH and ionic strength on aggregation/emulsification of Congo red and amyloid fibrillation of insulin.

Amyloid fibrillation is provoked by the conformational rearrangement of its source. In our previous study, we claimed that the conformational rearrangement of hen egg white lysozyme requires intermolecular aggregation/packing induced. Our proposed causality of the aggregation and amyloid formation was demonstrated by the quantitative dependence of amyloid fibrillation on pH difference from its isoelectric point (pI) and on the square root of ionic strength in order to reduce the intermolecular repulsion due to the shielding effect of electrolytes (DLVO effect). When Congo red has dianionic form at the pH higher than its pKa, it forms ribbon-like micelle colloids under lower ionic strength, while it loses electrostatic repulsion and aggregates to be emulsified in the octanolic phase under the higher ionic strength. These behaviors of Congo red were resembling to molecular assembly of surfactants. In contrast, the amyloid formation of insulin was proportional to the square root of ionic strength at the pH lower than its isoelectric point. Therefore, the trigger for conformational rearrangement of amyloid fibrillation is predominantly gripped by hydrophobic hydration and an electrostatic shielding effect. We concluded that the both behaviors of Congo red and insulin were derived from a driving force related to the hydrophobic hydration.

Dry and Wet Mechanochemical Synthesis of Piroxicam and Saccharin Co-Crystals and Evaluation by Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Thermal Analysis and Mid- and Near- Infrared Spectroscopy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dry and wet mechanochemical synthesis on piroxicam (PX) and saccharin (SA) mixtures. For this purpose, PX and SA mixtures prepared by wet mechanochemical processes using three solvents and by dry mechanochemical synthesis were evaluated by mid-and near-infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mixtures of wet-type products were transformed into PX/SA 1:1 co-crystals. The effect of the solvent was key to the co-crystallization of PX and SA. The products from the dry process were transformed into the amorphous phase. For the sample of the amorphous mixture, two exothermic peaks due to crystallization were observed in the thermal analysis. Bulk PX was ground for the same number of times for transformation, but was not successfully transformed to the amorphous bulk; the same was observed for SA. It is suggested that the mutual existence of PX and SA promotes mutual amorphization.

Predictive evaluation of multicomponent direct compress model tablets by integrating sphere UV-Vis spectroscopy and chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: Control of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is essential to product formulation and bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to predict tablet surface API concentration by chemometrics using integrating sphere UV-Vis spectroscopy, a non-destructive and contact-free measurement method. METHODS: Riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, dicalcium phosphate anhydrate, and magnesium stearate were mixed and ground with a mortar and pestle, and 100 mg samples were subjected to direct compression at a compaction pressure of 6 MPa at 7 mm diameter. The flat surface tablets were then analyzed by integrating sphere UV-Vis spectrometry. Standard normal variate (SNV) normalization and principal component analysis were applied to evaluate the measured spectral dataset. The spectral ranges were prepared at 300-800 nm and 500-700 nm with SNV normalization. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were constructed to predict the API concentrations based on two previous datasets. RESULTS: The regression vector of constructed PLS regression models for each API was evaluated. API concentration prediction depends on riboflavin absorbance at 550 nm and the excipient dicalcium phosphate anhydrate. CONCLUSION: Integrating sphere UV-Vis spectrometry is a useful tool to process analytical technology.

Singular value decomposition analysis of the secondary structure features contributing to the circular dichroism spectra of model proteins.

Amyloid fibril formation occurs in restricted environment, such as the interface between intercellular fluids and bio-membranes. Conformational interconversion from α-helix to ß-structure does not progress in fluids; however, it can occur after sedimentary aggregation during amyloid fibril formation induced by heat treatment of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Secondary structures of various proteins and denatured proteins titrated with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were examined using their CD spectra. Gaussian peak/trough and singular value decompositions (SVD) showed that the spectral pattern of the α-helix comprised a sharp trough at wavelength 207 nm and a broad trough at 220 nm. Conversely, we distinguished two patterns for ß-sheet-a spread barrel type, corresponding to ConA, and a tightly weaved type, corresponding to the soybean trypsin inhibitor. Herein, we confirmed that the spectral/conformational interconversion of the heat-treated HEWL was not observed in the dissolved fluid.

Characteristics of the Passive Muscle Stiffness of the Vastus Lateralis: A Feasibility Study to Assess Muscle Fibrosis.

Skeletal muscle fibrosis occurs with aging and has been suggested to impair muscle performance, thereby decreasing quality of life. Recently, muscle stiffness, a surrogate measure of muscle fibrosis, was noninvasively quantified as the shear modulus using ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in humans. We aimed to investigate thigh muscle stiffness in females and males, respectively, across a broad range of ages by using SWE. Eighty-six community-dwelling Japanese people who were aged 30 to 79 years and did not regularly exercise participated in this study. The vastus lateralis (VL) shear modulus was measured at three different knee joint angles: full extension, 90° of flexion, and full flexion. There were no significant main effects of sex or age on the VL shear modulus in full extension or 90° of flexion of the knee. However, the VL shear modulus in knee full flexion was significantly smaller in females than in males and increased with age from 47.9 years. The results suggest that the accelerated increase in VL stiffness that occurs after an individual passes their late 40s may be an important therapeutic target for developing effective treatments and programs that preserve and improve quality of life.

Stabilization of the Metastable α-Form of Indomethacin Induced by the Addition of 2-Hydroxypropyl-ß-Cyclodextrin, Causing Supersaturation (Spring) and Its Sustaining Deployment (Parachute).

The purpose of this study is to find that a small amount of 2-Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) can produce a parachute effect on indomethacin (INM). From the examination of dissolution curves and concentration after several days, the supersaturation of INM was observed for the mixtures containing HP-ß-CD at a molar ratio ≤ 0.5, and the sustained deployment of supersaturation was found not only in equimolar mixtures but also in mixtures with a shortage of HP-ß-CD. In the solid state, it was compared the physical properties of INM/HP-ß-CD mixtures using two different mixing methods and determined the stoichiometry of INM and HP-ß-CD. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the polymorphs of INM were converted by HP-ß-CD into an amorphous state. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and DSC-XRPD demonstrated that INM crystals from the INM/HP-ß-CD mixture prepared from an EtOH solution were metastable. In conclusion, these phenomena may be considered the "spring" and "parachute" effects of mixtures with a shortage of HP-ß-CD, as they depended on the presence of the metastable α-form of INM. The addition of 1/3 to 1/20 equivalents of HP-ß-CD to INM enhanced INM solubility.

Experimental Study on the Raman Spectra of Imine Emulsification with Chemometrics.

In this study, we aimed to investigate imine emulsification using Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics. The imine emulsification samples were obtained by mixing aldehydes and amines in methanol and aqueous methanol. The Raman spectra of the samples were measured over time between 400 and 2300 cm-1 every 40 s using a Raman spectrometer. The obtained spectra were regarded as a dataset matrix. A multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares was applied to the dataset. A multivariate analysis based on the Raman spectrum revealed that raw materials, emulsions, and products were decomposed when the water-rich samples were emulsified. Additionally, we evaluated the kinetics of the synthesis. The effect of water content on emulsification was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The molecular dynamics of the co-solvent model were also investigated. The phase-layer construction was consistent with the phase transition in the water-methanol imine samples.

Dietary Intake of Vitamin E and Fats Associated with Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese People: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fifth Survey of the ROAD Study.

Dietary habits are of considerable interest as a modifiable factor for the maintenance of muscle health, especially sarcopenia. The present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake and sarcopenia prevalence in community-dwelling Japanese subjects. This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the fifth survey of the Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis against Disability (ROAD) study, and 1345 participants (437 men and 908 women) aged ≥60 years were included in the analysis. Sarcopenia was determined by the definition of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia established in 2014, and dietary intake was assessed with the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Overall, 77 subjects (5.7%) were identified as having sarcopenia, 5.0% of men and 6.1% of women. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios of sarcopenia for the dietary intake of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 0.14 (CI 0.04-0.49), ß-tocopherol (0.24, CI 0.07-0.78), γ-tocopherol (0.28, CI 0.09-0.87), and fats (fat 0.27, CI 0.08-0.96; monounsaturated fatty acids, 0.22, CI 0.07-0.72, polyunsaturated fatty acids, 0.28, CI 0.09-0.89) at the highest quantile were significantly lower compared with those at the lowest quantile. Therefore, higher dietary intakes of vitamin E and fats would be associated with a lower prevalence of sarcopenia.