Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico.

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. Results: The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. Discussion: A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.

Association Between Self-Reported Health and Education with Past-year Dental Visits among Older Mexican Adults: Results of the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018.

PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between of self-reported health (SRH) and educational attainment with pastyear dental visits in older adults in México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, data were derived from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018 (MHAS-2018), which used a nationally-representative sample of older adults (50 years or older) in Mexico (n = 14,085). Variables taken from the MHAS questionnaire included residence (rural/urban), years of education, SRH, multimorbidity, pain severity, and past-year dental visits. A logistic regression model was used to identify the association between the variables and past-year dental visits. RESULTS: While the percentage of past-year dental visits reported was 39.8%, this number declined with age [OR=0.76, p < 0.001], with older adults living in rural areas 34% less likely to report past-year dental visits than older adults living in urban areas. Older adults with no formal education were 73% less likely (OR=0.27; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults ≥10 years education. Older adults with poor SRH were 32% less likely (OR=0.68; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults with good/very good/excellent SRH. Sex, degree of multimorbidity, and pain level ([OR=1.37; p < 0.001] [OR=1.37; p < 0.001] and [OR=1.17; p < 0.001]) were all found to be positively associated with past-year dental visits in the study population. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the association between poor SRH, a low level of educational attainment, and less frequent past-year dental visits, as well as the finding that past-year dental visits declined with age in the older adults sampled.

Conocimientos y prácticas de odontología preventiva en odontólogos en México.

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Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in Mexican schoolchildren.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren of different socioeconomic status (SES). The caries was evaluated using ICDAS II, SES was evaluated using three categories---a high, middle, or low-income level---of the CONAPO. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to ascertain the associations between socioeconomic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions.The prevalence of noncavitated lesions was 38.0% and cavitated lesions was 43.4% in permanent dentition. In all the samples, 50.6% of schoolchildren had poor oral hygiene. About 52.5% of the mothers and 64.7% of the fathers had less than 9 years of education. Schoolchildren with a low-income level have more cavitated lesions (ICDAS II 4-6) than schoolchildren with high-income level (56.3% vs 15.8%, P = .009). The multinomial logistic regression models showed that mother's level of education <9 years and low-income level were significantly associated with cavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 4-6), [odds ratio = 1.79 (1.17 - 2.75); P = .007], [OR = 2.21 (1.23 - 3.97); P = .008], respectively. The socioeconomic level was not associated with noncavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 1-3).An association was found between the presence of cavitated caries lesions and the subject's mother's level of education and a low-income level. Socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with inequalities in caries distribution in the age group studied.