Antarctic marine sediment as a source of filamentous fungi-derived antimicrobial and antitumor compounds of pharmaceutical interest.

Antarctica harbors a microbial diversity still poorly explored and of inestimable biotechnological value. Cold-adapted microorganisms can produce a diverse range of metabolites stable at low temperatures, making these compounds industrially interesting for biotechnological use. The present work investigated the biotechnological potential for antimicrobial and antitumor activity of filamentous fungi and bacteria isolated from marine sediment samples collected at Deception Island, Antarctica. A total of 89 microbial isolates were recovered from marine sediments and submitted to an initial screening for L-glutaminase with antitumoral activity and for antimicrobial metabolites. The isolates Pseudogymnoascus sp. FDG01, Pseudogymnoascus sp. FDG02, and Penicillium sp. FAD33 showed potential antiproliferative action against human pancreatic carcinoma cells while showing no toxic effect on non-tumor cells. The microbial extracts from unidentified three bacteria and four filamentous fungi showed antibacterial activity against at least one tested pathogenic bacterial strain. The isolate FDG01 inhibited four bacterial species, while the isolate FDG01 was active against Micrococcus luteus in the minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.015625 µg mL -1. The results pave the way for further optimization of enzyme production and characterization of enzymes and metabolites found and reaffirm Antarctic marine environments as a wealthy source of compounds potentially applicable in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry.

Bioprospecting the potential of the microbial community associated to Antarctic marine sediments for hydrocarbon bioremediation.

Microorganisms that inhabit the cold Antarctic environment can produce ligninolytic enzymes potentially useful in bioremediation. Our study focused on characterizing Antarctic bacteria and fungi from marine sediment samples of King George and Deception Islands, maritime Antarctica, potentially affected by hydrocarbon influence, able to produce enzymes for use in bioremediation processes in environments impacted with petroleum derivatives. A total of 168 microorganism isolates were obtained: 56 from sediments of King George Island and 112 from Deception Island. Among them, five bacterial isolates were tolerant to cell growth in the presence of diesel oil and gasoline and seven fungal were able to discolor RBBR dye. In addition, 16 isolates (15 bacterial and one fungal) displayed enzymatic emulsifying activities. Two isolates were characterized taxonomically by showing better biotechnological results. Psychrobacter sp. BAD17 and Cladosporium sp. FAR18 showed pyrene tolerance (cell growth of 0.03 g mL-1 and 0.2 g mL-1) and laccase enzymatic activity (0.006 UL-1 and 0.10 UL-1), respectively. Our results indicate that bacteria and fungi living in sediments under potential effect of hydrocarbon pollution may represent a promising alternative to bioremediate cold environments contaminated with polluting compounds derived from petroleum such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dyes.

Cultured and uncultured microbial community associated with biogas production in anaerobic digestion processes.

The search for sustainable development has increased interest in the improvement of technologies that use renewable energy sources. One of the alternatives in the production of renewable energy comes from the use of waste including urban solids, animal excrement from livestock, and biomass residues from agro-industrial plants. These materials may be used in the production of biogas, making its production highly sustainable and environmentally friendly. The present study aimed to evaluate the cultivated and uncultivated microbial community from a substrate (starter) used as an adapter for biogas production in anaerobic digestion processes. 16S rDNA metabarcoding revealed the domain of bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi and Synergistota. The methanogenic group was represented by the phyla Halobacterota and Euryarchaeota. Through 16S rRNA sequencing of isolates recovered from the starter culture, the genera Rhodococcus (Actinobacteria phylum), Vagococcus, Lysinibacillus, Niallia, Priestia, Robertmurraya, Proteiniclasticum (Firmicutes phylum), and Luteimonas (Proteobacteria phylum) were identified, genera that were not observed in the metabarcoding data. The volatile solids, volatile organic acids, and total inorganic carbon reached 659.10 g kg-1, 717.70 g kg-1, 70,005.0 g kg-1, respectively. The cultured groups are involved in the metabolism of sugars and other compounds derived from lignocellulosic material, as well as in anaerobic methane production processes. The results demonstrate that culture-dependent approaches, such as isolation and sequencing, and culture-independent studies, such as the Metabarcoding approach, are complementary methodologies that, when integrated provide robust and comprehensive information about the microbial communities involved in processes of the production of biogas in anaerobic digestion processes.

Fungal community diversity of heavy metal contaminated soils revealed by metagenomics.

The inappropriate disposal of toxic compounds generated by industrial activity has been impacting the environment considerably. Microbial communities inhabiting contaminated sites may represent interesting ecological alternatives for the decontamination of environments. The present work aimed to investigate the fungal diversity and its functionality contained in stream sediments with industrial waste contaminated with heavy metals by using metagenomic approach. A total of 12 fungal orders were retrieved from datasets and, at phylum level, Ascomycota was the most abundant, followed by Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota. Higher abundance of sequences was encountered within the less contaminated site, while the lower abundance was found in the sample with the higher contamination with lead. Gene sequences related to DNA repair and heavy metals biosorption processes were found in the four samples analyzed. The genera Aspergillus and Chaetomium, and Saccharomycetales order were highly present within all samples, showing their potential to be used for bioremediation studies. The present work demonstrated the importance of using the metagenomic approach to understand the dynamics and the possible metabolic pathways associated with fungal communities related to environmental samples containing heavy metals, as well as evidenced the importance of improving culturomics techniques for isolating strains with potential application in bioremediation processes of environments contaminated with heavy metals.

DNA Metabarcoding from Microbial Communities Recovered from Stream and Its Potential for Bioremediation Processes.

Urban waste (UW) has caused a series of problems regarding its management. UW comprises domestic, hospital and industrial residues, which makes the destination of this waste a matter of concern, as it may contain a variety of highly toxic environmental polluters. Deactivated dumps can represent sources of contamination of the environment that surround these deposits, harming rivers and inhabiting organisms. Knowledge of the microbial profile of water bodies that can be affected by these toxic residues is essential for the development of alternatives and improvements in treatments applied in rivers and streams. In this sense, this work aimed to analyze the microbial community present in sediments of the Arroio Dourado stream in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, a stream located near a deactivated open-air dump. 16S rDNA metabarcoding suggested the dominance of acidogenic bacteria belonging to Acidobacteriota phylum, followed by less abundant phyla Actinobacteriota, Myxococcota, Chloroflexi and a small community of sulfate reducers (Desulfobacteriota). However, more than 50% of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were not taxonomically classified. In addition, an expressive abundance was attributed to the genus Anaeromyxobacter, a metabolically versatile group, which can thrive in the presence of polluting compounds present in the deactivated landfill. Thus, a possible stream treatment process can be developed. In addition, culture media can be developed for the recovery of taxonomic groups identified involved in the biodegradation of organic compounds. The results presented expand the knowledge of bacterial diversity in sediment samples recovered from the Arroio Dourado stream.

Pharmaceutical biotechnological potential of filamentous fungi isolated from textile industry.

The need for more effective drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases as well as for general applications including wound healing and burn surgery, has guided efforts for the discovery of new compounds of medical interest. Microorganisms found in textile industrial waste have the ability to produce a variety of enzymes and/or secondary metabolites including molecules of pharmaceutical interest. The present work investigated the biotechnological potential of filamentous fungi isolated from textile industry wastewater for the production of collagenase and antimicrobial metabolites. From 28 isolates assayed, Sarocladium sp. ITF33 showed specific collagenolytic activity with values of 7.62 and 9.04 U mg-1 for the intracellular and extracellular fractions, respectively. The isolate Penicillium sp. ITF28 showed the best antimicrobial activity, reaching MIC ranging from 1.0 to 0.0625 mg mL-1 against five pathogenic bacteria. Molecular analyzes suggest that the isolate Sarocladium sp. ITF 33 can be considered a species not yet described. The results of the present work encourage studies of characterization and purification of the enzymes and secondary metabolites produced by the isolates found aiming future applications in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.

Tolerância de microrganismos eucariotos ao herbicida glifosato / Tolerance of eukaryotic microorganisms to glyphosate herbicide

O glifosato é um herbicida amplamente utilizado. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) reclassificou o glifosato como "provavelmente cancerígeno a humanos". A remoção do glifosato do ambiente pode ser realizada por ação enzimática microbiana. O presente trabalho enfocou o isolamento de microrganismos do solo capazes de tolerar glifosato como única fonte de carbono. As células foram isoladas em meio de cultivo mínimo suplementado com glifosato. Foram isoladas 17 bactérias, 14 fungos e 1 levedura. Foi verificada a produção da biomassa microbiana na presença e na ausência do glifosato. Um fungo (F3) e uma levedura (L1) foram selecionados após teste de tolerância ao glifosato em meio líquido. Os microrganismos toleraram o glifosato, entretanto, o metabolismo foi afetado pelo herbicida, comparado ao controle sem glifosato. Estatisticamente, o tempo de crescimento apresentou diferenças significativas. Microrganismos eucarióticos isolados de solo com glifosato são tolerantes ao composto e podem ser úteis como biorremediadores de ambientes afetados por este herbicida.(AU)

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reclassified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans". Glyphosate removal from the environment can be performed by microbial enzymatic action. The present work focused on the isolation of soil microorganisms that can tolerate glyphosate as the sole carbon source. Cells were isolated in minimal culture medium supplemented with glyphosate. Microbial biomass production was verified in the presence and absence of glyphosate. Seventeen, fourteen and one bacteria, fungi and yeast were isolated, respectively. One fungus (F3) and one yeast (L1), were selected after glyphosate tolerance test in liquid medium. Eukaryotic microorganisms tolerate glyphosate, however metabolism was affected by herbicide compared to control without glyphosate. Statistically growth time showed significant differences. Eukaryotic microorganisms isolated from soil with glyphosate are tolerant to the compound and may be useful as bioremediators of environments affected by this herbicide.(AU)

Antifungal activity of homeopathic medicines against the white mold causing agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

White mold disease, caused by fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary., is a disease hard to control due to the high amount of sclerotia produced, which guarantees its survival in the soil for years leading to significant yield losses. Alternative techniques to control the pathogen have been researched, including homeopathy. The present work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of homeopathic medicines on S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth. Homeopathic medicines Sulphur, fungal sclerotium Nosode and Calcarea carbonica, in 30CH, 200CH and 1000CH dynamizations were tested. Assays were carried out in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions. Experiments were performed through the addition of homeopathic medicines on the surface of plates containing culture medium, followed by insertion of a disc containing fungus mycelia and incubation. Control treatment received no homeopathic medicine. The mycelial progression was monitored by seven halo diameter measurements during experiment period. All homeopathic medicines tested and their dynamizations were able to inhibit partially the development of the fungus. Calcarea carbonica at the dynamization of 1000 CH showed the best inhibitory effect on S. sclerotiorum, which under its effect produced a mycelial halo 40% smaller than the control treatment.

Undecane production by cold-adapted bacteria from Antarctica.

In the last decades, efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels have increased the search for alternative sustainable sources of renewable energy. In this scenario, hydrocarbons derived from fatty acids are among the compounds that have been drawing attention. The intracellular production of hydrocarbons by bacteria derived from cold environments such as the Antarctic continent is currently poorly investigated, as extremophilic microorganisms provide a great range of metabolic capabilities and may represent a key tool in the production of biofuels. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of bacterial cells derived from extreme environments to produce hydrocarbons with potential for further use as biofuels. Seven bacteria isolated from Antarctic samples were evaluated for hydrocarbon production using GC-MS approaches. Two isolates, identified as Arthrobacter livingstonensis 593 and Pseudoalteromonas arctica 628, were able to produce the hydrocarbon undecane (CH3-(CH2)9-CH3) in concentrations of 1.39 mg L-1 and 1.81 mg L-1, respectively. Results from the present work encourage further research focusing on the optimization of hydrocarbon production by the isolates identified as producers, which may be used in further aircraft biofuel production. This is the first report on the production of the undecane compound by bacteria isolated from waterlogged soil and sponge from Antarctica.

Uso de microrganismos de efluente industrial no controle biológico de vetores / Use of industrial effluent microorganisms in biological vector control / Uso de microorganismos de efluentes industriales en el control biológico de vectores

Justificativa e Objetivos: a utilização de microrganismos como controle biológico de vetores sanitários pode ser considerada uma prática menos agressiva ao ambiente, em comparação com os produtos químicos utilizados. O presente estudo avaliou a eficiência de suspensões celulares de fungos e bactérias isolados de efluentes industriais têxteis no controle sanitário dos vetores naturais Aedes aegypti e Dermacentor nitens como alternativa sustentável de controle biológico. Métodos: foram avaliadas sete linhagens de fungos e seis de bactérias. Os isolados foram cultivados em caldo nutriente e caldo de batata, para bactérias e fungos, respectivamente. Alíquotas de 2 mL de cada suspensão microbiana foram adicionadas diretamente nas larvas dos mosquitos e nos carrapatos adultos. Foram analisadas alterações de movimentação e paralisação dos vetores em diferentes tempos de exposição entre zero e 20 minutos e três e 24 horas. Resultados: duas bactérias e um fungo promoveram uma desaceleração dos movimentos e/ou um aumento da movimentação dos ectoparasitas logo após a administração. Dois isolados bacterianos promoveram a paralisação dos movimentos de uma larva do mosquito Aedes aegypti em seu primeiro estágio de desenvolvimento, enquanto que um fungo provocou aumento da movimentação das larvas em seu estágio de desenvolvimento mais avançado. Conclusão: os microrganismos mostraram potencial uso no controle de vetores sanitários. Testes subsequentes de atividade dos possíveis metabólitos secundários produzidos e das formas de administração das culturas microbianas serão executados. Os resultados encontrados encorajam futuros estudos de otimização e caracterização dos extratos celulares, os quais poderão ser utilizados como ferramenta sustentável no controle biológico.(AU)

Background and Objectives: the use of microorganisms as biological control of health vectors can be considered a less aggressive practice to the environment, in comparison with the chemicals used. The present study evaluated the efficiency of cell suspensions of fungi and bacteria isolated from industrial textile effluents in the sanitary control of the natural vectors Aedes aegypti and Dermacentor nitens as a sustainable alternative for biological control. Methods: seven fungi and six bacteria strains were evaluated. The isolates were grown in nutrient broth and potato broth, for bacteria and fungi, respectively. 2 mL aliquots of each microbial suspension were added directly to mosquito larvae and adult ticks. Changes in movement and paralysis of vectors at different exposure times between zero and 20 minutes and three and 24 hours were analyzed. Results: two bacteria and a fungus promoted a slowdown in movement and / or an increase in the movement of ectoparasites shortly after administration. Two bacterial isolates caused the movement of a larva of the Aedes aegypti mosquito to stop in its first stage of development, while a fungus caused increased movement of the larvae in their most advanced stage of development. Conclusion: the microorganisms showed potential use in the control of health vectors. Subsequent activity tests of the possible secondary metabolites produced and the ways of administering the microbial cultures will be performed. The results found encourage future studies of optimization and characterization of cell extracts, which can be used as a sustainable tool in biological control.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: el uso de microorganismos como control biológico de vectores sanitarios puede considerarse una práctica menos agresiva para el medio ambiente en comparación con los productos químicos utilizados. El presente estudio evaluó la eficiencia de las suspensiones de células fúngicas y bacterianas de efluentes industriales textiles en el control sanitario de los vectores Aedes aegypti y Dermacentor nitens como una alternativa sostenible para el control biológico. Métodos: evaluaron siete hongos y seis de bacterias. Los aislamientos se cultivaron en medio de cultivo, caldo nutrientes y de papa para bacterias y hongos, respectivamente. Se agregaron alícuotas de 2 mL de cada suspensión microbiana directamente a las larvas de mosquito y las garrapatas adultas. Analizaron los cambios en el movimiento y la parálisis de los vectores a diferentes tiempos de exposición entre cero y 20 minutos y tres y 24 horas. Resultados: dos bacterias y un hongo causaron una reducido el movimiento y/o aumentó el movimiento del ectoparásito poco después de la administración. Dos bacterias paralizaron los movimientos de las larvas de un mosquito en su primera etapa de desarrollo y un hongo causó un mayor movimiento de las larvas en su etapa posterior de desarrollo. Conclusión: los microorganismos mostraron uso potencial como control de vectores sanitarios. Se realizarán pruebas de actividad de los posibles metabolitos secundarios producidos y las formas de administración de los cultivos microbianos. Los resultados fomentan más estudios de optimización y caracterización de extractos celulares, que pueden utilizarse como herramienta sostenible en el control biológico.(AU)

Exploring the genetic potential of a fosmid metagenomic library from an oil-impacted mangrove sediment for metabolism of aromatic compounds.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) are widely distributed in nature, and many of them have been reported as relevant environmental pollutants and valuable carbon sources for different microorganisms. In this work, high-throughput sequencing of a metagenomic fosmid library was carried out to evaluate the functional and taxonomic diversity of genes involved in aromatic compounds degradation in oil-impacted mangrove sediments. In addition, activity-based approach and gas chromatography were used to assess the degradation potential of fosmid clones. Results indicated that AH degradation genes, such as monooxygenases and dioxygenases, were grouped into the following categories: anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds (20.34%), metabolism of central aromatic intermediates (35.40%) and peripheral pathways for catabolism of aromatic compounds (22.56%). Taxonomic affiliation of genes related to aromatic compounds metabolism revealed the prevalence of the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. Aromatic hydrocarbons (phenol, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzopyrene) were used as the only carbon source to screen clones with degradation potential. Of the 2500 clones tested, 48 showed some respiratory activity in at least one of the five carbon sources used. The hydrocarbon degradation ability of the top ten fosmid clones was confirmed by GC-MS. Further, annotation of assembled metagenomic fragments revealed ORFs corresponding to proteins and functional domains directly or indirectly involved in the aromatic compound metabolism, such as catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Finally, these data suggest that the indigenous mangrove sediment microbiota developed essential mechanisms towards ecosystem remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon impact.

Mangrove soil as a source for novel xylanase and amylase as determined by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods.

Xylanase and α-amylase enzymes participate in the degradation of organic matter, acting in hemicellulose and starch mineralization, respectively, and are in high demand for industrial use. Mangroves represent a promising source for bioprospecting enzymes due to their unique characteristics, such as fluctuations in oxic/anoxic conditions and salinity. In this context, the present work aimed to bioprospect xylanases from mangrove soil using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. Through screening from a metagenomic library, three potentially xylanolytic clones were obtained and sequenced, and reads were assembled into contigs and annotated. The contig MgrBr135 was affiliated with the Planctomycetaceae family and was one of 30 ORFs selected for subcloning that demonstrated only amylase activity. Through the cultivation method, 38 bacterial isolates with xylanolytic activity were isolated. Isolate 11 showed an enzymatic index of 10.9 using the plate assay method. Isolate 39 achieved an enzyme activity of 0.43 U/mL using the colorimetric method with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Isolate 39 produced xylanase on culture medium with salinity ranging from 1.25 to 5%. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified isolates in the Bacillus and Paenibacillus genera. The results of this study highlight the importance of mangroves as an enzyme source and show that bacterial groups can be used for starch and hemicellulose degradation.

A Novel Multifunctional ß-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Revealed through Metagenomics of an Oil-Spilled Mangrove.

The use of culture-independent approaches, such as metagenomics, provides complementary access to environmental microbial diversity. Mangrove environments represent a highly complex system with plenty of opportunities for finding singular functions. In this study we performed a functional screening of fosmid libraries obtained from an oil contaminated mangrove site, with the purpose of identifying clones expressing hydrolytic activities. A novel gene coding for a ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase with 355 amino acids and 43KDa was retrieved and characterized. The translated sequence showed only 38% similarity to a ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase gene in the genome of Veillonella sp. CAG:933, suggesting that it might constitute a novel enzyme. The enzyme was expressed, purified, and characterized for its enzymatic activity on carboxymethyl cellulose, p-Nitrophenyl-2acetamide-2deoxy-ß-d-glucopyranoside, p-Nitrophenyl-2acetamide-2deoxy-ß-d-galactopyranoside, and 4-Nitrophenyl ß-d-glucopyranoside, presenting ß-N-acetylglucosaminidase, ß-glucosidase, and ß-1,4-endoglucanase activities. The enzyme showed optimum activity at 30 °C and pH 5.5. The characterization of the putative novel ß-N-acetylglucosaminidase enzyme reflects similarities to characteristics of the environment explored, which differs from milder conditions environments. This work exemplifies the application of cultivation-independent molecular techniques to the mangrove microbiome for obtaining a novel biotechnological product.

Functional metagenomics of oil-impacted mangrove sediments reveals high abundance of hydrolases of biotechnological interest.

Mangroves are located in coastal wetlands and are susceptible to the consequences of oil spills, what may threaten the diversity of microorganisms responsible for the nutrient cycling and the consequent ecosystem functioning. Previous reports show that high concentration of oil favors the incidence of epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases in mangroves. This finding has guided the goals of this study in an attempt to broaden the analysis to other hydrolases and thereby verify whether oil contamination interferes with the prevalence of particular hydrolases and their assigned microorganisms. For this, an in-depth survey of the taxonomic and functional microbial diversity recovered in a fosmid library (Library_Oil Mgv) constructed from oil-impacted Brazilian mangrove sediment was carried out. Fosmid DNA of the whole library was extracted and submitted to Illumina HiSeq sequencing. The resulting Library Oil_Mgv dataset was further compared with those obtained by direct sequencing of environmental DNA from Brazilian mangroves (from distinct regions and affected by distinct sources of contamination), focusing on hydrolases with potential use in biotechnological processes. The most abundant hydrolases found were proteases, esterases and amylases, with similar occurrence profile in all datasets. The main microbial groups harboring such hydrolase-encoding genes were distinct in each mangrove, and in the fosmid library these enzymes were mainly assigned to Chloroflexaceae (for amylases), Planctomycetaceae (for esterases) and Bradyrhizobiaceae (for proteases). Assembly and analysis of Library_Oil Mgv reads revealed three potentially novel enzymes, one epoxide hydrolase, one xylanase and one amylase, to be further investigated via heterologous expression assays.

Compositional profile of α / ß-hydrolase fold proteins in mangrove soil metagenomes: prevalence of epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases in oil-contaminated sites.

The occurrence of genes encoding biotechnologically relevant α/ß-hydrolases in mangrove soil microbial communities was assessed using data obtained by whole-metagenome sequencing of four mangroves areas, denoted BrMgv01 to BrMgv04, in São Paulo, Brazil. The sequences (215 Mb in total) were filtered based on local amino acid alignments against the Lipase Engineering Database. In total, 5923 unassembled sequences were affiliated with 30 different α/ß-hydrolase fold superfamilies. The most abundant predicted proteins encompassed cytosolic hydrolases (abH08; ∼ 23%), microsomal hydrolases (abH09; ∼ 12%) and Moraxella lipase-like proteins (abH04 and abH01; < 5%). Detailed analysis of the genes predicted to encode proteins of the abH08 superfamily revealed a high proportion related to epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases in polluted mangroves BrMgv01-02-03. This suggested selection and putative involvement in local degradation/detoxification of the pollutants. Seven sequences that were annotated as genes for putative epoxide hydrolases and five for putative haloalkane dehalogenases were found in a fosmid library generated from BrMgv02 DNA. The latter enzymes were predicted to belong to Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria. Our integrated approach thus identified 12 genes (complete and/or partial) that may encode hitherto undescribed enzymes. The low amino acid identity (< 60%) with already-described genes opens perspectives for both production in an expression host and genetic screening of metagenomes.