Cell size sets the diameter of the budding yeast contractile ring.

The formation and maintenance of subcellular structures and organelles with a well-defined size is a key requirement for cell function, yet our understanding of the underlying size control mechanisms is limited. While budding yeast cell polarization and subsequent assembly of a septin ring at the site of bud formation has been successfully used as a model for biological self-assembly processes, the mechanisms that set the size of the septin ring at the bud neck are unknown. Here, we use live-cell imaging and genetic manipulation of cell volume to show that the septin ring diameter increases with cell volume. This cell-volume-dependence largely accounts for modulations of ring size due to changes in ploidy and genetic manipulation of cell polarization. Our findings suggest that the ring diameter is set through the dynamic interplay of septin recruitment and Cdc42 polarization, establishing it as a model for size homeostasis of self-assembling organelles.

Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations by double arterial catheterization with simultaneous injection of Onyx: retrospective series of 17 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of Onyx in the treatment of intracranial AVMs has increased the cure rate of endovascular embolization compared with the use of liquid adhesive agents. Inadvertent occlusion of the draining veins before the complete exclusion of the nidus constitutes a major risk of bleeding. We report a case series using the technique of double simultaneous arterial catheterization as an approach to achieve the complete exclusion of the nidus before reaching the venous drainage, through a more controlled hemodynamic filling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 2008 and November 2009, 17 patients with brain AVMs were treated by the DACT. The mean age of the patients was 32.7 years (range, 6-54 years), with 9 females and 8 males. The clinical onset was characterized by intracranial hemorrhage in 8 patients and by seizures in 7. The size of the AVMs ranged from 13 to 54 mm (average, 26.2 mm). The DACT was always used with the objective of curing the AVM. RESULTS: All 17 patients completed the EVT. The average number of sessions conducted was 1.4 (range, 1-3 sessions), with the average injection amount of 6.9 mL of Onyx (range, 2-25.2 mL). Sixteen AVMs (94.1%) were angiographically cured by embolization. Clinical complications occurred in 2 patients (11.7%); 1 of these was permanent (5.9%). No deaths were registered. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary series shows that the DACT presents satisfactory results when used with curative intent.

[Benign solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas: a rare location of extra-pleural fibrous tumor. Single case report and review of the literature]. / Tumore fibroso benigno solitario del pancreas: una rara localizzazione di tumore fibroso extrapleurico. Caso clinico e revisione della letteratura.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Extra pleural solitary fibrous are very rare, but occasionally they appear in extraserosal soft tissues or parenchymatous organs, where their diagnosis is often a challenge. In this report we describe the case of a patient with a single primary solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreatic head with a review of the literature. METHODS/RESULTS: A 62 years old woman underwent a Traverso-Longmire procedure in November 2004. Sixteen months after resection there is no evidence of recurrence. The tumour showed immunoreactivity for CD34, CD99, bcl-2, vimentin and smooth muscle actin. MIB-1 proliferating activity was < 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Extra pleural solitary fibrous tumor are often benign lesions. In the pancreas only 2 cases have been described so far. Other mesenchymal tumours that may occur in the pancreas include leiomyosarcoma, tumours of the peripheral nerve sheath, fibrous histiocytic tumours and rare vascular tumours. The differential diagnosis is mainly based on immunohistochemistry. The surgical approach is fundamental for the treatment of solitary fibrous tumour.

Flow-cytometric determination of tumor cells in lymph nodes.

In solid tumors, metastasis occurs through the dissemination of tumor cells in the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. In particular, lymph node infiltration gives useful prognostic information and represents one of the most important factors for selecting the type of clinical treatment in disease management. Furthermore, the analysis of lymph node infiltration has become important for identifying patients with breast cancer or malignant melanoma who may be candidates for regional lymph node dissection. Tumor cells in lymph nodes are currently identified in tissue sections using morphological and immunohistochemical analyses, but these approaches are time-consuming, and micrometastases may escape detection. The aim of the present study was to define the potential of a flow cytometric (FCM) determination based on cell size and autofluorescence to shorten the time required for lymph node analysis. The sensitivity of the FCM approach, defined on mixtures of tumor cells from established cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL(s)) at different concentrations, was 1 tumor cell/1,000 PBL(s). FCM analysis was performed on 89 lymph nodes, 29 from breast, 41 from lung and 19 from colon cancer patients. Agreement between FCM and morphological results, used as gold standard, was observed in 83% of the cases, and there was a 90% sensitivity to the FCM approach for each tumor type. Disagreement was observed for 15 lymph nodes and was due, in the majority of cases (80%), to FCM-positive and morphologically negative results. A large number of patients and a more accurate pathological examination of consecutive histological sections of lymph nodes are needed to further evaluate the validity of the FCM approach.

Increased risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism in patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa.

Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) show hemeralopia, restricted field of vision and reduced visual acuity, owing to the degeneration and proliferation of photoreceptors and a retinal pigment epithelium. The prevalence in Italy is 1:4,000. A certain number of "syndromic" associations have been described, and, in particular, also that with hypothyroidism, but very few cases have been studied. We describe a family of 40 people, spanning four generations, in which we have recorded the presence of autosomic dominant RP, associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism or with circulating antithyroid autoantibodies (ATA), currently considered as the expression of active autoimmune thyroiditis or a risk factor for this complaint. We measured, in all members, TSH, FT3, FT4, antithyroglobulin and antithyroperoxidase autoantibodies. A fundus oculi examination was performed in every subject, as well as a careful examine of the anterior region on the neck. A control population of 100 healthy people was also studied. Our data show a higher prevalence of ATA, statistically significant, in the patients with RP and in their relatives, compared with the control population and the data from the literature (13 cases over 40 = 32.5%; p < 0.01). 3 patients with RP and ATA were affected by clinically evident hypothyroidism. 10 patients with ATA were clinically euthyroid; 8 patients affected by RP did not show circulating ATA at the time of the study. The interest for the physician in this "syndromic" retinal distrophy reflects the need, emerging from our data, to test the thyroid function in the subjects with RP and in members of their families, since circulating ATA are considered a risk factor for the development of autoimmune hypothyroidism.

Adenomyoma of the stomach. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A case of adenomyoma of the prepyloric antrum and a review of the previous reported in the literature are presented. The tumor is composed of cysts and glandular structures lined by cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium surrounded by hypertrophic smooth muscle bundles. Furthermore, glands resembling Brunner's and/or heterotopic pancreatic tissue are present in some patients. The endoscopic characteristics of the lesion are discussed, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

[Community-acquired bronchopneumonias in the elderly. The cost-benefit ratio in some plans of antibiotic therapy]. / Broncopolmoniti comunitarie dell'anziano. Rapporto costo-beneficio in alcuni schemi di terapia antibiotica.

Community-acquired pneumonias represent the first cause of mortality due to a infectious disease, and determine more than 500,000 hospitalizations per year in the USA: moreover, they are the terminal event in many geriatric patients. Although the etiological microbial agents responsible for the majority of such pneumonias, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are still sensitive to traditional antibiotics, as ampicillin, many doctors treat community acquired pneumonias with more recent and expensive antibiotics, as the third generation cephalosporins or other beta-lactamines, so enhancing the cost of the treatments, without a known, real advantage with respect to the older therapies. In this study, to evaluate whether the use of the latter antibiotics improves the outcome of community acquired pneumonias of the elderly with respect to the traditional therapy with ampicillin, we studied 123 hospitalized patients older than 65 years, affected by community-acquired pneumonia, simple or complicated. We also evaluated the cost/benefit ratio of every single treatment. Our data demonstrate that the recent antibiotics do not influence the outcome of the disease of the elderly: in particular, they do not affect the duration of the hospitalization, do not have a lower incidence of side effects, do not show a better efficacy versus ampicillin. The cost of the treatment with ampicillin is about one third of the cost of a third-generation cephalosporin treatment. We conclude that the treatment of choice for community acquired pneumonias of the elderly is ampicillin; only in few cases, as in nosocomial or in nursing homes pneumonias, third-generation cephalosporins or other antibiotics are necessary.

[Value of the in situ hybridization technique in the diagnosis of human papilloma virus infections of the uterine cervix. Correlations between the human papilloma virus type and the morphological features]. / Valore della tecnica di ibridizzazione in situ nella diagnosi delle infezioni da papilloma virus umano della cervice uterina. Correlazioni fra i tipi di papilloma virus umano ed aspetti morfologici.

Clinico-pathologic, epidemiologic and molecular analytic studies have shown that: i) the squamous cancer of the uterine cervix derives from intraepithelial lesions with different degrees of atypia; ii) human papillomavirus (HPV) can play a fundamental role in the progression of these lesions. We have examined 219 uterine cervix biopsies by means of the in situ hybridization technique (ISH) using biotinylated probes for 6/11, 16/18 and 31/35/51 HPV strains. The histologic lesions were as follows: 104 (49.7%) focal koilocytotic lesions 26 (11.8%) low grade intraepithelial lesions (SIL) 45 (20.5%) high grade intraepithelial lesions (SIL) 18 (8.2%) condylomata acuminata 21 (9.8%) invasive cancers. The percentage of the positivity found in the whole material examined is 14.1%. In particular, none of the 109 cases of focal koilocytotic lesions was positive, whereas the 28.1% of the remaining 110 biopsies turned out to contain HPV. We hypothesize that our small percentage of positivity in preinvasive and invasive lesions of the uterine cervix can be due to the fact that the HPV is not the only cancerogenic factor involved, although the possibility of a low sensitivity of the technique cannot completely be excluded.

[Epidermoid cyst of the spleen. Presentation of a case]. / Cisti epidermoidale della milza. Presentazione di un caso.

Cystic lesions of the spleen are unusual. They are classified essentially as: parasitic or nonparasitic, based on their etiology, and true or pseudo based on the presence or absence of lining epithelium. The pathogenesis of true cysts is unknown and numerous hypotheses are given by different Authors. After a short review of the literature, the Authors describe the clinical and pathological data of a case of epithelial (epidermoid) splenic cyst occurs in a 12-year-old woman. The Authors put forward some personal observations on pathogenesis, still doubtful, by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

Gastric cancer: histopathologic patterns according to Lauren's classification in a high-risk area and distribution by residence.

A total of 1061 advanced gastric cancers with histologic confirmation, diagnosed from 1973 to 1982 at the Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital (Forlì) were reclassified according to Lauren, and histologic types were related to the source of the histologic specimen, sex, age at diagnosis, place of birth and residence. This large case series showed a high percentage of intestinal type cancers, consistent with the high risk for gastric cancer which characterizes the area under study. Intestinal type carcinomas tend to be represented more in the older age groups, in males and in subjects born in the Forlì province and resident in hilly and mountainous areas. The distribution over time of biopsy specimens in this case series showed an increased use of gastroscopy for diagnosis in the population under study.

[Study on the sensibility "in vitro" to antibiotics of 77 strains of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" (author's transl)]. / Studio della sensibilità "in vitro" agli antibiotici di 77 stipiti di "Pseudomonas aeruginosa".

It has been studied the sensibility in vitro to antibiotics of 77 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various biological materials derived from sheltered patients. The best results have been obtained with colistin, carbenicillin and gentamicin which have done inhibition respectively in 80.5%, 70.1% and 50.6% of the strains.