Abordaje perineal de fístulas rectouretrales tras prostatectomía radical laparoscópica / Perineal approach for rectourethral fistulae after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy

Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia con el abordaje perineal para el tratamiento de las fístulas rectouretrales (FRU) tras prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo desde el año 2012 al 2015 presentando 5 casos de FRU tras prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Todos los casos requirieron cirugías abdominales mayores entre la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica y el tratamiento de la FRU a causa de complicaciones varias. En ningún caso se indicó radioterapia previa o posterior a la reparación. Se realizó abordaje perineal en los 5 casos como primera opción. Un caso requirió una segunda intervención con abordaje combinado (abdominal y perineal) por persistencia de la fístula. Resultados: Tras un mínimo de 12 meses de seguimiento en los 5 casos se ha resuelto la FRU. 2 pacientes presentaron incontinencia urinaria y uno estenosis de la anastomosis que requirió uretrotomía interna. El resto no ha mostrado complicaciones a largo plazo. Conclusión: El abordaje perineal permite un campo quirúrgico sano en pacientes multioperados, obteniendo altas tasas de resolución de la fístula

Objective: To describe our experience with the perineal approach to treat rectourethral fistulae (RUF) after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective study from 2012 to 2015 presenting 5 cases of RUF after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. All cases required major abdominal surgery between the radical laparoscopic prostatectomy and the RUF treatment due to various complications. In no case was radiation therapy indicated prior to or after the repair. A perineal approach was performed in the 5 cases as the first option. One case required a second operation with a combined approach (abdominal and perineal) due to persistent fistulae. Results: After a minimum of 12 months of follow-up, 5 cases had resolved the RUF. Two patients presented urinary incontinence, and one patient had an anastomotic stricture that required internal urethrotomy. The other patients had no long-term complications. Conclusion: The perineal approach provides a healthy surgical field in patients who undergo multiple operations, achieving high rates of resolution of the fistulae

Perineal approach for rectourethral fistulae after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with the perineal approach to treat rectourethral fistulae (RUF) after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study from 2012 to 2015 presenting 5 cases of RUF after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. All cases required major abdominal surgery between the radical laparoscopic prostatectomy and the RUF treatment due to various complications. In no case was radiation therapy indicated prior to or after the repair. A perineal approach was performed in the 5 cases as the first option. One case required a second operation with a combined approach (abdominal and perineal) due to persistent fistulae. RESULTS: After a minimum of 12 months of follow-up, 5 cases had resolved the RUF. Two patients presented urinary incontinence, and one patient had an anastomotic stricture that required internal urethrotomy. The other patients had no long-term complications. CONCLUSION: The perineal approach provides a healthy surgical field in patients who undergo multiple operations, achieving high rates of resolution of the fistulae.

RM del esfínter urinario artificial Flow-Secure® tras Prostatectomía radical / MRI of the Flow-SecureTM urinary sphincter

No disponible

Utilidad de la inhibina B en el manejo del varón infértil / Utility of inhibin B in the management of male infertility

Introducción: La inhibina B (INHB) es una hormona producida por las células de Sertoli que ejerce un feedback negativo sobre la secreción de la FSH. En este estudio analizamos su valor diagnóstico como marcador de la espermatogénesis y su valor pronóstico para la recuperación espermática en las azoospermias. Material y métodos: Entre junio de 2003 y abril de 2007 atendimos 504 varones infértiles en nuestro Gabinete de Fertilidad. Hasta mayo de 2006 determinamos la INHB solo a los pacientes con un recuento espermático <10M/ml, a partir de esa fecha a todos por motivo de estudio. En total realizamos 158 determinaciones mediante enzimoinmunoanálisis, considerando cifras normales entre 80–300pg/ml. Correlacionamos los valores obtenidos con los de otras hormonas, con el recuento espermático y, en el caso de las azoospermias (24 pacientes) con el éxito o no de la recuperación espermática de los testículos para la inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides. Resultados: Se observó una correlación significativa de la INHB con la FSH (r=−0,469; p<0,001) y con la LH (r=−0,399; p<0,001), pero no con la testosterona, la prolactina, el estradiol y la SHBG. La concentración espermática se correlacionó mejor con la INHB (r=0,247; p<0,003) que con la FSH (r: −0,157; p<0,052). La INHB y la FSH estuvieron alteradas en el 57,6 y en el 42,1% de las azoospermias, respectivamente, en el 42,1 y en el 11,1% de las oligospermias severas (0–2M/ml) y en el 5 y en el 3,3% de las oligospermias (>2M/ml) y normozoospermias. En las azoospermias el valor predictivo positivo para la recuperación espermática fue de un 81,8% para una INHB normal y de un 76,6% para una FSH normal. El valor predictivo negativo para la ausencia de recuperación fue de un 61,6% para una INHB baja y de un 63,6% para una FSH alta. Conclusiones: Existe una correlación inversa entre los niveles de la INHB y los de la FSH y la LH. La INHB se correlaciona mejor que la FSH con la concentración espermática. En las azoospermias y las oligospermias (<2M/ml) un descenso de la INHB es más sensible para detectar el daño testicular que un aumento de la FSH. La INHB predice mejor que la FSH la recuperación espermática para la inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides, aunque el éxito nunca puede asegurarse (AU)

Introduction: Inhibin B (INHB) is an hormone produced by Sertoli's cells that exercises a negative feedback on FSH secretion. In this study we analyze its diagnostic value as a marker of spermatogenesis and its prognostic value for testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic patients. Material and methods: Between June 2003 and April 2007 we studied 504 infertile males in our Fertility Department. Until May 2006 we determined INHB only in patients with a sperm count <10M/ml. Since then INHB was determined in every patient due to the present study. 158 determinations were finally performed using enzymoimmunoassay considering normal values between 80 and 300pg/ml. We correlated INHB values with other hormones, spermatic count and, in case of azoospermia (24 patients), with success/failure of surgical sperm retrieval from testes (TESE) to use for intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI). Results: A significant correlation was observed between INHB and FSH (r=−0.469, p<0.001) and LH (r=−0.399, p<0.001) but not with testosterone, prolactin, estradiol and SHBG. Sperm count was better correlated with INHB (r=0.247; p<0.003) than with FSH (r: −0.157; p<0.052). INHB and FSH were altered in 57.6% and 42.1% of azoospermia respectively, 42.1% and 11.1% in severe oligospermia (0–2M/ml) and 5% and 3.3% in oligospermia (>2M/ml) and normozoospermia. In azoospemic patients PPV for success in testicular sperm extraction was 81.8 % for normal INHB and 76.6% for normal FSH. NPV for failure of sperm retrieval was 61.6% for low INHB and 63.6% for high FSH. Conclusions: An inverse correlation exists between INHB and FSH and LH levels. INHB correlates better than FSH with sperm count. In azoospermia and oligospermia (<2M/ml), low INHB is more sensitive to detect testicular damage than high FSH. Normal INHB level predicts better than FSH the success of testicular sperm extraction for ICSI, although the favourable outcome can never be assured (AU)

[Utility of inhibin B in the management of male infertility]. / Utilidad de la inhibina B en el manejo del varón infértil.

INTRODUCTION: Inhibin B (INHB) is an hormone produced by Sertoli's cells that exercises a negative feedback on FSH secretion. In this study we analyze its diagnostic value as a marker of spermatogenesis and its prognostic value for testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between June 2003 and April 2007 we studied 504 infertile males in our Fertility Department. Until May 2006 we determined INHB only in patients with a sperm count <10M/ml. Since then INHB was determined in every patient due to the present study. 158 determinations were finally performed using enzymoimmunoassay considering normal values between 80 and 300pg/ml. We correlated INHB values with other hormones, spermatic count and, in case of azoospermia (24 patients), with success/failure of surgical sperm retrieval from testes (TESE) to use for intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI). RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between INHB and FSH (r=-0.469, p<0.001) and LH (r=-0.399, p<0.001) but not with testosterone, prolactin, estradiol and SHBG. Sperm count was better correlated with INHB (r=0.247; p<0.003) than with FSH (r: -0.157; p<0.052). INHB and FSH were altered in 57.6% and 42.1% of azoospermia respectively, 42.1% and 11.1% in severe oligospermia (0-2M/ml) and 5% and 3.3% in oligospermia (>2M/ml) and normozoospermia. In azoospemic patients PPV for success in testicular sperm extraction was 81.8 % for normal INHB and 76.6% for normal FSH. NPV for failure of sperm retrieval was 61.6% for low INHB and 63.6% for high FSH. CONCLUSIONS: An inverse correlation exists between INHB and FSH and LH levels. INHB correlates better than FSH with sperm count. In azoospermia and oligospermia (<2M/ml), low INHB is more sensitive to detect testicular damage than high FSH. Normal INHB level predicts better than FSH the success of testicular sperm extraction for ICSI, although the favourable outcome can never be assured.

Divertículo vesical / No disponible

No disponible

Fracaso tricompartimental de suelo pélvico / No disponible

No disponible

["FlowSecure" artificial urinary sphincter: a new adjustable artificial urinary sphincter concept with conditional occlusion for stress urinary incontinence]. / Implantación del esfínter urinario artificial "FlowSecure" en uretra bulbar: descripción de la técnica quirúrgica paso a paso.

INTRODUCTION: We have implanted the FlowSecure artificial sphincter for the first time in October 2006. The prototype was originally conceived and designed by Professor Craggs M. D. and Professor Mundy A.R. Preliminary clinical results were reported in nine patients early this year. Our objective is to spread technique for surgical implantation. METHODS: Combined perineal and abdominal incisions are required for exposure of bulbar urethra, creation of a cavity in the para-vesical space and dissection of a pocket under de scrotal wall. A trocar with a stylet is routed from the abdominal incision to the perineal incision to pass the deflated cuff to the perineal site. The cuff is placed around the urethra and secured with Prolene sutures. After refilling the cuff, fluid is removed from the system until the stress relief balloon becomes just indented (atmospheric pressure 0). The pump is placed in the scrotum and the balloons in the paravesical space. RESULTS: We have implanted our first FlowSecure artificial sphincter in a patient with severe stress incontinence following a T.U.R.P. The surgical technique is simple and associated with little handling. He was discharged from hospital 4 days after the procedure and it was decided that pressurisation was unnecessary. DISCUSSION: Surgical implantation of the new FlowSecure artificial urinary sphincter is an easy procedure in males with stress urinary incontinence. Knigth et al. reported 30 to 40 minutes operating time, 4 days mean hospital stay and unnecessary pressurisation procedure in 3 out of their 9 patients. It seems that their results are reproducible.

Implantación del Esfínter Urinario Artificial 'FlowSecure(TM') en uretra bulbar: Descripción de la técnica quirúrgica paso a paso / 'Flowsecure(TM)' artificial urinary sphincter: a new adjustable artificial urinary sphincter concept with conditional occlusion for stress urinary incontinence

Introducción: En Octubre de 2006 se implantó por primera vez en nuestra Institución el nuevo esfínter urinario artificial FlowSecure TM. El prototipo fue concebido y diseñado por los Profesores Craggs MD y Mundy AR y los resultados clínicos preliminares de 9 pacientes fueron publicados a mediados del 2006. Nuestro objetivo es el de difundir la descripción detallada de la técnica quirúrgica para la implantación de esta nueva prótesis. Materiales y métodos: Se requiere una incisión perineal para la exposición de la uretra bulbar y una abdominal para la creación de un espacio paravesical y de un bolsillo escrotal. Se coloca un trocar con un estilete desde la incisión abdominal a la perineal para pasar el manguito desinflado, que se ajusta a la uretra y se asegura con tres puntos de Prolene. Tras volver a llenar el manguito se extrae líquido hasta que se forma una muesca en el reservorio de asistencia al estrés, indicando que el sistema está a presión atmosférica 0. Se coloca entonces la bomba en el escroto y los reservorios en el espacio paravesical. Resultados: El esfínter fue colocado en un paciente con incontinencia de esfuerzo tras una RTU de próstata. La técnica es simple, el paciente se fue de alta al cuarto día y no fue necesario presurizar el sistema porque el paciente recuperó la continencia desde la retirada de la sonda. Discusión: La implantación en uretra bulbar es muy sencilla. Los resultados en este paciente concuerdan con los de Knigth et al., que describen tiempo quirúrgico de 30 a 40 minutos, media de estancia hospitalaria de 4 días y presurización innecesaria en tres de sus nueve pacientes. Parece que la técnica y los resultados son reproducibles

Introduction: We have implanted the FlowSecure artificial sphincter for the first time in October 2006. The prototype was originally conceived and designed by Professor Craggs M. D. and Professor Mundy A.R. Preliminary clinical results were reported in nine patients early this year. Our objective is to spread technique for surgical implantation. Methods: Combined perineal and abdominal incisions are required for exposure of bulbar urethra, creation of a cavity in the para-vesical space and dissection of a pocket under de scrotal wall. A trocar with a stylet is routed from the abdominal incision to the perineal incision to pass the deflated cuff to the perineal site. The cuff is placed around the urethra and secured with Prolene sutures. After refilling the cuff, fluid is removed from the system until the stress relief balloon becomes just indented (atmospheric pressure 0). The pump is placed in the scrotum and the balloons in the paravesical space. Results: We have implanted our first FlowSecure artificial sphincter in a patient with severe stress incontinence following a T.U.R.P. The surgical technique is simple and associated with little handling. He was discharged from hospital 4 days after the procedure and it was decided that pressurisation was unnecessary. Discussion: Surgical implantation of the new FlowSecure artificial urinary sphincter is an easy procedure in males with stress urinary incontinence. Knigth et al. reported 30 to 40 minutes operating time, 4 days mean hospital stay and unnecessary pressurisation procedure in 3 out of their 9 patients. It seems that their results are reproducible

Ectopia renal cruzada con fusión / Crossed renal ectopia with fusion

No disponible

[Cell cycle and apoptosis mechanisms implicated in intravesical chemotherapy resistances in superficial bladder cancer]. / Mecanismos del ciclo celular y la apoptosis implicados en las resistencias a los fármacos de uso intravesical en el cáncer superficial de vejiga.

It is well documented the effectiveness of intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection to prevent recurrences of superficial bladder cancer. But it is also known that efficacy may be limited by tumour cell resistance to one or several of the drugs available for instillation. In addition to the genetically determined unicellular mechanisms classically described in the literature such as glycoprotein P-170 expression (mdr-1), overexpression of Bcl-2 or glutation S-transferase activity, it has been recently shown that multicellular mechanisms may also be involved in drug resistance. Multicellular resistance can only be demonstrated in three-dimensional cultures and fails to be shown in monolayers or cell suspensions. This is explained by the fact that cell-to-cell and cell-to-stroma adhesion limits drug penetration and by the variable susceptibility to cytotoxicity determined by oxygen and tissue proliferation gradients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance is necessary to increase intravesical chemotherapy effectiveness. Current research includes improving drug penetration, searching resistance reversing agents and developing in vitro chemosensitivity tests to identify drug resistance.

Mecanismos del ciclo celular y la apoptosis implicados en las resistencias a los fármacos de uso intravesical en el cáncer superficial de vejiga / Cell cycle and apoptosis mechanisms implicated in intravesical chemotherapy resistances in superficial bladder cancer

Numerosos estudios han demostrado la utilidad de la quimioterapia intravesical en la profilaxis de las recidivas del tumor vesical superficial después de la resección transuretral. Pero la eficacia de esta práctica puede verse limitada por la existencia de resistencias a agentes individuales o de multirresistencias a varios fármacos. Además de los mecanismos de resistencia clásicos o “unicelulares” determinados genéticamente, como la expresión de la glicoproteína P-170 (gen mdr-1), la sobreexpresión del gen Bcl-2 o la actividad de la glutation S-transferasa, existen otros mecanismos de resistencia “multicelular” que han podido ser demostrados en cultivos de agregados celulares tridimensionales, y no en las mismas células cultivadas en monocapa o en suspensión de células individuales. La adhesión célula-célula y célula-estroma condiciona por un lado una limitada penetración de las drogas y, por otro, unos gradientes de oxígeno y proliferación en los tejidos que crean distintas susceptibilidades al efecto citotóxico. El conocimiento de las resistencias y sus mecanismos es de gran importancia, puesto que se trata de uno de los puntos donde se puede actuar para optimizar la eficacia de la quimioterapia intravesical. Muchos investigadores han dedicado sus esfuerzos a la búsqueda de medios contra las resistencias mediante la aplicación de métodos para mejorar la penetración de los fármacos, la búsqueda de agentes reversores o la identificación de las resistencias con tests in vitro de quimiosensibilidad (AU)

It is well documented the effectiveness of intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection to prevent recurrences of superficial bladder cancer. But it is also known that efficacy may be limited by tumour cell resistance to one or several of the drugs available for instillation. In addition to the genetically determined unicellular mechanisms classically described in the literature such as glycoprotein P-170 expression (mdr-1), over expression of Bcl-2 or glutation S-transferase activity, it has been recently shown that multicellular mechanisms may also be involved in drug resistance. Multicellular resistance can only be demonstrated in three-dimensional cultures and fails to be shown in monolayers or cell suspensions. This is explained by the fact that cell-to-cell and cell-to-stroma adhesion limits drug penetration and by the variable susceptibility to cytotoxicity determined by oxygen and tissue proliferation gradients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance is necessary to increase intravesical chemotherapy effectiveness. Current research includes improving drug penetration, searching resistance reversing agents and developing in vitro chemosensitivity tests to identify drug resistance (AU)

[Incomplete urethral duplication in a male. A case report]. / Duplicidad uretral incompleta en un varón. Aportación de un nuevo caso.

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly affecting mainly males and being usually diagnosed during paedriatric age. We report a 20 year old male complaining of double urethral meatus with double urinary stream. Physical examination confirmed and additional hypospadic meatus below a normally placed urethral meatus. Retrograde urethro-cystography and voiding cysto-urethrograms showed two distinct urethras originating from a common bladder neck and the diagnosis of Effmann type IIA2 incomplete urethral duplication was made. No treatment was felt to be applied after associated anomalies were ruled out.