Characterization of oral double balloon endoscopy in the dog.

Exploration of the canine small intestine using conventional endoscopy is restricted to the duodenum and/or the ileum. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) is a 'push and pull' technique that has been described in humans and permits a complete exploration of the small intestine. In this study, oral DBE was performed on 12 healthy dogs (10-34kg) to characterize for the first time the efficiency, exploration dynamics and safety of the technique. DBE was successful in 83% of dogs; the average estimated insertion depth of the endoscope was 287±36cm, and the average duration of the exploration was 84±8min. No complications or relevant adverse clinical effects were observed, and there was no indication of post-procedure pancreatitis based on serology of two specific markers of pancreatitis (amylase and lipase) and the immediate nonspecific inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein. The study showed that oral DBE is viable and safe in the dog, allowing for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases deep in the small intestine to an extent that has not previously been possible using conventional endoscopy.

Validity of insertion depth measurement in double-balloon endoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) the use of a reliable and practical method to calculate the insertion depth of the endoscope could help to improve diagnosis accuracy and optimize the effort and cost of the technique. The objectives of this work were to compare and evaluate two methods of estimating the insertion depth and to obtain a descriptive model capable of representing the exploration dynamics and efficiency in terms of advanced distance and time. METHODS: Oral DBE was performed in 25 pigs. Insertion depth was calculated during the procedure by: 1) estimation of time and distance for each push and pull cycle during progression; and 2) estimation of distance during withdrawal. At the maximum insertion depth a tattoo was placed, and the observed measures for the two methods were compared with the distance between the pylorus and the mark after euthanasia and necropsy of the animals 1 week after DBE. RESULTS: The average insertion depth during progression, withdrawal, and after necropsy was 324.92 cm, 317.23 cm, and 342.05 cm, respectively (P Anova = 0.72). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r > 0.85; P < 0.001) and paired Brand - Altman plots demonstrated high agreement between progression and necropsy (0.03 % difference) and between withdrawal and necropsy (6.9 % difference). The exploration dynamics and efficiency in terms of advanced distance per cycle and time fitted to potential and logarithmic regression models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of insertion depth in vivo was validated in the porcine model during progression and withdrawal. Estimation during progression was more accurate and allowed exploration dynamics and efficiency to be plotted, which might be used as approximate reference values for humans.

Morphometric study of the layers of the canine small intestine at five sampling sites.

The histology of the canine intestine has not been accurately defined. To establish the precise thickness of its different layers, whole wall samples of the small intestine were removed from 41 cadavers at five standardised sampling sites (duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum). The total thickness was estimated by morphometry, as was the thickness of the mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa and muscularis externa. In addition, the size of the lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa and the thickness of the circular and longitudinal layers within both the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa were estimated. The total intestinal thickness depended very much upon the thickness of the mucosa and submucosa. The mucosa decreased progressively from proximal to distal parts of the small intestine (47% reduction). The thickness of the submucosa, however, changed little from the duodenum to the distal jejunum, but increased significantly in the ileum; this change was positively correlated with the amount of lymphoid tissue. Sex influenced the thickness of the intestinal wall, with males displaying higher thickness values along the small intestine. Conversely, no correlation between bodyweight and intestinal thickness was found for any of the five sampling sites. This study gives absolute and relative values for the thickness of the layers of the dog intestine which might help in the diagnosis of small intestinal pathology from postmortem samples and/or endoscopic biopsies.

Morphometry of the canine intestine with reference to the use of double balloon endoscopy.

Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) enables the diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal disease. The dog is a potential animal model for DBE training and also a candidate for the clinical application of this technique. However, the anatomy of the canine small intestine may limit the use of DBE by restricting the push-and-pull manoeuvres required for DBE. To establish what these limitations are, the length and width of different portions of the small intestine as well as the mesenteric dependences were measured in 55 dogs. Several external parameters related to body size plus the age, weight, sex and breed were recorded. Potential restriction of the progress of the enteroscope due to narrow intestinal diameter is expected in the jejunum of mid- and small size dogs.

Gastrojejunal anastomosis stricture after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Our experience with 62 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Gastrojejunal stricture (GYS), not only is a common complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGBP), but its frequency is about 15% according to bibliography. Our aim is to present our experience after 62 LGBP. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From January 2004 to September-2006, we performed 62 consecutive laparoscopic gastric bypass (Wittgrove's technique). The gastrojejunal anastomosis is performed with auto suture material type CEAA No 21 termino-lateral (ILS, Ethicon). In 4 cases (6.45%) was converted to laparotomy, perform the anastomosis in the same way. Monitoring has a range of 3-35 months, conducted in 61 patients because one patient died of pulmonary thromboembolism in the immediate postoperative period after reoperation, after two weeks of gastric bypass, by necrosis of a small fragment of the remnant gastric. In all patients with persistent feeding intolerance were performed barium transit and/or gastroscopy. When gastrojejunal stricture showed proceeded to endoscopic pneumatic dilation (recommending dilate the anastomosis to a maximum 1.5 cm). RESULTS: Five cases (8.1%) developed a gastrojejunal stricture, in 4 of these cases the initial diagnosis was made by barium transit and in 1 case by endoscopy. Two patients had a history of digestive bleeding that required endoscopic sclerosis of the bleeding lesion (circumferentially sclerosis within 48 hours of surgery and sclerosis of bleeding points). All cases were resolved by endoscopic dilatation. At follow-up has not been detected re-stricture. CONCLUSION: Clinically, gastrojejunal stricture results in a progressive oral intolerance, revealing stenosis between 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The situations of sclerosis of the bleeding lesions favor, especially in cases of extensive sclerosis. In cases of suspected barium transit offers us a high diagnostic yield. Endoscopic dilatation resolved, so far, all cases.

Estenosis de la anastomosis gastroyeyunal en el bypass gástrico laparoscópico. Nuestra experiencia con 62 pacientes / Gastrojejunal anastomosis stricture after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Our experience with 62 patients

Objetivo: la estenosis de la anastomosis gastroyeyunal representauna complicación nada desdeñable en la cirugía bariátricapor laparoscopia, llegándose, en algunas series, a alcanzar el15%. Presentamos nuestra casuística en una serie de 62 casosconsecutivos y el manejo realizado.Pacientes y método: desde enero-2004 a septiembre-2006hemos realizado de manera consecutiva 62 bypass gástricos porlaparoscopia según técnica de Wittgrove modificada. La anastomosisgastroyeyunal se realiza con material de autosutura tipoCEAA nº 21 término-lateral (ILS; Ethicon) y después de comprobarla estanqueidad anastomótica se dan dos puntos de válvulatipo Hoffmeister a cada lado de la anastomosis. En 4 casos(6,45%) se reconvirtió a laparotomía, realizándose la anastomosisde la misma manera. El seguimiento tiene un rango de 3-35 meses,realizado en 61 enfermos, pues un paciente falleció por tromboembolismopulmonar en el postoperatorio inmediato tras reintervención,a las dos semanas del bypass gástrico, por necrosis deun pequeño fragmento del remanente gástrico.En todos los pacientes con intolerancia persistente a la alimentaciónse realizó tránsito baritado y/o gastroscopia. Cuando seevidenció estenosis gastroyeyunal se procedió a dilatación neumáticaendoscópica (recomendando dilatar la anastomosis hastacomo máximo 1,5 cm).Resultados: en 5 casos (8,1%) se desarrolló una estenosisgastroyeyunal, en 4 de estos casos el diagnóstico inicial fue portránsito baritado y en 1 caso por endoscopia. Dos pacientes teníanantecedentes de HDA que precisaron esclerosis endoscópicade la lesión sangrante (esclerosis circunferencial a las 48 horas dela cirugía y esclerosis de puntos sangrantes). Todos los casos seresolvieron mediante dilatación endoscópica, precisando en doscasos dos sesiones de dilatación y el resto una. En el seguimientono se han detectado re-estenosis...(AU)

Objective: gastrojejunal stricture (GYS), not only is a commoncomplication after laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGBP), butits frequency is about 15% according to bibliography. Our aim isto present our experience after 62 LGBP.Patients and method: from January 2004 to September-2006, we performed 62 consecutive laparoscopic gastric bypass(Wittgrove´s technique). The gastrojejunal anastomosis is performedwith auto suture material type CEAA No 21 termino-lateral(ILS, Ethicon). In 4 cases (6.45%) was converted to laparotomy,perform the anastomosis in the same way. Monitoring has arange of 3-35 months, conducted in 61 patients because one patientdied of pulmonary thromboembolism in the immediate postoperativeperiod after reoperation, after two weeks of gastric bypass,by necrosis of a small fragment of the remnant gastric. In allpatients with persistent feeding intolerance were performed bariumtransit and/or gastroscopy. When gastrojejunal strictureshowed proceeded to endoscopic pneumatic dilation (recommendingdilate the anastomosis to a maximum 1.5 cm).Results: five cases (8.1%) developed a gastrojejunal stricture,in 4 of these cases the initial diagnosis was made by barium transitand in 1 case by endoscopy. Two patients had a history of digestivebleeding that required endoscopic sclerosis of the bleeding lesion(circumferentially sclerosis within 48 hours of surgery andsclerosis of bleeding points). All cases were resolved by endoscopicdilatation. At follow-up has not been detected re-stricture.Conclusion: Clinically, gastrojejunal stricture results in a progressiveoral intolerance, revealing stenosis between 1 and 3months postoperatively. The situations of sclerosis of the bleedinglesions favor, especially in cases of extensive sclerosis. In cases ofsuspected barium transit offers us a high diagnostic yield. Endoscopicdilatation resolved, so far, all cases(AU)

Transesophageal access to the cardiac cavities and descending thoracic aorta via echoendoscopy. An experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: The applications of endoscopic ultrasonography have diversified over recent years. The possibility of reaching cardiac territory has been successfully explored in experimental models, opening up a new field of possibilities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that were unthinkable until very recently. The aims set out in this study are to evaluate cardiac anatomy, its approach, the safety of the experimental procedure and the resulting morphological and histological changes after the procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study has been performed on two adult pigs. They have undergone different surgical approaches to the cardiac cavities and descending thoracic aorta with excellent results. RESULTS: Different cardiac structures have been identified and operated upon (right auricle, left auricle, left ventricle, cardiac valves), as well as major vessels. The use of contrast, both intracavitary and from a peripheral vein, enabled us to verify the anatomical spaces studied. During the procedures we monitored for arrhythmias, hemodynamic behavior, possibility of infection by obtaining sample hemocultures before and after procedures, and response to punctures. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has enabled us to evaluate access to the heart from the esophageal lumen using endoscopic ultrasonography, with results that are very similar to those described in the current bibliography. However, we offer two novelties: puncture of the right auricle through the interauricular partition and puncture of the descending thoracic aorta, both performed with ease and apparent safety.

Acceso transesofágico a cavidades cardiacas y aorta torácica descendente mediante ecoendoscopia. Estudio experimental / Transesophageal access to the cardiac cavities and descending thoracic aorta via echoendoscopy. An experimental study

Objetivo: las aplicaciones de la ultrasonografía endoscópicase han diversificado en los últimos tiempos. La posibilidad de accederal territorio cardiaco se ha explorado en modelos experimentalescon buenos resultados, abriendo un campo de nuevasposibilidades de intervencionismo diagnóstico y terapéutico hastahace poco impensables. Los objetivos planteados en este trabajopretenden evaluar la anatomía cardiaca, su abordaje, la seguridaddel procedimiento experimental y los cambios morfológicos e histológicosderivados.Material y métodos: se ha trabajado con dos animales adultosde la especie porcina a los que se han practicado diversosabordajes a cavidades cardiacas y aorta torácica descendente conexcelentes resultados.Resultados: se han identificado y abordado diversas estructurascardiacas (aurícula derecha, aurícula izquierda, ventrículo izquierdo,válvulas cardiacas) y grandes vasos. El uso de contrasteintracavitario y desde una vía venosa periférica ha permitido asegurarlos espacios anatómicos estudiados. Durante los procedimientosse ha monitorizado la aparición de arritmias, el comportamientohemodinámico, la posibilidad de infección mediante laobtención de hemocultivos antes y después de aquellos y la respuestaa las punciones.Conclusiones: el presente trabajo nos ha permitido evaluar elacceso al corazón desde la luz esofágica mediante ultrasonografíaendoscópica, con unos resultados muy similares a los observadosen la literatura, ofreciendo dos novedades como la punción de laaurícula derecha a través del tabique interauricular y de la aorta torácicadescendente, de forma fácil y aparentemente segura(AU)

Objective: the applications of endoscopic ultrasonographyhave diversified over recent years. The possibility of reachingcardiac territory has been successfully explored in experimentalmodels, opening up a new field of possibilities for diagnostic andtherapeutic interventions that were unthinkable until very recently.The aims set out in this study are to evaluate cardiacanatomy, its approach, the safety of the experimental procedureand the resulting morphological and histological changes afterthe procedure.Material and methods: the study has been performed ontwo adult pigs. They have undergone different surgical approachesto the cardiac cavities and descending thoracic aorta with excellentresults.Results: different cardiac structures have been identified andoperated upon (right auricle, left auricle, left ventricle, cardiacvalves), as well as major vessels. The use of contrast, both intracavitaryand from a peripheral vein, enabled us to verify theanatomical spaces studied. During the procedures we monitoredfor arrhythmias, hemodynamic behavior, possibility of infection byobtaining sample hemocultures before and after procedures, andresponse to punctures.Conclusions: the present study has enabled us to evaluate accessto the heart from the esophageal lumen using endoscopic ultrasonography,with results that are very similar to those describedin the current bibliography. However, we offer two novelties:puncture of the right auricle through the interauricular partitionand puncture of the descending thoracic aorta, both performedwith ease and apparent safety(AU)

Colonoscopy quality assessment.

AIM: Colonoscopy has become accepted as the most effective method for colon exploration. Some application problems have been detected in the setting of normal clinical care due to its wide range of uses in recent years, and therefore there is a need to measure colonoscopy quality. For that purpose valid quality indicators are necessary to be defined. The application process of some quality indicators is presented in this study. The proposed indicators in this study are: quality of bowel preparation, cecal intubation rate, withdrawal time, adenoma detection rate, and adenoma removal rate. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a prospective 12-month study where colonoscopies performed in the VI health area of Murcia Region were evaluated. From February 2006 to February 2007 a total of 609 subjects were eligible for colonoscopy after a positive fecal blood test in the setting of a colorectal cancer screening program. A sample of thirty patients (n: 30) was considered representative to assess the reliability of quality indicators and for a preliminary analysis of results. RESULTS: Indicators results are: quality of bowel preparation (87%), kappa 0.74 (95% CI: 0.48-0.99); cecal intubation rate (90%) 0.74 (95% CI: 0.49-0.99); adenoma detection and removal rate (96%), kappa: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.53-0.99); withdrawal time: 13.36 min (95% CI: 10.48-16.11). Kappa: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.49-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Quality indicators definition and application in colonoscopy performance is possible. More studies are necessary to define the role of these indicators in the setting of clinical practice.

Valoración de la calidad en la práctica de la colonoscopia / Colonoscopy quality assessment

Objetivo: la colonoscopia constituye la técnica exploratoria del colon más importante en la actualidad. Su uso, cada vez más frecuente conlleva la aparición de problemas en su aplicación. Es necesario medir la calidad en la realización de esta técnica, para ello es preciso definir indicadores válidos que permitan la realización de ciclos de evaluación de la calidad. En este estudio se presenta la aplicación de algunos de estos indicadores. Los indicadores propuestos en este estudio son: nivel de limpieza, intubación cecal, indicador de pólipos y tiempo de retirada. Pacientes y método: estudio prospectivo de 12 meses de las colonoscopias realizadas en un programa de cribado de cáncer colorrectal en el área de salud VI de la Región de Murcia. En este estudio se incluyen todos los pacientes con resultado positivo al test de sangre oculta en heces (SOH) desde febrero de 2006 a febrero de 2007 (n: 609). Se extrae una muestra de 30 pacientes para evaluar la fiabilidad de los indicadores y realizar un análisis preliminar de los resultados. Resultados: los resultados preliminares obtenidos de cumplimiento para cada indicador fueron los siguientes: indicador de nivel de limpieza (87%). Índice de kappa 0,74 (IC del 95%: 0,48-0,99); intubación cecal (90%) 0,74 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,99); indicador de pólipos (96%), índice de kappa de 0,78 (IC del 95%: 0,53-0,99); tiempo de retirada: 13,36 min (IC del 95%: 10,48-16,11). Índice kappa de 0,78 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,99). Conclusiones: la definición y aplicación de indicadores de calidad en la práctica de la colonoscopia es posible. Se precisan más estudios para definir el papel de estos indicadores en la práctica asistencial(AU)

Aim: colonoscopy has become accepted as the most effective method for colon exploration. Some application problems have been detected in the setting of normal clinical care due to its wide range of uses in recent years, and therefore there is a need to measure colonoscopy quality. For that purpose valid quality indicators are necessary to be defined. The application process of some quality indicators is presented in this study. The proposed indicators in this study are: quality of bowel preparation, cecal intubation rate, withdrawal time, adenoma detection rate, and adenoma removal rate. Material and method: this is a prospective 12-month study where colonoscopies performed in the VI health area of Murcia Region were evaluated. From February 2006 to February 2007 a total of 609 subjects were eligible for colonoscopy after a positive fecal blood test in the setting of a colorectal cancer screening program. A sample of thirty patients (n: 30) was considered representative to assess the reliability of quality indicators and for a preliminary analysis of results. Results: indicators results are: quality of bowel preparation (87%), kappa 0.74 (95% CI: 0.48-0.99); cecal intubation rate (90%) 0.74 (95% CI: 0.49-0.99); adenoma detection and removal rate (96%), kappa: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.53-0.99); withdrawal time: 13.36 min (95% CI: 10.48-16.11). Kappa: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.49-0.99). Conclusions: quality indicators definition and application in colonoscopy performance is possible. More studies are necessary to define the role of these indicators in the setting of clinical practice(AU)

Abordaje endoscópico en cirugía bariátrica. Papel de la enteroscopia de doble balón / No disponible

No disponible

Hepatotoxicidad asociada a sertralina / No disponible

No disponible

Enteroscopia de doble balón / No disponible

No disponible