[Osteo-articular infections by Kingella kingae in children in a highly complex pediatric hospital: epidemiology and associated factors]. / Infecciones osteo-articulares por Kingella kingae en niños en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad: epidemiología y factores asociados.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of osteoarticular infections (IOA) has changed in recent years. The incidence of Kingella kingae in Latin America is unknown. AIMS: To describe the epidemiology in patients with IOA in a children hospital. To estimate the incidence of IOA due to K. kingae and compare with other etiologies. METHODS: Prospective cohort. Patients older than 1 month hospitalized between March, 1th 2017 and February, 28th 2019 with suspected IOA and diagnostic procedure (biopsy or arthrocentesis) were included. STATA 13 was used. RESULTS: n: 84 patients. The etiology was identified in 58 patients (69.1%). Staphylococus aureus predominated (n: 44; 52.4%) and K. kingae (n: 9; 10.8%). In the period studied, the incidence of IOA by K. kingae was 10.8 cases per 100 hospitalized IOA. In multivariate analysis, age less than 4 years (OR 13.8, 95% CI 5.5-82.7), recent respiratory symptoms (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.5-31.6, p 0.04) and normalization before the fifth day of C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 3.38 95% CI 1.8-16.3, p 0.01) were associated with IOA by K. kingae. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of children the incidence of K. kingae was 10.8 cases per 100 IOA. Kingella kingae represented the second documented etiology, after S. aureus. Age under 4 years, recent respiratory symptoms and normalization before the fifth day of quantitative CRP were statistically associated with IOA by K. kingae.

Infecciones osteo-articulares por Kingella kingae en niños en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad: epidemiología y factores asociados / Osteo-articular infections by Kingella kingae in children in a highly complex pediatric hospital: epidemiology and associated factors

Resumen Introducción: La epidemiología de las infecciones osteo-articulares (IOA) se ha modificado en los últimos años. La incidencia de Kingella kingae en Latinoamérica es desconocida. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de los niños con IOA. Estimar la incidencia de IOA causadas por K. kingae y compararlas con otras etiologías. Material y Métodos: Cohorte prospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 1 mes de edad, hospitalizados entre el 1 de marzo de 2017 y 28 de febrero de 2019, con sospecha de IOA y procedimiento diagnóstico (biopsia o artrocentesis). Se utilizó STATA 13. Resultados: n: 84 pacientes. Se identificó la etiología en 58 pacientes (69,1%). Predominaron Staphylococcus aureus (n: 44; 52,4%) y K. kingae (n: 9; 10,8%). En el período estudiado, la incidencia de IOA por K. kingae fue de 10,8 casos cada 100 IOA hospitalizadas. En el análisis multivariado, la edad inferior a 4 años (OR 13,8, IC95% 5,5-82,7), el cuadro respiratorio reciente (OR 5,7, IC95% 3,5-31,6, p 0,04) y la normalización antes del quinto día de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) (OR 3,8 IC95% 1,8- 16,3, p 0,01) se asociaron con las IOA por K. kingae. Conclusiones: En esta cohorte de niños, la incidencia de K.kingae fue de 10,8 casos cada 100 IOA. Kingella kingae representó la segunda etiología documentada, luego de S. aureus. La edad inferior a 4 años, el cuadro respiratorio reciente y la normalización antes del quinto día de la PCR cuantitativa se asociaron estadísticamente con IOA por K. kingae.

Abstract Background: The epidemiology of osteoarticular infections (IOA) has changed in recent years. The incidence of Kingella kingae in Latin America is unknown. Aims: To describe the epidemiology in patients with IOA in a children hospital. To estimate the incidence of IOA due to K. kingae and compare with other etiologies. Methods: Prospective cohort. Patients older than 1 month hospitalized between March, 1th 2017 and February, 28th 2019 with suspected IOA and diagnostic procedure (biopsy or arthrocentesis) were included. STATA 13 was used. Results: n: 84 patients. The etiology was identified in 58 patients (69.1%). Staphylococus aureus predominated (n: 44; 52.4%) and K. kingae (n: 9; 10.8%). In the period studied, the incidence of IOA by K. kingae was 10.8 cases per 100 hospitalized IOA. In multivariate analysis, age less than 4 years (OR 13.8, 95% CI 5.5-82.7), recent respiratory symptoms (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.5-31.6, p 0.04) and normalization before the fifth day of C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 3.38 95% CI 1.8-16.3, p 0.01) were associated with IOA by K. kingae. Conclusions: In this cohort of children the incidence of K. kingae was 10.8 cases per 100 IOA. Kingella kingae represented the second documented etiology, after S. aureus. Age under 4 years, recent respiratory symptoms and normalization before the fifth day of quantitative CRP were statistically associated with IOA by K. kingae.

Histoplasmosis en Argentina: serie de casos en niños / Histoplasmosis in Argentina: case series in children

ANTECEDENTES: La histoplasmosis es una micosis sistémica endémica en América con pocos casos reportados en pediatría. OBJETIVOS: Describir la epidemiología, formas clínicas y evolución de la histoplasmosis en niños de un hospital pediátrico en Argentina. MÉTODOS: El estudio, retrospectivo y descriptivo, se llevó a cabo entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2016 en el Hospital de Pediatría «Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan», e incluyó pacientes menores de 18 años con cuadro clínico, serología, cultivos y/o hallazgos histológicos compatibles con histoplasmosis. Se estudiaron 13 pacientes (siete niños y seis niñas, con una mediana de edad de 9 años y rango intercuartílico de 3,4 a 13 años), de los cuales tres niños (23%) provenían de la provincia de Buenos Aires, tres de la provincia de Santa Fe (23%) y siete (54%) de otras provincias. RESULTADOS: Diez pacientes (77%) presentaron la forma diseminada de la enfermedad y tres (23%) la forma pulmonar (23%); ocho niños (62%) tenían otras comorbilidades. La serología fue positiva en siete casos (54%), los cultivos fueron positivos en nueve pacientes (69%) y en diez casos (77%) se identificaron hallazgos histológicos compatibles con histoplasmosis. Todos los pacientes recibieron anfotericina B (liposomal en siete casos y desoxicolato en seis). Diez pacientes (77%) continuaron el tratamiento con itraconazol y tres pacientes (23%) fallecieron por causas no relacionadas con la histoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONES: En la serie analizada predominaron los pacientes con histoplasmosis diseminada asociada a otra enfermedad. La mortalidad no estuvo directamente relacionada con la infección

BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease, endemic in South America, and seldom reported in paediatrics. AIMS: To report the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of children diagnosed with histoplasmosis in an Argentinian Children's Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective and descriptive study was performed from January 2008 to December 2016 in Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan'. Patients under 18 years with clinical features, serological tests, cultures and/or histological findings compatible with histoplasmosis were included. Thirteen patients were selected (seven male and six female; mean age was 9 years with interquartile range 3.4-13); three children (23%) were from Buenos Aires province, three (23%) from Santa Fe province, and seven (54%) from other provinces. RESULTS: In ten cases (77%) the clinical form was disseminated, and it was pulmonary in three (23%). Eight cases (62%) suffered other comorbidities. Serological tests were positive in seven patients (54%), with positive cultures obtained in nine patients (69%). Histological findings compatible with histoplasmosis were found in 10 cases (77%). All patients received treatment with amphotericin B (liposomal formulation in seven cases, deoxycholate in six), with 10 patients continuing with oral itraconazole. Three patients (23%) died from causes unrelated to histoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children in the series had comorbidities and disseminated histoplasmosis. Mortality was not directly associated with histoplasmosis

[Epidemiology and risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia. Cohort study]. / Epidemiología y factores de riesgo de internación prolongada en niños con leucemia y bacteriemia. Estudio de cohorte.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteremia is a frequent complication in children with cancer, which is associated with greater severity, prolonged hospitalization and mortality. Prolonged hospitalization conditions greater morbidity and risk of acquisition of intranosocomial infections. AIM: To describe risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia. METHODS: Cohort study. Episodes of bacteremia in patients with leukemia at Garrahan Hospital from 1/1/2015 to 31/12/2016 were reviewed. We compared data from patients with a LOS of 14 days or more with those admitted for less than 14 days. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was performed. We used Stata 13 statistical package. RESULTS: n = 121. Median age 59 months.81 patients (67%) had a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, followed by acute myeloid leukemia in 40 (33%). 96 patients (79%) had a central venous catheter (CVC), 94 patients (78%) were neutropenic. Blood cultures were positive for Enterobacteriaceae in 55 cases (45%), coagulase-negative staphylococci in 28 cases (23%), Group viridans Streptococcus in 19 (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8 (7%). (9%). By the multivariate analysis, three factors remained significantly associated with length of stay of more than 14 days: CVC associated bacteremia (OR 21,73; CI95% 1.2-43.2; p 0.04), severe neutropenia (OR 1.75; CI95% 1.82-1.28; p 0.03) and coinfection (OR 27.4; CI95% 2.8-260.8; p 0.004). CONCLUSION: CVC associated bacteremia, severe neutropenia and viral coinfection were associated with hospital LOS of more than 14 days.

Factores de riesgo de focos secundarios de infección en niños con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus adquirida en la comunidad. Estudio de cohorte 2010-2016 / Risk factors for the appearance of secondary foci of infection in children with community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Cohort study 2010-2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: La bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus (SA) adquirida en la comunidad representa una causa frecuente de ingreso en niños. La aparición de focos secundarios (FS) condiciona una mayor morbimortalidad. OBJETIVOS: Identificar factores de riesgo de aparición de FS de infección en niños con bacteriemia por SA de la comunidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte prospectiva. Desde enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2016 se incluyeron todos los niños (de 30 días a 16 años), hospitalizados en un hospital pediátrico de derivación por infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad, con aislamiento de SA en hemocultivos. Se compararon características microbiológicas, demográficas y clínicas según presentaran o no FS de infección tras 72 h de hospitalización. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 283 niños, el 65% varones (n = 184), con una mediana de edad de 60 meses (RIC: 30-132). El 17% (n = 48) tenían alguna enfermedad de base y el 97% (n = 275) un foco clínico de infección, siendo los más frecuentes: osteoarticular el 55% (n = 156) y abscesos de partes blandas el 27% (n = 79). El 65% (n = 185) eran SA resistentes a meticilina. Presentaron FS el 16% de los pacientes (n = 44): neumonía el 73% (n = 32), osteoarticular el 11% (n = 5), partes blandas el 11% (n = 5) y sistema nervioso central el 5% (n = 2). En el análisis multivariado fueron predictores de FS la persistencia de hemocultivos positivos tras el quinto día (OR: 2,40; IC95%: 1,07-5,37; p < 0,001) y la sepsis (OR: 17,23; IC95%: 5,21-56,9; p < 0,001). No hubo asociación con la sensibilidad a la meticilina. CONCLUSIONES: En esta cohorte predominaron las infecciones por SA resistente a la meticilina. La aparición de FS se asoció con la persistencia de la bacteriemia después del quinto día y la sepsis al ingreso

INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteraemia is a common cause of hospitalisation in children. The occurrence of secondary foci (SF) of SA infection is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for SF of infection in children with community-acquired SA bacteraemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort. All children aged from 30 days to 16 years admitted to a paediatric referral hospital between January 2010 and December 2016 for community-acquired infections, with SA isolated in blood cultures, were included. Microbiological, demographic and clinical characteristics were compared, with or without SF infection after 72 hours of hospitalisation. RESULTS: A total of 283 patients were included, 65% male (n = 184), with a median age of 60 months (IQR: 30-132). Seventeen per cent (n = 48) had at least one underlying disease and 97% (n = 275) had some clinical focus of infection, the most common being: osteoarticular 55% (n = 156) and soft tissue abscesses 27% (n = 79). A total of 65% (n = 185) were resistant to methicillin. A SF of infection was found in 16% of patients (n = 44). The SF identified were pneumonia 73% (n=32), osteoarticular 11% (n = 5), soft tissue 11% (n = 5) and central nervous system 5% (n=2). In the multivariate analysis, the persistence of positive blood cultures after the fifth day (OR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.07-5.37, P < 0.001) and sepsis (OR: 17.23, 95%CI 5.21-56.9, P < 0.001) were predictors of SF. There was no association with methicillin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, methicillin-resistant SA infections predominated. The occurrence of SF of infection was associated with the persistence of bacteraemia after the fifth day and sepsis on admission

Infecciones osteoarticulares en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad: epidemiología y características clínicas asociadas con bacteriemia / Osteoarticular infections in a tertiary care children's hospital: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics in association with bacteremia

Introducción. Las infecciones osteoarticulares son una importante causa de morbilidad y pueden presentar bacteriemia. La epidemiología de estas infecciones se ha modificado en los últimos años. Objetivos. Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de los niños con infecciones osteoarticulares y comparar los pacientes con bacteriemia con los que no la presentaron. Población y métodos. Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años, admitidos en el Hospital Juan P. Garrahan entre el 1/1/2016 y el 31/12/2016 con sospecha de infecciones osteoarticulares en quienes se hubiese realizado artrocentesis y/o biopsia articular. Se excluyeron niños con patología previa. Se compararon las características clínicas y de laboratorio según tuvieran bacteriemia o no. Se utilizó Stata 10. Resultados. N: 62. La mediana de edad fue 59.5 meses (rango intercuartilo -RIC- 24-84). Presentaron fiebre 44 pacientes (70%). Predominaron las artritis (54 pacientes, 87%). Se identificó un agente etiológico en 29 pacientes (47%). Predominó Staphylococcus aureus (n: 20, 32%). Tuvieron bacteriemia 15 de ellos (24%). Recibieron clindamicina como tratamiento empírico 56 pacientes (90%). La mediana de tratamiento endovenoso fue 7 días (RIC 5-11) y de internación, 7 días (RIC 4-12). Los pacientes con bacteriemia tuvieron menor edad (26 meses vs. 60, p < 0,05), mayor valor de proteína C reactiva inicial (101 vs. 33 U/L, p < 0,05), menor valor de hemoglobina al ingresar (10,8 g/dl vs. 12.5 g/dl, p 0,04) y mayor frecuencia de fiebre (100% vs. 57%, p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Predominó Staphylococcus aureus. Los niños con bacteriemia tuvieron menor edad, mayor valor de proteína C reactiva, menos hemoglobina al ingresar y, más frecuentemente, fiebre.

Introduction. Osteoarticular infections are an important cause of morbidity and may present with bacteremia. The epidemiology has changed in recent years. Objectives. To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and evolutionary characteristics of children with osteoarticular infections and compare patients with and without bacteremia. Population and methods. Retrospective cohort. Patients younger than 18 years admitted between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2016 suspected of osteoarticular infections who had undergone an arthrocentesis and/or joint biopsy were included. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between patients with and without bacteremia. The Stata 10 software was used.Results. N: 62. Patients' median age was 59.5 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 24-84). Fever developed in 44 patients (70%). Arthritis predominated (54 patients, 87%). An etiologic agent was identified in 29 patients (47%). Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent (n: 20, 32%). Among these, 15 developed bacteremia (24%). Clindamycin was administered to 56 patients (90%) as empirical therapy. The median intravenous treatment duration was 7 days (IQR: 5-11) and the median length of stay, 7 days (IQR: 4-12). Patients with bacteremia were younger (26 months versus 60 months, p < 0.05), had a higher baseline C-reactive protein level (101 U/L versus 33 U/L, p < 0.05), a lower hemoglobin level at the time of admission (10.8 g/dL versus 12.5 g/dL, p = 0.04), and a higher frequency of fever (100% versus 57%, p < 0.05).Conclusions. Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent. Children with bacteremia were younger, had a higher C-reactive protein level, a lower hemoglobin level at the time of admission, and 100% presented fever

Osteoarticular infections in a tertiary care children's hospital: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics in association with bacteremia. / Infecciones osteoarticulares en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad: epidemiología y características clínicas asociadas con bacteriemia.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarticular infections are an important cause of morbidity and may present with bacteremia. The epidemiology has changed in recent years. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and evolutionary characteristics of children with osteoarticular infections and compare patients with and without bacteremia. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort. Patients younger than 18 years admitted between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2016 suspected of osteoarticular infections who had undergone an arthrocentesis and/or joint biopsy were included. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between patients with and without bacteremia. The Stata 10 software was used. RESULTS: N: 62. Patients' median age was 59.5 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 24-84). Fever developed in 44 patients (70%). Arthritis predominated (54 patients, 87%). An etiologic agent was identified in 29 patients (47%). Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent (n: 20, 32%). Among these, 15 developed bacteremia (24%). Clindamycin was administered to 56 patients (90%) as empirical therapy. The median intravenous treatment duration was 7 days (IQR: 5-11) and the median length of stay, 7 days (IQR: 4-12). Patients with bacteremia were younger (26 months versus 60 months, p < 0.05), had a higher baseline C-reactive protein level (101 U/L versus 33 U/L, p < 0.05), a lower hemoglobin level at the time of admission (10.8 g/dL versus 12.5 g/dL, p = 0.04), and a higher frequency of fever (100% versus 57%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent. Children with bacteremia were younger, had a higher C-reactive protein level, a lower hemoglobin level at the time of admission, and 100% presented fever.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones osteoarticulares son una importante causa de morbilidad y pueden presentar bacteriemia. La epidemiología de estas infecciones se ha modificado en los últimos años. OBJETIVOS: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de los niños con infecciones osteoarticulares y comparar los pacientes con bacteriemia con los que no la presentaron. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años, admitidos en el Hospital Juan P. Garrahan entre el 1/1/2016 y el 31/12/2016 con sospecha de infecciones osteoarticulares en quienes se hubiese realizado artrocentesis y/o biopsia articular. Se excluyeron niños con patología previa. Se compararon las características clínicas y de laboratorio según tuvieran bacteriemia o no. Se utilizó Stata 10. RESULTADOS: N: 62. La mediana de edad fue 59.5 meses (rango intercuartilo -RIC- 24-84). Presentaron fiebre 44 pacientes (70%). Predominaron las artritis (54 pacientes, 87%). Se identificó un agente etiológico en 29 pacientes (47%). Predominó Staphylococcus aureus (n: 20, 32%). Tuvieron bacteriemia 15 de ellos (24%). Recibieron clindamicina como tratamiento empírico 56 pacientes (90%). La mediana de tratamiento endovenoso fue 7 días (RIC 5-11) y de internación, 7 días (RIC 4-12). Los pacientes con bacteriemia tuvieron menor edad (26 meses vs. 60, p < 0,05), mayor valor de proteína C reactiva inicial (101 vs. 33 U/L, p < 0,05), menor valor de hemoglobina al ingresar (10,8 g/dl vs. 12.5 g/dl, p 0,04) y mayor frecuencia de fiebre (100% vs. 57%, p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Predominó Staphylococcus aureus. Los niños con bacteriemia tuvieron menor edad, mayor valor de proteína C reactiva, menos hemoglobina al ingresar y, más frecuentemente, fiebre.

Risk factors for the appearance of secondary foci of infection in children with community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Cohort study 2010-2016. / Factores de riesgo de focos secundarios de infección en niños con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus adquirida en la comunidad. Estudio de cohorte 2010-2016.

INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteraemia is a common cause of hospitalisation in children. The occurrence of secondary foci (SF) of SA infection is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for SF of infection in children with community-acquired SA bacteraemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort. All children aged from 30 days to 16 years admitted to a paediatric referral hospital between January 2010 and December 2016 for community-acquired infections, with SA isolated in blood cultures, were included. Microbiological, demographic and clinical characteristics were compared, with or without SF infection after 72hours of hospitalisation. RESULTS: A total of 283 patients were included, 65% male (n=184), with a median age of 60 months (IQR: 30-132). Seventeen per cent (n=48) had at least one underlying disease and 97% (n=275) had some clinical focus of infection, the most common being: osteoarticular 55% (n=156) and soft tissue abscesses 27% (n=79). A total of 65% (n=185) were resistant to methicillin. A SF of infection was found in 16% of patients (n=44). The SF identified were pneumonia 73% (n=32), osteoarticular 11% (n=5), soft tissue 11% (n=5) and central nervous system 5% (n=2). In the multivariate analysis, the persistence of positive blood cultures after the fifth day (OR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.07-5.37, P<0.001) and sepsis (OR: 17.23, 95%CI 5.21-56.9, P<0.001) were predictors of SF. There was no association with methicillin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, methicillin-resistant SA infections predominated. The occurrence of SF of infection was associated with the persistence of bacteraemia after the fifth day and sepsis on admission.

Epidemiología y factores de riesgo de internación prolongada en niños con leucemia y bacteriemia: estudio de cohorte / Epidemiology and risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia: cohort study

Resumen Introducción: La bacteriemia constituye una complicacion frecuente en los niños con cáncer, que se asocia a mayor gravedad, internación prolongada y mortalidad. La internación prolongada condiciona mayor morbilidad y riesgo de adquisición de infecciones intranosocomiales. Objetivo: Analizar factores de riesgo de internación prolongada en niños con leucemia y bacteriemia. Pacientes y Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron niños con leucemia internados en el Hospital Garrahan entre 1/1/2015 y 31/12/2016 con bacteriemia. Se compararon características de pacientes con internaciones menores o mayores a 14 días. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y modelo de regresión logística. Se utilizó Stata 13. Resultados: n = 121. Mediana de edad 59 meses. Tenían leucemia linfoblastica 81 pacientes (67%) y leucemia mieloblástica 40 (33%). Tenían catéter venoso central (CVC) 96 de los niños (79%), neutropenia 94 (78%), neutropenia menor a 100 neutrófilos 79 (65%). La identificación en hemocultivos fue: 55 casos (45%) enterobacterias, 28 (23%) Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa, Streptococcus spp grupo viridans 19 (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (7%). Huo co-infección viral en 14 pacientes (12%).Tuvieron menos de 14 días de internación 71 pacientes (59%) y mayor período 50 (41%). En el análisis multivariado la bacteriemia asociada a CVC (OR 21,73; IC95% 1,2-43,20; p 0,04), neutropenia profunda al ingreso (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,82-1,28; p 0,03) y co-infección viral (OR 27,42; IC95% 2,88-260,83; p 0,004) fueron factores de riesgo de internación > 14 días. Conclusiones: La bacteriemia asociada a CVC, la neutropenia profunda al ingreso y la co-infección se asociaron con una internación igual o mayor a 14 días.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacteremia is a frequent complication in children with cancer, which is associated with greater severity, prolonged hospitalization and mortality. Prolonged hospitalization conditions greater morbidity and risk of acquisition of intranosocomial infections. Aim: To describe risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia. Methods: Cohort study. Episodes of bacteremia in patients with leukemia at Garrahan Hospital from 1/1/2015 to 31/12/2016 were reviewed. We compared data from patients with a LOS of 14 days or more with those admitted for less than 14 days. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was performed. We used Stata 13 statistical package. Results: n = 121. Median age 59 months.81 patients (67%) had a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, followed by acute myeloid leukemia in 40 (33%). 96 patients (79%) had a central venous catheter (CVC), 94 patients (78%) were neutropenic. Blood cultures were positive for Enterobacteriaceae in 55 cases (45%), coagulase-negative staphylococci in 28 cases (23%), Group viridans Streptococcus in 19 (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8 (7%). (9%). By the multivariate analysis, three factors remained significantly associated with length of stay of more than 14 days: CVC associated bacteremia (OR 21,73; CI95% 1.2-43.2; p 0.04), severe neutropenia (OR 1.75; CI95% 1.82-1.28; p 0.03) and coinfection (OR 27.4; CI95% 2.8-260.8; p 0.004). Conclusion: CVC associated bacteremia, severe neutropenia and viral coinfection were associated with hospital LOS of more than 14 days.

Varicela en la Casa Garrahan, 2008-2013: Evaluación de las medidas de profilaxis posexposición / Varicella at "Casa Garrahan", 2008-2013: Assessment of postexposure prophylaxis measures

Introducción. La Casa Garrahan (CG) aloja a niños con patologías complejas de todo el país, atendidos en los hospitales pediátricos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. La varicela es una enfermedad muy contagiosa, cuya tasa de ataque alcanza el 90% en susceptibles. En comunidades cerradas, es fundamental implementar medidas de prevención ante brotes. Objetivos. Describir las características de los niños expuestos a casos de varicela en la CG, las medidas de profilaxis implementadas y su efectividad. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se evaluaron los niños expuestos a varicela en la CG entre 2008 y 2013, sus características demográficas, clínicas y vacunación y/o varicela previa, medidas de profilaxis y tasa de ataque secundaria. Resultados. N: 107. El 53% (n: 57) eran niñas. La mediana de edad fue 84 meses (RIC: 24144). El 95% (n: 102) teman enfermedad de base [oncohematológica: 39% (n: 42); neurológica: 18% (n: 19); cardiopatías congénitas: 9% (n: 10); y posoperatorios: 65 (n: 6)]. Tenían algún grado de inmunosupresión el 50% (n: 54). El 29% (n: 31) referían haber tenido varicela; el 27% (n: 29) referían no haber padecido la enfermedad; y el 41% (n: 44) no recordaban el antecedente. Solo 3% (n: 3) estaban vacunados. Sobre la base del estado inmunológico, edad y antecedentes de varicela previa, se indicó aciclovir como profilaxis en 61% (n: 65); vacuna, en 10% (n: 10); y gammaglobulina, en 1 paciente. No se observaron efectos adversos relacionados con las profilaxis. No se observó ningún caso secundario a los 30 días. Conclusiones. Las medidas implementadas resultaron efectivas en la prevención de casos secundarios. En niños sanos e inmunocomprometidos, la profilaxis con aciclovir fue efectiva y bien tolerada.

Introduction. Casa Garrahan (CG) accommodates children with complex conditions referred nationwide; these children are seen in children's hospitals located in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Varicella is a highly-contagious disease, with attack rates of up to 90% among susceptible individuals. In closed communities, the implementation of outbreak control measures is critical. Objectives. To describe the characteristics of children exposed to varicella at CG, the implemented prophylaxis measures and their effectiveness. Methods. Prospective, cohort study. Children exposed to varicella at CG between2008 and 2013, their demographic and clinical characteristics, immunization and/or history of varicella, prophylaxis measures, and secondary attack rate were assessed. Results. N: 107. Fifty-three percent (n: 57) were girls. Their median age was 84 months old [interquartile range (IQR): 24-144]. Ninety-five percent (n: 102) had an underlying disease [hemato-oncological disease: 39% (n: 42); neurological disease: 18% (n: 19); congenital heart disease: 9% (n: 10); and post-operative period: 65 (n: 6)]. Fifty percent had some degree of immunosuppression (n: 54). Twenty-nine percent (n: 31) referred to have had varicella; 27% (n: 29) indicated that they never had the infection; and 41% (n: 44) did not recall a history of varicella. Only 3% (n: 3) had been vaccinated. Based on their immune status, age and history of varicella, acyclovir was indicated as prophylaxis in 61% (n: 65); immunization in 10% (n: 10); and gamma globulin in 1 patient. No adverse effects were observed in relation to the different prophylaxis measures. No secondary cases were observed at 30 days. Conclusions. Implemented measures were effective to prevent secondary cases. Among healthy and immunocompromised children, prophylaxis with acyclovir was effective and well-tolerated.

Varicela en la Casa Garrahan, 2008-2013: Evaluación de las medidas de profilaxis posexposición / Varicella at "Casa Garrahan", 2008-2013: Assessment of postexposure prophylaxis measures

Introducción. La Casa Garrahan (CG) aloja a niños con patologías complejas de todo el país, atendidos en los hospitales pediátricos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. La varicela es una enfermedad muy contagiosa, cuya tasa de ataque alcanza el 90% en susceptibles. En comunidades cerradas, es fundamental implementar medidas de prevención ante brotes. Objetivos. Describir las características de los niños expuestos a casos de varicela en la CG, las medidas de profilaxis implementadas y su efectividad. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se evaluaron los niños expuestos a varicela en la CG entre 2008 y 2013, sus características demográficas, clínicas y vacunación y/o varicela previa, medidas de profilaxis y tasa de ataque secundaria. Resultados. N: 107. El 53% (n: 57) eran niñas. La mediana de edad fue 84 meses (RIC: 24144). El 95% (n: 102) teman enfermedad de base [oncohematológica: 39% (n: 42); neurológica: 18% (n: 19); cardiopatías congénitas: 9% (n: 10); y posoperatorios: 65 (n: 6)]. Tenían algún grado de inmunosupresión el 50% (n: 54). El 29% (n: 31) referían haber tenido varicela; el 27% (n: 29) referían no haber padecido la enfermedad; y el 41% (n: 44) no recordaban el antecedente. Solo 3% (n: 3) estaban vacunados. Sobre la base del estado inmunológico, edad y antecedentes de varicela previa, se indicó aciclovir como profilaxis en 61% (n: 65); vacuna, en 10% (n: 10); y gammaglobulina, en 1 paciente. No se observaron efectos adversos relacionados con las profilaxis. No se observó ningún caso secundario a los 30 días. Conclusiones. Las medidas implementadas resultaron efectivas en la prevención de casos secundarios. En niños sanos e inmunocomprometidos, la profilaxis con aciclovir fue efectiva y bien tolerada.(AU)

Introduction. Casa Garrahan (CG) accommodates children with complex conditions referred nationwide; these children are seen in childrens hospitals located in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Varicella is a highly-contagious disease, with attack rates of up to 90% among susceptible individuals. In closed communities, the implementation of outbreak control measures is critical. Objectives. To describe the characteristics of children exposed to varicella at CG, the implemented prophylaxis measures and their effectiveness. Methods. Prospective, cohort study. Children exposed to varicella at CG between2008 and 2013, their demographic and clinical characteristics, immunization and/or history of varicella, prophylaxis measures, and secondary attack rate were assessed. Results. N: 107. Fifty-three percent (n: 57) were girls. Their median age was 84 months old [interquartile range (IQR): 24-144]. Ninety-five percent (n: 102) had an underlying disease [hemato-oncological disease: 39% (n: 42); neurological disease: 18% (n: 19); congenital heart disease: 9% (n: 10); and post-operative period: 65 (n: 6)]. Fifty percent had some degree of immunosuppression (n: 54). Twenty-nine percent (n: 31) referred to have had varicella; 27% (n: 29) indicated that they never had the infection; and 41% (n: 44) did not recall a history of varicella. Only 3% (n: 3) had been vaccinated. Based on their immune status, age and history of varicella, acyclovir was indicated as prophylaxis in 61% (n: 65); immunization in 10% (n: 10); and gamma globulin in 1 patient. No adverse effects were observed in relation to the different prophylaxis measures. No secondary cases were observed at 30 days. Conclusions. Implemented measures were effective to prevent secondary cases. Among healthy and immunocompromised children, prophylaxis with acyclovir was effective and well-tolerated.(AU)

Varicella at "Casa Garrahan", 2008-2013: Assessment of postexposure prophylaxis measures.

INTRODUCTION: Casa Garrahan (CG) accommodates children with complex conditions referred nationwide; these children are seen in children's hospitals located in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Varicella is a highly-contagious disease, with attack rates of up to 90% among susceptible individuals. In closed communities, the implementation of outbreak control measures is critical. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of children exposed to varicella at CG, the implemented prophylaxis measures and their effectiveness. METHODS: Prospective, cohort study. Children exposed to varicella at CG between2008 and 2013, their demographic and clinical characteristics, immunization and/or history of varicella, prophylaxis measures, and secondary attack rate were assessed. RESULTS: N: 107. Fifty-three percent (n: 57) were girls. Their median age was 84 months old [interquartile range (IQR): 24-144]. Ninety-five percent (n: 102) had an underlying disease [hemato-oncological disease: 39% (n: 42); neurological disease: 18% (n: 19); congenital heart disease: 9% (n: 10); and post-operative period: 65 (n: 6)]. Fifty percent had some degree of immunosuppression (n: 54). Twenty-nine percent (n: 31) referred to have had varicella; 27% (n: 29) indicated that they never had the infection; and 41% (n: 44) did not recall a history of varicella. Only 3% (n: 3) had been vaccinated. Based on their immune status, age and history of varicella, acyclovir was indicated as prophylaxis in 61% (n: 65); immunization in 10% (n: 10); and gamma globulin in 1 patient. No adverse effects were observed in relation to the different prophylaxis measures. No secondary cases were observed at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Implemented measures were effective to prevent secondary cases. Among healthy and immunocompromised children, prophylaxis with acyclovir was effective and well-tolerated.

[Microbiological features and risk factors for acquiring multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in pediatric patients. Case-control study]. / Factores de riesgo para la adquisición y características microbiológicas de las bacteriemias por Acinetobacter baumannii multi-resistente en pediatría: Estudio de casos y controles.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MAB) is an important nosocomial pathogen. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the risk factors for acquiring MAB, and the clinical and microbiological characteristics of MAB bacteremia (MABB) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Control-case study 2005-2008. Demographic and clinical data from all MABB and from non-multiresistant gram-negative bacteremias were recorded. Identification at species level, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, time-kill studies and clonally relationships were performed. Stata 8.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 50 MABB and 100 controls were included. Ninety four percent of patients acquired MAB in ICU and the 88% had underlying diseases. All patients had invasive procedures previous to MABB. The median of hospitalization stay previous to MABB was different in cases than in controls (16 vs 7 days, p < 0.001). Five clones were detected among the MABB. Time-killing curves showed bactericidal activity of ampicillin/sulbactam plus gentamicin and polymixin B. Three patients with MAB died. In a multivariate analysis final predictors of MABB were: previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics [OR: 7,0; IC 95% 1,93-25,0; p: 0,003] and mechanical ventilation [OR: 4,19; IC 95% 1,66-10,0; p: 0,002]. CONCLUSIONS: MABB were detected in patients with underlying conditions, invasive procedures and prolonged hospitalization. Predictors of MABB were mechanical previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and mechanical ventilation.

Factores de riesgo para la adquisición y características microbiológicas de las bacteriemias por Acinetobacter baumannii multi-resistente en pediatría: Estudio de casos y controles / Microbiological features and risk factors for acquiring multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in pediatric patients: Case-control study

Background: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MAB) is an important nosocomial pathogen. Objectives: To analyze the risk factors for acquiring MAB, and the clinical and microbiological characteristics of MAB bacteremia (MABB) in children. Materials and Methods: Control-case study 2005-2008. Demographic and clinical data from all MABB and from non-multiresistant gram-negative bacteremias were recorded. Identification at species level, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, time-kill studies and clonally relationships were performed. Stata 8.0 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 50 MABB and 100 controls were included. Ninety four percent of patients acquired MAB in ICU and the 88% had underlying diseases. All patients had invasive procedures previous to MABB. The median of hospitalization stay previous to MABB was different in cases than in controls (16 vs 7 days, p < 0.001). Five clones were detected among the MABB. Time-killing curves showed bactericidal activity of ampicillin/sulbactam plus gentamicin and polymixin B. Three patients with MAB died. In a multivariate analysis final predictors of MABB were: previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics [OR: 7,0; IC 95% 1,93-25,0; p: 0,003] and mechanical ventilation [OR: 4,19; IC 95% 1,66-10,0; p: 0,002]. Conclusions: MABB were detected in patients with underlying conditions, invasive procedures and prolonged hospitalization. Predictors of MABB were mechanical previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and mechanical ventilation.

Introducción: Acinetobacter baumannii multi-resistente (ABM) es un patógeno intrahospitalario de importancia. Objetivos: Analizar factores de riesgo de adquisición y características clínicas y microbiológicas de las bacteriemias por ABM (BABM) en pediatría. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles período 2005-2008. Se incluyeron variables demográficas y clínicas de pacientes con BABM y por otros bacilos gramnegativos no ABM. Se realizaron pruebas para identificación de especie, susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y detección feno-genotípica de mecanismos de resistencia, sinergia y clonalidad. Análisis estadístico: Stata 8.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 BABM y 100 controles. El 94% de los pacientes adquirieron la BABM en UCI y 88% tenía patologías subyacentes. La mediana de días de internación previa a la bacteriemia fue mayor en los casos (16 vs 7 días, p < 0,001). Se detectaron cinco clones de ABM. Se encontró efecto bactericida in vitro con polimixina B y con ampicilina/sulbactam+gentamicina. Tres casos fallecieron. Análisis multivariado: predictores finales de BABM fueron: antimicrobiano previo de amplio espectro [OR: 7,0; IC 95% 1,93-25,0; p: 0,003] y asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) [OR: 4,19; IC 95% 1,66-10,0; p: 0,002]. Conclusiones: Las BABM fueron detectadas en pacientes con enfermedad subyacente, con procedimientos invasores previos e internación prolongada. Fueron predictores de BABM el tratamiento antimicrobiano de amplio espectro y ARM previa.

Meningitis neumocócica: experiencia de 12 años en un hospital pediátrico, previa a la inmunización universal con vacuna conjugada / Pneumococcal meningitis: A 12 year experience in a children's hospital prior to the universal immunization with a conjugate vaccine

Introducción. La meningitis por Streptococcus pneumoniae provoca frecuentemente elevada morbimortalidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas, la susceptibilidad antibiótica y la evolución de los niños con meningitis por neumococo antes de la introducción de la vacuna en Argentina. Métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años internados en el Hospital J. P. Garrahan entre 1999 y 2010. Se revisaron los registros del laboratorio de microbiología y las historias clínicas de los niños. Resultados. Se identificaron 111 niños con meningitis por S. pneumoniae. En el período 1999-2002, hubo 40 casos, 35 en 2003-2006 y 36 en 2007-2010. La media de edad fue 7 meses (r: 1-191). Eran inmunocompetentes 104 pacientes (94%). Solo 20 pacientes (18%) tenían enfermedad de base. La presentación clínica más frecuente fue el compromiso neurológico en 80 pacientes (75%) y la sepsis en 59 pacientes (53%). Requirieron admisión en terapia intensiva 49 pacientes (44%). Otro foco clínico de infección estuvo presente en 24 pacientes (22%); en la mitad de ellos, neumonía. El cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo fue positivo en 103 pacientes (93%) y los hemocultivos en 88 pacientes (79%). Se identificó resistencia a la penicilina en 15% de los casos y en el 5% resistencia a cefotaxima. La resistencia antibiótica disminuyó a lo largo de los años. Presentaron complicaciones 56 pacientes (50%), y 11 pacientes (10%) fallecieron por la infección. Conclusión. La resistencia de S. pneumoniae a los antimicrobianos disminuyó a lo largo de los años. Es importante mantener la vigilancia epidemiológica para evaluar el impacto de la vacunación en Argentina

Introduction. Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and has high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity and evolution of pneumococcal meningitis in children prior to the introduction of the vaccine in Argentina. Methods. Patients younger than 18 years old hospitalized at Hospital J. P. Garrahan between 1999 and 2010 were included. Children's microbiology lab records and case records were reviewed. Results. One hundred and eleven children with S. pneumoniae meningitis were identified. Forty cases were found in the 1999-2002 period, 35 in the 2003-2006 period, and 36 in the 2007- 2010 period. The mean age was 7 months old (range: 1-191). One hundred and four patients were immunocompetent (94%). Only 20 patients (18%) had an underlying disease. The most commonly observed clinical presentation was neurological involvement in 80 patients (75%), and sepsis in 59 (53%). Forty-nine patients (44%) had to be admitted to the ICU. A second clinical source of infection was identified in 24 patients (22%); half of these cases corresponded to pneumonia. Positive findings were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid culture of 103 patients (93%) and in the blood culture of 88 (79%). Resistance to penicillin was identified in 15% of cases, while 5% showed resistance to cefotaxime. Antibiotic resistance was reduced over the years. Complications occurred in 56 patients (50%), and 11 (10%) died because of the infection. Conclusion. Antimicrobial resistance by S. pneumoniae was reduced over time. It is important to maintain epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of immunization in Argentina.

Pneumococcal meningitis: a 12 year experience in a children's hospital prior to the universal immunization with a conjugate vaccine.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumococcal meningitis is causedby Streptococcuspneumoniae and hashigh morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity and evolution of pneumococcal meningitis in children prior to the introduction of the vaccine in Argentina. METHODS: Patients younger than 18 years old hospitalizedat Hospital J. P. Garrahanbetween1999 and 2010 were included. Children's microbiology lab records and case records were reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven children with S. pneumoniae meningitis were identified. Forty cases were found in the 1999-2002 period, 35 in the 2003-2006 period, and 36 in the 20072010 period. The mean age was 7 months old (range: 1-191). One hundred and four patients were immunocompetent (94%). Only 20 patients (18%) had an underlying disease. The most commonly observed clinical presentation was neurological involvement in 80 patients (75%), and sepsis in59 (53%). Forty-nine patients (44%) had to be admitted to the ICU. A second clinical source of infection was identified in 24 patients (22%); half of these cases corresponded to pneumonia. Positive findings were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid culture of 103 patients (93%) and in the blood culture of 88 (79%). Resistance to penicillin was identified in 15% of cases, while 5% showed resistance to cefotaxime. Antibiotic resistance was reduced over the years. Complications occurred in 56 patients (50%), and 11 (10%) died because of the infection. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance by S. pneumoniae was reduced over time. It is important to maintain epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of immunization in Argentina.

Pneumococcal meningitis: a 12 year experience in a childrens hospital prior to the universal immunization with a conjugate vaccine. / Pneumococcal meningitis: a 12 year experience in a childrens hospital prior to the universal immunization with a conjugate vaccine.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumococcal meningitis is causedby Streptococcuspneumoniae and hashigh morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity and evolution of pneumococcal meningitis in children prior to the introduction of the vaccine in Argentina. METHODS: Patients younger than 18 years old hospitalizedat Hospital J. P. Garrahanbetween1999 and 2010 were included. Childrens microbiology lab records and case records were reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven children with S. pneumoniae meningitis were identified. Forty cases were found in the 1999-2002 period, 35 in the 2003-2006 period, and 36 in the 20072010 period. The mean age was 7 months old (range: 1-191). One hundred and four patients were immunocompetent (94

). Only 20 patients (18

) had an underlying disease. The most commonly observed clinical presentation was neurological involvement in 80 patients (75

), and sepsis in59 (53

). Forty-nine patients (44

) had to be admitted to the ICU. A second clinical source of infection was identified in 24 patients (22

); half of these cases corresponded to pneumonia. Positive findings were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid culture of 103 patients (93

) and in the blood culture of 88 (79

). Resistance to penicillin was identified in 15

of cases, while 5

showed resistance to cefotaxime. Antibiotic resistance was reduced over the years. Complications occurred in 56 patients (50

), and 11 (10

) died because of the infection. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance by S. pneumoniae was reduced over time. It is important to maintain epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of immunization in Argentina.

[Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant community acquired neonatal orbital cellulitis]. / Celulitis orbitaria neonatal por Staphylococcus aureus meticilinorresistente de la comunidad.

Orbital cellulitis typically occurs in older children, but it can occasionally affect infants and neonates. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated. Outcome depends on an adequate initial approach. We report three neonates with orbital cellulitis caused by community-associated MRSA.

Celulitis orbitaria neonatal por Staphylococcus aureus meticilinorresistente de la comunidad / Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant community acquired neonatal orbital cellulitis

La celulitis orbitaria es una patología del niño mayor y raramente compromete al período neonatal. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) es el principal agente etiológico relacionado. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado mejoran el pronóstico. Se presentan tres recién nacidos con celulitis orbitaria por SA meticilinorresistente de la comunidad (SAMR-CO).

Orbital cellulitis typically occurs in older children, but it can occasionally affect infants and neonates. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated. Outcome depends on an adequate initial approach. We report three neonates with orbital cellulitis caused by community- associated MRSA.

Celulitis orbitaria neonatal por Staphylococcus aureus meticilinorresistente de la comunidad / Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant community acquired neonatal orbital cellulitis

La celulitis orbitaria es una patología del niño mayor y raramente compromete al período neonatal. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) es el principal agente etiológico relacionado. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado mejoran el pronóstico. Se presentan tres recién nacidos con celulitis orbitaria por SA meticilinorresistente de la comunidad (SAMR-CO).(AU)

Orbital cellulitis typically occurs in older children, but it can occasionally affect infants and neonates. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated. Outcome depends on an adequate initial approach. We report three neonates with orbital cellulitis caused by community- associated MRSA.(AU)