Traducción y validación de la versión en español de la escala EAT-10 (Eating Assessment Tool-10) para el despistaje de la disfagia / Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the EAT-10 (Eating Assessment Tool-10) for the screening of dysphagia

Introducción: El Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) es un instrumento analógico verbal, unidimensional y autoadministrado, para el despistaje de la disfagia. Objetivos: Traducir y adaptar al español la escala EAT-10, y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas, fiabilidad y validez. Métodos: Tras la traducción, traducción inversa y aprobación por los investigadores de la versión española de la escala (EAT-10 ES), se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de disfagia (DD), pacientes no diagnosticados con riesgo de disfagia (RD) y pacientes sin riesgo de disfagia (SRD), procedentes de tres escenarios clínicos: una unidad de soporte nutricional hospitalaria (USN), una residencia geriátrica (RG) y un centro de atención primaria (CAP), que respondieron a la EAT-10 ES durante una única visita. Pacientes e investigadores respondieron a un cuestionario de comprensión del instrumento. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 65 pacientes (75±9,1 años de edad; 52,3% mujeres). El tiempo medio de administración fue de 3,8 ± 1,7 minutos. El 95,4% de los pacientes consideró comprensibles todos los ítems de la escala y el 72,3% consideró fácil la asignación de puntuaciones. El coeficiente de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach fue 0,87. La correlación entre las puntuaciones de cada ítem y el total de la escala fue elevada (p < 0,001). Las puntuaciones EAT-10 ES medias fueron 15 ± 8,9 (D), 6,7 ± 7,7 (RD) y 2 ± 3,1 (SRD), y significativamente más altas en pacientes varones, pacientes con diagnostico previo de disfagia y procedentes de la USN (p < 0,001). Conclusión: La escala EAT-10 ES ha probado su fiabilidad, validez y consistencia interna. Es un instrumento fácil de comprender y rápido de completar, por lo que se considera útil para el despistaje de la disfagia en la práctica clínica (AU)

Rationale: The Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) is a self-administered, analogical, direct-scoring screening tool for dysphagia. Objective: To translate and adapt the EAT-10 into Spanish, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: After the translation and back-translation process of the EAT-10 ES, a prospective study was performed in adult patients with preserved cognitive and functional abilities. Patients in 3 clinical situations, diagnosed with dysphagia (DD), patients at risk of dysphagia (RD), and patients not at risk of dysphagia (SRD) were recruited from 3 settings: a hospital Nutritional Support Unit (USN), a nursing home (RG) and primary care centre (CAP). Patients completed the EAT-10 ES during a single visit. Both patients and researchers completed a specific questionnaire regarding EAT-10 ES' comprehension. Results: 65 patients were included (age 75 ± 9.1 y), 52.3% women. Mean time of administration was 3.8 ± 1.7 minutes. 95.4% of patients considered that all tool items were comprehensible and 72.3% found it easy to assign scores. EAT-10 ES' internal consistency, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.87. A high correlation was observed between all tool items and global scores (p < 0.001). Mean score for patients in group DD was 15 ± 8.9 points, 6.7 ± 7.7 points in group RD, and 2 ± 3.1 points in group SRD. Male patients, previously diagnosed of dysphagia or patients from the NSU showed significantly higher scores on the EAT-10 ES (p < 0.001). Conclusion: EAT-10 ES has proven to be reliable, valid and to have internal consistency. Is it an easy-to-understand tool that can be completed quickly, making it useful for the screening of dysphagia in routine clinical practice (AU)

[Analysis of the relevance and feasibility of quality indicators in nutrition support]. / Análisis de la relevancia y factibilidad de indicadores de calidad en las unidades de nutrición.

INTRODUCTION: The quality assessment in health activities requires the choice of indicators in line with the results we want to measure. Of all possible, we should prioritize those that allow us to obtain the most relevant information without overloading the regular work of our units. OBJECTIVE: To determine the opinion of the members of SENPE regarding the relevance and feasibility of using a selection of quality indicators designed for use in clinical nutrition. METHODS: E-mail survey sent to members of SENPE asking them their views on 12 quality indicators, evaluating each in terms of their relevance and feasibility of implementation in their environment. RESULTS: 40 respondents answered from 40 centers in 12 different regions. In general, the indicators were considered more relevant than feasible. The indicators best rated were: "identification in artificial nutrition bags, "semi-recumbent position in patient with nasogastric tube feeding" and "basic clinical protocols". Considering the type of indicator: "patient identification in the bags of artificial nutrition (structure)," a semi-incorporated "and" basic clinical protocols (process), and "fulfillment of the caloric goal" (result). CONCLUSION: The results of the survey can make a selection of indicators that could be considered for first-line introduction in a Nutrition Unit.

[Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the EAT-10 (Eating Assessment Tool-10) for the screening of dysphagia]. / Traducción y validación de la versión en español de la escala EAT-10 (Eating Assessment Tool-10) para el despistaje de la disfagia.

RATIONALE: The Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) is a self-administered, analogical, direct-scoring screening tool for dysphagia. OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt the EAT-10 into Spanish, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: After the translation and back-translation process of the EAT-10 ES, a prospective study was performed in adult patients with preserved cognitive and functional abilities. Patients in 3 clinical situations, diagnosed with dysphagia (DD), patients at risk of dysphagia (RD), and patients not at risk of dysphagia (SRD) were recruited from 3 settings: a hospital Nutritional Support Unit (USN), a nursing home (RG) and primary care centre (CAP). Patients completed the EAT-10 ES during a single visit. Both patients and researchers completed a specific questionnaire regarding EAT-10 ES' comprehension. RESULTS: 65 patients were included (age 75 ± 9.1 y), 52.3% women. Mean time of administration was 3.8 ± 1.7 minutes. 95.4% of patients considered that all tool items were comprehensible and 72.3% found it easy to assign scores. EAT-10 ES' internal consistency, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.87. A high correlation was observed between all tool items and global scores (p < 0.001). Mean score for patients in group DD was 15 ± 8.9 points, 6.7 ± 7.7 points in group RD, and 2 ± 3.1 points in group SRD. Male patients, previously diagnosed of dysphagia or patients from the NSU showed significantly higher scores on the EAT-10 ES (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: EAT-10 ES has proven to be reliable, valid and to have internal consistency. Is it an easy-to-understand tool that can be completed quickly, making it useful for the screening of dysphagia in routine clinical practice.

[Education on nutrition: from the university to specialized care]. / Formación en Nutrición: de la universidad a la especialidad.

The 7th Abbott-SENPE Forum is structured facing the new regulations of the European Space of High Education regarding the studies on Nutrition in the different degrees (Medicine, Pharmacology, Nutrition, Nursing) and post-doctoral education. A multi-professional and multidisciplinary discussion on the current situation of university education on nutrition, and its capabilities and limitations, is carried out. The value of the role of continuous medical education, the inhouse training programme, masters, and of scientific societies is also assessed. It is concluded that there is a need to urge academic authorities, the National Commission of Medical Specialties, the persons in charge of continuous medical education, and scientific societies of the importance of the studies relating to nutrition, feeding, and dietetics at both pre-graduate and post-graduate educational levels, and to implement and develop these studies in their areas of influence.

Formación en Nutrición: de la universidad a la especialidad / Education on Nutrition: Drom the university to specialized care

De cara a las nuevas normas del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior en su relación con los estudios de nutrición tanto en los diferentes grados (medicina, farmacia, nutrición, enfermería) como en el postgrado, se estructura el VIIo FORO Abbott-SENPE. Se efectúa una reflexión multiprofesional y multidisciplinar sobre la actual situación de la formación universitaria en nutrición, sus posibilidades y límites. También se valora el papel de la formación continuada, del sistema de residencia, de los másteres y de las sociedades científicas. Se concluye en instar a las autoridades académicas, a la Comisión Nacional de Especialidades, a los responsables de formación continuada y a las sociedades científicas a reflexionar sobre la importancia de los estudios relacionados con la nutrición, alimentación y dietética tanto en el pregrado como en el postgrado y a implementarlos y desarrollarlos en sus áreas de influencia (AU)

The 7th Abbott-SENPE Forum is structured facing the new regulations of the European Space of High Education regarding the studies on Nutrition in the different degrees (Medicine, Pharmacology, Nutrition, Nursing) and post-doctoral education. A multi-professional and multidisciplinary discussion on the current situation of university education on nutrition, and its capabilities and limitations, is carried out. The value of the role of continuous medical education, the inhouse training programme, masters, and of scientific societies is also assessed. It is concluded that there is a need to urge academic authorities, the National Commission of Medical Specialties, the persons in charge of continuous medical education, and scientific societies of the importance of the studies relating to nutrition, feeding, and dietetics at both pre-graduate and post-graduate educational levels, and to implement and develop these studies in their areas of influence (AU)

[Assessment of a malnutrition screening tool in cancer patients]. / Utilidad de un método de cribado de malnutrición en pacientes con cáncer.

UNLABELLED: 40-80% of cancer patients suffer from diverse degrees of malnutrition, depending on tumor subtype, location and staging and treatment strategy. Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Both the high prevalence and prognostic significance of malnutrition imply the need for accurate malnutrition screening in cancer patients, which could select those patients at risk of nutritional derangements who would benefit from nutritional therapy. Patient-generated subjective global screening (VSG-GP) remains the reference malnutrition screening method, but its complexity and training requirements prevent wider applicability by oncologists. Thus, easier, more clinic-based malnutrition screening tools are required for cancer patients. In this article we propose a basic screening tool based on three items: weight loss, changes in physical activity and decrease in food intake. Two affirmative responses out of the three questions is considered as a positive response, and would prompt expert nutritional assessment. RESULTS: Our screening interview showed positive correlation with VSG-GP (ROC 0.85, p<0.001) and allowed for a rapid and accurate identification of patients with cancer-related malnutrition.

Utilidad de un método de cribado de malnutrición en pacientes con cáncer / Assessment of a malnutrition screening tool in cancer patients

La desnutrición es muy frecuente en los pacientes oncológicos y está presente en el 40-80% de los casos dependiendo del tipo de tumor, localización y estadio tumoral. La malnutrición se asocia a un aumento en el número y gravedad de las complicaciones, lo que conlleva una mayor morbimortalidad en estos pacientes. Por ello es prioritario realizar una adecuada valoración del estado nutricional para diagnosticar los casos de malnutrición y establecer un tratamiento correcto y, además detectar aquellos pacientes con un mayor riesgo de padecerla, con el fin de iniciar un tratamiento nutricional preventivo. La valoración global subjetiva generada por el paciente (VSG-GP) es una herramienta muy útil pero que no es aplicada por los oncólogos en las consultas porque es compleja y precisa de mayor entrenamiento para su realización. Se propone un método de cribado más sencillo basado en 3 cuestiones: pérdida de peso, cambio en la actividad física y en la ingesta y se compara dicho método con el de referencia que es la VSG- GP. El método de cribado permite determinar la presencia de desnutrición si hay un mínimo de 2 respuestas afirmativas. Posteriormente se debe realizar una VSG-GP para catalogar el grado de desnutrición existente y en función de ello el experto en nutrición planificar un abordaje nutricional adecuado. RESULTADOS: nuestro método de cribaje mostró una correlación positiva con la VSG-GP (ROC 0.85, p<0.001) y permitió una identificación rápida y precisa de los pacientes oncológicos con desnutrición (AU)

40-80% of cancer patients suffer from diverse degrees of malnutrition, depending on tumor subtype, location and staging and treatment strategy. Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Both the high prevalence and prognostic significance of malnutrition imply the need for accurate malnutrition screening in cancer patients, which could select those patients at risk of nutritional derangements who would benefit from nutritional therapy. Patient-generated subjective global screening (VSG-GP) remains the reference malnutrition screening method, but its complexity and training requirements prevent wider applicability by oncologists. Thus, easier, more clinic-based malnutrition screening tools are required for cancer patients. In this article we propose a basic screening tool based on three items: weight loss, changes in physical activity and decrease in food intake. Two affirmative responses out of the three questions is considered as a positive response, and would prompt expert nutritional assessment. RESULTS: Our screening interview showed positive correlation with VSG-GP (ROC 0.85, p<0.001) and allowed for a rapid and accurate identification of patients with cancer-related malnutrition (AU)

[Karnosfsky index as a mortality predicting factor in patients on home-based enteral nutrition]. / El índice de Karnofsky como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con nutrición enteral domiciliaria.

UNLABELLED: Karnofsky Index (KI) is a widely used functional scale developed for oncology patients. It has proved useful as outcome predictor with cancer and geriatric patients. Theoretically, KI could be used to predict mortality in patients with home enteral nutrition (HEN). STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine baseline KI and its 6-month evolution in HEN patients, and to assess its relation with the mortality rate. METHODOLOGY: Observational and prospective study carried out during 2002 and 2003 with tube feeding neurologic and cancer patients followed during 10 months since their HEN programme inclusion. RESULTS: 201 patients were included, 131 (65.2%) with neurological diseases and 70 (34.8%) with neoplasm. There were not significant differences between groups in age, days with HEN and mortality rate at the end of the study period (35.1% in neurologic patients and 40% in cancer ones). 27.1% of cancer patients had resumed full oral nutrition after ten months from the beginning of the study, whereas only 10.7% of neurologic patients did (p < 0.05). In the three measurement phases (initial, past-3 and past-6 months) KI values were higher for cancer patients than for neurologic ones (p < 0.001). In both groups we didn't found statistically significant differences in KI along the three measurements. A significant relation was observed overall between initial KI values and average survival after 10 months (p < 0.001), and an inverse relation was found between the former and mortality rate (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: KI is a useful tool to predict mortality rate in cancer and neurologic patients under HEN.

Guía para la elaboración de fórmulas infantiles en polvo en el medio hospitalario. Sistema de análisis de peligros y puntos de control crítico / Powdered infant formulae preparation guide for hospitals based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles

Esta guía para la elaboración de fórmulas infantiles en polvo es el resultado del trabajo conjunto de varios servicios hospitalarios; adapta la reglamentación nacional y europea vigente, así como las recomendaciones de sociedades científicas y reuniones de expertos internacionales. Está basada en el sistema de evaluación de peligros y puntos de control críticos propuesto por el Codex Alimentarius y pone énfasis en las medidas de comprobación, en los controles microbiológicos del proceso y especifica las medidas correctoras en caso de que no se cumplan los límites propuestos. Es una guía dinámica que cuenta con procedimientos de evaluación que le permiten una adaptación constante (AU)

This guide for the preparation of powdered infant formulae in hospital environments is a collaborative work between several hospital services and is based on national and European regulations, international experts meetings and the recommendations of scientific societies. This guide also uses the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point principles proposed by Codex Alimentarius and emphasises effective verifying measures, microbiological controls of the process and the corrective actions when monitoring indicates that a critical control point is not under control. It is a dynamic guide and specifies the evaluation procedures that allow it to be constantly adapte (AU)

[Powdered infant formulae preparation guide for hospitals based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles]. / Guía para la elaboración de fórmulas infantiles en polvo en el medio hospitalario. Sistema de análisis de peligros y puntos de control crítico.

This guide for the preparation of powdered infant formulae in hospital environments is a collaborative work between several hospital services and is based on national and European regulations, international experts meetings and the recommendations of scientific societies. This guide also uses the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point principles proposed by Codex Alimentarius and emphasises effective verifying measures, microbiological controls of the process and the corrective actions when monitoring indicates that a critical control point is not under control. It is a dynamic guide and specifies the evaluation procedures that allow it to be constantly adapted.

El índice de Karnofsky como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con nutrición enteral domiciliaria / Karnosfsky index as a mortality predicting factor in patients on home-based enteral nutrition

El índice de Karnofsky (IK) es una escala funcional desarrollada en oncología y ampliamente utilizada, que ha mostrado ser útil para predecir la evolución en pacientes oncológicos y geriátricos. Teóricamente, como herramienta de valoración funcional podría predecir la mortalidad en pacientes con nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED). Objetivos del estudio: Conocer el IK inicial y su evolución a 6 meses en pacientes en régimen de NED y estudiar la relación entre la tasa de mortalidad de los mismos con dicho índice. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y prospectivo realizado durante 2002 y 2003 con pacientes neurológicos y oncológicos con nutrición enteral por sonda seguidos durante 10 meses desde su inclusión en el programa de NED. Resultados: Se estudiaron 201 pacientes, 131 (65,2%) neurológicos y 70 (34,8%) oncológicos, sin existir entre ambos grupos diferencias significativas en la edad, días con NE y mortalidad al final del periodo de estudio (35,1% en pacientes neurológicos y 40% en oncológicos). A los 10 meses un mayor porcentaje de pacientes oncológicos había recuperado la capacidad de ingesta oral (27,1% frente a 10,7% en los neurológicos, p < 0,05). Los valores del IK fueron mayores en los pacientes oncológicos que en los neurológicos en las tres determinaciones (inicial, a los 3 y a los 6 meses, p < 0,001). Dicho índice no se modificó significativamente en ninguno de los dos grupos durante su evolución. Analizando el conjunto de los pacientes se observó una relación significativa entre los valores iniciales del IK y la media de supervivencia a los 10 meses (p < 0,001), y una relación inversa entre los valores iniciales del índice y el porcentaje de mortalidad (p < 0,001). Conclusión: El IK es una herramienta útil para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes oncológicos y neurológicos en programa de NED (AU)

Karnofsky Index (KI) is a widely used functional scale developed for oncology patients. It has proved useful as outcome predictor with cancer and geriatric patients. Theoretically, KI could be used to predict mortality in patients with home enteral nutrition (HEN). Study objectives: To determine baseline KI and its 6-month evolution in HEN patients, and to assess its relation with the mortality rate. Methodology: Observational and prospective study carried out during 2002 and 2003 with tube feeding neurologic and cancer patients followed during 10 months since their HEN programme inclusion. Results: 201 patients were included, 131 (65.2%) with neurological diseases and 70 (34.8%) with neoplasm. There were not significant differences between groups in age, days with HEN and mortality rate at the end of the study period (35.1% in neurologic patients and 40% in cancer ones). 27.1% of cancer patients had resumed full oral nutrition after ten months from the beginning of the study, whereas only 10.7% of neurologic patients did (p < 0.05). In the three measurement phases (initial, past-3 and past-6 months) KI values were higher for cancer patients than for neurologic ones (p < 0.001). In both groups we didn't found statistically significant differences in KI along the three measurements. A significant relation was observed overall between initial KI values and average survival after 10 months (p < 0.001), and an inverse relation was found between the former and mortality rate (p < 0.001). Conclusion: KI is a useful tool to predict mortality rate in cancer and neurologic patients under HEN (AU)

[Oral nutritional supplementation in hematologic patients]. / Suplementación oral nutricional en pacientes hematológicos.

RATIONALE: Hematological patients often present anorexia which along with other secondary effects from the chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatments compromise their nutritional status. Oral supplementation can aid to fulfill the energy and protein requirements of these patients. Nevertheless, the use of commercial nutritional supplements normally available, is limited by its poor intake. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of fulfillment of the prescribed supplements and fulfillment of energy requirements, as well as the development of nutritional status in hematological patients hospitalized for treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. METHODS: Prospective, randomized and open study of inpatients at the hematological ward. Patients were randomized sequentially and they were assigned into 3 different nutritional interventions providing: Group 1 (G1), a flavored supplement; Group 2 (G2): a non flavored (neutral) supplement and Group 3 (G3): "kitchen" foods as supplements. Need and amount of nutritional supplements were provided according to the oral intake previously analyzed. Nutritional assessment (at admission and discharge) was based in the Subjective Global Assessment test (SGA), Risk Nutritional Index (RNI) and percentage of lost weight. Both fulfillment of supplement intake and achievement of energetic requirements were analyzed. RESULTS: 125 patients of 51.3 +/- 16.8 years; 45% men and 55% women. DIAGNOSIS: 54% lymphoma, 33% leukemia, 8% myeloma and others 4%. Length of stay (LOS): 7.0 +/- 3.6 d. The nutritional assessment done by SGA showed significant negative changes in G2 and G3 (G1: 30% developed malnutrition and 28% improved their nutritional status, p = NS; G2: 50% developed malnutrition against 7% whom improved their nutritional status, p = 0.002; y G3: 37% developed malnutrition against 21% whom improved their nutritional status, p = 0.02). According to RNI, patients evolved negatively from their nutritional state but no significant differences were found within groups (G1, from 81% of malnutrition to 90%; G2, from 77% to 91%, and G3 from 71% to 85%). Globally, during hospitalization patients lost weight significantly (2.3 +/- 2.2 kg, p < 0.001), but within groups weight loss differences were not significant (G1, 1.16 kg; G2, 1.75 kg, y G3, 1.17 kg). All three groups required intake of supplements (G1, 47%; G2, 30%, and G3, 47%). The percentage of fulfillment of oral intake was similar in both commercial supplemented groups (G1, 47% and G2, 58%) although it was significantly greater in those receiving kitchen supplements (G3, 100%, p < 0.001). The fulfillment of energy requirements at admission and discharge did not showed significant changes (G1, from 53% to 46%; G2, from 67% to 52% and G3 from 49% to 55%). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that hematological patients admitted to hospital for treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy loose weight during their hospitalization and present intakes below their energy requirements so they need supplementation. Kitchen supplements are better accepted than commercial ones although that does not result in an increased total energy intake. The group which received commercial flavored supplements was the only one which did not showed negative significant changes in the nutritional status evaluated by SGA.

[Immediate complications of feeding percutaneous gastrostomy: a 10-year experience]. / Complicaciones inmediatas de la gastrostomía percutánea de alimentación: 10 años de experiencia.

Percutaneous gastrostomy feeding tube (PG) may be beneficial in some patients, in others such as advanced dementia or rapidly progressive diseases its value is being questioned. Patient selection is important to identify those who will benefit from PG. This study aims to identify patients factors that may help in patient selection for PG. To analyse the characteristics of this patient's cohort and to describe the immediate complications of the procedure that we have defined as the ones happened in the first 30 days. To compare the two patient's group -with and without- immediate complications, non-parametric tests were used.

[Nutritional support in the home-based hospitalization setting]. / El soporte nutricional en el ámbito de la hospitalización a domicilio.

UNLABELLED: The Hospital at Home (HAD) is a choice of care that enables own care in a hospital at home patient. Moreover, the nutritional support (NS) -enteral or parenteral nutrition- is usually indicated in patients with serious underlying disease, and/or frequently remain severely disabled. AIMS: To analyze the characteristics of the patients, attended at home for specific questions of the NS that receive. MATERIAL AND METHODS: descriptive and retrospective study of the patients attended by the Nutritional Support Unit (NSU), in the area of the HAD, from September 1, 2006 until August 31, 2007. RESULTS: At home, the realized procedure was: refill of gastrostomia or jejunostomia feeding tube in 158 cases; modification of the guideline of enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) in 53 cases; training of the skill of artificial nutrition in 14 cases. 39 visits were realized by complications -by infection or lead throught the estoma and by obstruction of the feeding tube-. Only in 3 patients (7.7%) the domiciliary assistance indicated the movement of the patient to the Emergency Unit. CONCLUSION: In our center, the infrastructure of the HAD has allowed to give answer to the needs of the patients who receive NS at home in our area of influence.

Suplementación oral nutricional en pacientes hemotológicos / Oral Nutritional supplementation in hematologic patients

Introducción: Los pacientes afectos de neoplasias hematológicas presentan con frecuencia anorexia que sumada a los efectos secundarios del tratamiento con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia comprometen su estado nutricional. La suplementación oral puede ayudar a cumplir los requerimientos energético-proteicos de estos pacientes. No obstante, el uso de los suplementos nutritivos comerciales habitualmente disponibles está limitado por su pobre aceptación. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de cumplimiento de la prescripción de suplementos y de los requerimientos energéticos así como de la evolución del estado nutricional en pacientes hematológicos hospitalizados para tratamiento con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo, aleatorio y abierto de pacientes ingresados en la planta de hematología. De forma secuencial los pacientes se asignaron a 3 tipos de intervención nutricional: Grupo 1 (G1), suplemento comercial oral con sabores; Grupo 2 (G2), suplemento comercial oral de sabor neutro, y Grupo 3 (G3), suplemento de cocina. Necesidad y cantidad de suplementos nutricionales pautados en función de la ingesta calórica calculada. Valoración nutricional (al ingreso y al alta) mediante Valoración Global Subjetiva (VGS), Índice de Riesgo Nutricional (IRN) y % de pérdida de peso (%PP). Se analizaron tanto el cumplimiento de la ingesta de suplementos como el cumplimiento de los requerimientos energéticos. Resultados: Se analizaron 125 pacientes de 51,3 ± 16,8 años (45% hombres y 55% mujeres). Diagnósticos: 54% linfoma; 33% leucemia; 8% mieloma y 4% otros. Estancia hospitalaria: 7,0 ± 3,6 días. La valoración nutricional mostró cambios significativos negativos en los pacientes de los grupos G2 y G3 con respecto a la VGS (G1: 30% desarrollaron malnutrición y 28% mejoraron su estado nutricional, p = NS; G2: 50% desarrollaron malnutrición frente al 7% que mejoraron su estado de nutrición, p = 0,002; y G3: 37% desarrollaron malnutrición versus el 21% que mejoró su estado de nutrición, p = 0,02). Según el IRN, los pacientes evolucionaron negativamente de su estado de nutrición, sin que las diferencias fueran significativas (G1, del 81% de malnutrición al 90%; G2, del 77% al 91%, y G3 del 71% al 85%). Globalmente, durante la hospitalización los pacientes perdieron peso de manera significativa (2,3 ± 2,2 kg, p < 0,001), sin que fueran significativas las pérdidas de cada grupo (G1, 1,16 kg; G2, 1,75 kg, y G3, 1,17 kg). Todos los grupos presentaron necesidad de suplementos (G1, 47%; G2, 30%, y G3, 47%). El porcentaje de cumplimiento de la ingesta de suplemento fue similar en los grupos con suplementos comerciales (G1, 47% y G2, 58%) siendo significativamente mayor en los que recibieron suplementos de cocina (G3, 100%, p < 0,001). El cumplimiento de los requerimientos energéticos al ingreso y alta del paciente no mostró cambios significativos (G1, del 53% al 46%; G2, del 67% al 52% y G3 del 49% al 55%). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los pacientes hematológicos ingresados en el hospital por tratamiento con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia pierden peso durante su hospitalización y presentan ingestas inferiores a sus requerimientos energéticos por lo que requieren suplementos. Los suplementos de cocina son mejor aceptados que los suplementos comerciales pero ello no comporta que incrementen las ingestas energéticas totales. El grupo que recibió suplementos comerciales con sabores fue el único que no presentó cambios negativos significativos en el estado de nutrición evaluada por la VGS (AU)

Rationale: Hematological patients often present anorexia which along with other secondary effects from the chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatments compromise their nutritional status. Oral supplementation can aid to fulfill the energy and protein requirements of these patients. Nevertheless, the use of commercial nutritional supplements normally available, is limited by its poor intake. Objective: To evaluate the degree of fulfillment of the prescribed supplements and fulfillment of energy requirements, as well as the development of nutritional status in hematological patients hospitalized for treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Methods: Prospective, randomized and open study of inpatients at the hematological ward. Patients were randomized sequentially and they were assigned into 3 different nutritional interventions providing: Group 1 (G1), a flavored supplement; Group 2 (G2): a non flavored (neutral) supplement and Group 3 (G3): "kitchen" foods as supplements. Need and amount of nutritional supplements were provided according to the oral intake previously analyzed. Nutritional assessment (at admission and discharge) was based in the Subjective Global Assessment test (SGA), Risk Nutritional Index (RNI) and percentage of lost weight. Both fulfillment of supplement intake and achievement of energetic requirements were analyzed. Results: 125 patients of 51.3 ± 16.8 years; 45% men and 55% women. Diagnosis: 54% lymphoma, 33% leukemia, 8% myeloma and others 4%. Length of stay (LOS): 7.0 ± 3.6 d. The nutritional assessment done by SGA showed significant negative changes in G2 and G3 (G1: 30% developed malnutrition and 28% improved their nutritional status, p = NS; G2: 50% developed malnutrition against 7% whom improved their nutritional status, p = 0.002; y G3: 37% developed malnutrition against 21% whom improved their nutritional status, p = 0.02). According to RNI, patients evolved negatively from their nutritional state but no significant differences were found within groups (G1, from 81% of malnutrition to 90%; G2, from 77% to 91%, and G3 from 71% to 85%). Globally, during hospitalization patients lost weight significantly (2.3 ± 2.2 kg, p < 0.001), but within groups weight loss differences were not significant (G1, 1.16 kg; G2, 1.75 kg, y G3, 1.17 kg). All three groups required intake of supplements (G1, 47%; G2, 30%, and G3, 47%). The percentage of fulfillment of oral intake was similar in both commercial supplemented groups (G1, 47% and G2, 58%) although it was significantly greater in those receiving kitchen supplements (G3, 100%, p < 0.001). The fulfillment of energy requirements at admission and discharge did not showed significant changes (G1, from 53% to 46%; G2, from 67% to 52% and G3 from 49% to 55%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that hematological patients admitted to hospital for treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy loose weight during their hospitalization and present intakes below their energy requirements so they need supplementation. Kitchen supplements are better accepted than commercial ones although that does not result in an increased total energy intake. The group which received commercial flavored supplements was the only one which did not showed negative significant changes in the nutritional status evaluated by SGA (AU)

Complicaciones inmediatas de la gastrostomía percutánea de alimentación: 10 años de experiencia / Immediate complications or feeding percutaneous gastrotomy: A 10-year experiencie

El soporte nutricional enteral a través de sonda de gastrostomia percutánea de alimentación (GP) es beneficiosa en ciertos pacientes, en otros, tales como pacientes con demencia avanzada o enfermedades rápidamente progresivas, sin embargo, se cuestiona su papel. La selección de los pacientes es, pués, importante para identificar aquéllos que pueden beneficiarse de la alimentación a través de una soda de GP. En este estudio, se analizan las características de una cohorte de pacientes, en soporte nutricional enteral a través de sonda de GP, y se describen las complicaciones inmediatas de la técnica -definidas como las acontecidas en los 30 primeros dias de la realización del procedimiento-al objeto de identificar los factores de riesgo que ayuden a seleccionar los pacientes candidatos a ser alimentados a través de sonda de GP. Nuestro estudio muestra que la edad superior a 70 años puede predecir la evolución y la supervivencia después de la colocación de una sonda de GP para alimentación. Consecuentemente, este factor obliga a analizar, de manera individual y sistemática, la necesidad o no de colocar la sonda de GP en pacientes mayores de 70 años (AU)

Percutaneous gastrostomy feeding tube (PG) may be beneficial in some patients, in others such as advanced dementia or rapidly progressive diseases its value is being questioned. Patient selection is important to identify those whowill benefit from PG. This study aims to identify patients factors that may help in patient selection for PG. To analyse the characteristics of this patient's cohort and to describe the immediate complications of the procedure that we have defined as the ones happened in the first 30 days. To compare the two patient's group -with and without- immediate complications, non-parametric tests were used (AU)

El soporte nutricional en el ámbito de la hospitalización a domicilio / Nutritional support in the home-based hospitalization setting

La Hospitalización a Domicilio (HAD) es una opción asistencial que posibilita proporcionar cuidados propios de un hospital en el domicilio del paciente. El soporte nutricional (SN) -enteral por sonda o parenteral- suele indicarse en pacientes de edad avanzada y/o severamente discapacitados por lo que la nutrición artificial cobra gran interés en la atención domiciliaria. Objetivos: Analizar las características de los pacientes, atendidos en el domicilio, por cuestiones específicas del SN que reciben. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo de los pacientes atendidos por la Unidad de Soporte Nutricional (SN), en el ámbito de la HAD, desde el 1 de Septiembre del 2006 hasta el 31 de Agosto del 2007. Resultados: En el domicilio del paciente el procedimiento realizado fue: recambio de sonda de ostomia en 158 ocasiones; modificación de la pauta de nutrición enteral (NE) o nutrición parenteral (NP) en 53 casos; adiestramiento de la técnica de nutrición artificial en 14 casos. Se realizaron 39 visitas urgentes por complicaciones -fundamentalmente por infección o incontinencia del estoma y por obstrucción de la sonda-. Sólo en 3 pacientes (7,7%) la asistencia domiciliaria indicó el traslado del paciente al Servicio de Urgencias. Conclusión: En nuestro centro, la infraestructura de la HAD ha permitido dar respuesta a las necesidades de los pacientes que reciben SN domiciliario en nuestra área de influencia (AU)

The Hospital at Home (HAD) is a choice of care that enables own care in a hospital at home patient. Moreover, the nutritional support (NS) -enteral or parenteral nutrition- is usually indicated in patients with serious underlying disease, and/or frequently remain severely disabled. Aims: To analyze the characteristics of the patients, attended at home for specific questions of the NS that receive. Material and methods: descriptive and retrospective study of the patients attended by the Nutritional Support Unit (NSU), in the area of the HAD, from September 1, 2006 until August 31, 2007. Results: At home, the realized procedure was: refill of gastrostomia or jejunostomia feeding tube in 158 cases; modification of the guideline of enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) in 53 cases; training of the skill of artificial nutrition in 14 cases. 39 visits were realized by complications -by infection or lead throught the estoma and by obstruction of the feeding tube-. Only in 3 patients (7.7%) the domiciliary assistance indicated the movement of the patient to the Emergency Unit. Conclusion: In our center, the infrastructure of the HAD has allowed to give answer to the needs of the patients who receive NS at home in our area of influence (AU)

Control y seguimiento de la nutrición artificial domiciliaria en Atención Primaria. Una experiencia de coordinación Hospital-Primaria / No disponible

La nutrición artificial es un tratamiento de indicación hospitalaria que puede administrarse de manera puntual o permanente. Cada vez más, existen situaciones clínicas que permiten que los pacientes a los que se les administra este tratamiento puedan ser atendidos en su domicilio, suponiendo una mayor eficiencia y satisfacción del propio paciente y su familia.No obstante, la atención sanitaria, cuando se realiza en el domicilio del paciente, supone una dificultad para el nivel hospitalario, mientras que ya se realiza con normalidad desde la Atención Primaria.El diálogo y la coordinación entre ambos niveles asistenciales nos han llevado a la realización y puesta en práctica de un protocolo de atención conjunta para los pacientes en tratamiento con nutrición artificial domiciliaria, mediante el cual estamos convencidos de que estamos incrementando la calidad de la atención prestada. Los puntos más destacados del proceso de implementación se exponen en este artículo

Artificial nutrition is a hospital level treatment that can be administered short or long term. There are an increasing number of clinical situations that allow patients to receive this treatment in the home, meaning greater efficiency and satisfaction for the patient and family.However, while health care performed in the patient’s home is already a normal part of primary health care, hospital treatment at home supposes greater difficulty.Dialogue and coordination between both care levels haveled to the formulation and application of a protocol for combined care for patients receiving Artificial Nutrition treatment in the home. We are convinced that this is increasing the care quality given. The most outstanding points in the implementation process are presented in this article

Guidelines for colorectal cancer: effects on nutritional intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Although parenteral nutrition is a vital method of delivery essential nutrients in patients with malnutrition associated to gastro-intestinal insufficiency, its inappropriate use can increase the risk of complications and incur unnecessary expenses. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the influence of both, the presence of the Nutritional Support Unit and the implementing clinical practice guidelines on post-operative nutritional status, complications and length of stay among patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery. METHODS: Prospective and observational study: Three period times were included-the year during the guidelines elaboration (A), and the first (B) and the second year (C) after their implementation. All patients submitted to elective colorectal cancer surgery at least 18 years of age were included (A: n=297; B: n=103, and C: n=149). WE ANALYSED: Nutritional status (NS) on admission to hospital and at discharge, use of post-operative parenteral nutrition (PPN), incidence of post-operative complications (PC), number of days of nil by mouth following surgery (NPO), and hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Although the prevalence of malnutrition on admission was low, an increment was observed during the hospitalisation time. However, only in the first period time, the increment was significantly different (A: from 8.4% to 19.5%, p<0.001; B: from 3.9% to 8.7%, and C: from 4.7% to 6.7%). Globally, the use of PPN decreased (A: 79.1%, B: 47.0%, and C: 12.8%; p<0.001). This behaviour was mainly observed in well-nourished patients (use of PPN in well nourished, A: 79.3%, B: 44.4%, and C: 11.3%; p<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the global incidence of PC (A: 27.9%, B: 28.2%, and C: 8.1%, p<0.001). Furthermore, PC was higher in well-nourished patients with PPN versus without PPN, with significant differences in B and C periods (A: 29.3% vs. 25.0%; B: 38.6% vs. 18.8%, p=0.004; C: 31.3% vs. 4.8%, p=0.003). The NPO was higher in patients without PPN in period A (7 d vs. 5 d, p<0.001) and higher in those with PPN in period C (8 d vs. 6 d, p=0.035). All in all, LOS decreased significantly during the study period time (A: 16 d, B: 13 d, and C: 11 d, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The presence of Nutritional Support Unit and clinical practice guidelines for colorectal cancer management and treatment, optimised the use of hospital resources, namely unnecessary use of parenteral nutrition, reduction along with decrease in number of complications and length of hospital stay.

[Patient satisfaction in a home enteral nutrition program]. / Evaluación del grado de satisfacción de un programa de nutrición enteral domiciliaria.

UNLABELLED: Home enteral nutrition is a treatment carried out frequently due to advantages for patients and caregivers (lower risk of nosocomial infections and better integration in socio-familiar media) but also for the health administration because of the lower economic cost and the release of hospital beds. OBJECTIVE: To investigate patients' and caregivers' satisfaction related to tube enteral nutrition administered at home by a Service controlled and followed by the Nutritional Support Unit from the reference hospital. METHODS: One questionnaire for the patients and another for the caregivers were delivered to the patients with home enteral nutrition asking for voluntary response. Similar questionnaires were sent to hospitalized patients and their relatives or possible caregivers. RESULTS: According to the results of the questionnaires, the majority of patients and relatives were satisfied with the service received. In the cases in which the service was offered at home, the preference was to continue there and not to return to the hospital. Finally, the possibility of telephone contact and home visits were the most important factors that influenced patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Our results let us conclude that home enteral nutrition controlled and followed up by the Nutritional Support Unit form the hospital is a treatment well accepted both by patients and relatives.