Vaginal fertility-sparing surgery and laparoscopic sentinel lymph node detection in early cervical cancer. Retrospective study with 15 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncological outcomes of vaginal fertility-sparing surgery plus laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early cervical cancer over a 15-years period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March 2005 to April 2018, 38 patients diagnosed with early stage cervical cancer underwent vaginal fertility-sparing surgery at the Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain. Patients with FIGO stage IA1 with lymphovascular space invasion and stage IA2 underwent simple trachelectomy and patients with stage IB1 underwent radical vaginal trachelectomy. All cases underwent laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy. In the first 19 cases, laparoscopic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was completed immediately after sentinel lymph node biopsy. Clinical and oncological follow-up data were collected. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 33.5 years (range 22-44). Simple trachelectomy was performed in seven cases (18.4%) and vaginal radical trachelectomy in 31 (81.6%). Nineteen patients were exclusively treated with laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy and 19 with sentinel lymph node biopsy plus laparoscopic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. There were no significant differences between the two lymph node assessment groups regarding histology and tumour size. The median follow-up was 73 months (range 1-160 months). There were 4 recurrences (3 patients with IB1 and 1 with IA2). Two occurred in the sentinel lymph node biopsy group and 2 in the sentinel lymph node biopsy plus laparoscopic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy group. All the recurrences were diagnosed in patients with adenocarcinoma and in 3 patients without lymphovascular space invasion. CONCLUSION: Vaginal fertility-sparing surgery combined with laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy seems to be a safe oncological procedure in selected patients with early stage cervical cancer. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in fertility- sparing surgery in cervical cancer. Adenocarcinoma histology seems to be an important risk factor for recurrence.

18F-FDG PET/CT and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. Role of dual-time-point imaging / PET/TC con 18F-FDG y biopsia del ganglio centinela en la estadificación de pacientes con cáncer de cérvix y endometrio. Utilidad de la imagen dual-time-point

Objective. Definitive staging for cervical (CC) and endometrial cancer (EC) takes place once surgery is performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PET/CT in detecting lymphatic metastasis in patients with CC and EC using dual-time-point imaging (DPI), taking the histopathological results of sentinel lymph node (SLN) and lymphadenectomy as the reference. Material and methods. A prospective study was conducted on 17 patients with early CC, and 13 patients with high-risk EC. The patients had a pre-operative PET/CT, MRI, SLN detection, and lymphadenectomy, when indicated. PET/CT findings were compared with histopathological results. Results. In the pathology study, 4 patients with CC and 4 patients with EC had lymphatic metastasis. PET/CT showed hypermetabolic nodes in 1 patient with CC, and 5 with EC. Four of these had metastasis, one detected in the SLN biopsy. Four patients who had negative PET/CT had micrometastasis in the SLN biopsy, 1 patient with additional lymph nodes involvement. The overall patient-based sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of PET/CT to detect lymphatic metastasis was 20.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 87.9%, and 88.2%, respectively, in CC, and 57.1%, 88.9%, 66.7%, 84.2% and 80.0%, respectively, in EC. DPI showed higher retention index in malignant than in inflammatory nodes, although no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions. PET/CT has low sensitivity in lymph node staging of CC and EC, owing to the lack of detection of micrometastasis. Thus, PET/CT cannot replace SLN biopsy. Although no statistically significant differences were found, DPI may help to differentiate between inflammatory and malignant nodes (AU)

Objetivo. La estadificación definitiva del cáncer de cérvix (CC) y de endometrio (CE) tiene lugar tras la cirugía. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la utilidad de la PET/TC para la detección de metástasis ganglionares en el CC y en el CE con imagen dual-time-point (DPI), considerando como gold standard la histopatología del ganglio centinela (GC) y la linfadenectomía. Material y métodos. Diecisiete pacientes con CC inicial y 13 con CE de alto riesgo fueron incluidas prospectivamente. Preoperatoriamente se realizó una PET/TC, RM, detección del GC y linfadenectomía en los casos indicados. Se comparó la PET/TC con la histopatología. Resultados. En el estudio anatomopatológico, 4 pacientes con CC y 4 con CE tuvieron metástasis ganglionares. La PET/TC mostró ganglios hipermetabólicos en una paciente con CC y en 5 con CE. Cuatro de ellas tenían metástasis, una detectada en el GC. Cuatro pacientes con PET/TC negativa presentaron micrometástasis en el GC, una paciente con ganglios adicionales infiltrados. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo y la exactitud diagnóstica de la PET/TC para detectar metástasis ganglionares fueron 20,0; 100,0; 100,0; 87,9 y 88,2% para el CC, y 57,1; 88,9; 66,7; 84,2 y 80,0% para el CE. La DPI mostró un índice de retención superior en ganglios infiltrados respecto a los inflamatorios, sin hallar diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones. La PET/TC tiene baja sensibilidad para estadificar el CC y CE por la incapacidad de detectar micrometástasis y, por tanto, no sustituye la detección del GC. Aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas, la DPI podría ayudar a diferenciar ganglios inflamatorios de tumorales (AU)

18F-FDG PET/CT and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. Role of dual-time-point imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Definitive staging for cervical (CC) and endometrial cancer (EC) takes place once surgery is performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PET/CT in detecting lymphatic metastasis in patients with CC and EC using dual-time-point imaging (DPI), taking the histopathological results of sentinel lymph node (SLN) and lymphadenectomy as the reference. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 17 patients with early CC, and 13 patients with high-risk EC. The patients had a pre-operative PET/CT, MRI, SLN detection, and lymphadenectomy, when indicated. PET/CT findings were compared with histopathological results. RESULTS: In the pathology study, 4 patients with CC and 4 patients with EC had lymphatic metastasis. PET/CT showed hypermetabolic nodes in 1 patient with CC, and 5 with EC. Four of these had metastasis, one detected in the SLN biopsy. Four patients who had negative PET/CT had micrometastasis in the SLN biopsy, 1 patient with additional lymph nodes involvement. The overall patient-based sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of PET/CT to detect lymphatic metastasis was 20.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 87.9%, and 88.2%, respectively, in CC, and 57.1%, 88.9%, 66.7%, 84.2% and 80.0%, respectively, in EC. DPI showed higher retention index in malignant than in inflammatory nodes, although no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT has low sensitivity in lymph node staging of CC and EC, owing to the lack of detection of micrometastasis. Thus, PET/CT cannot replace SLN biopsy. Although no statistically significant differences were found, DPI may help to differentiate between inflammatory and malignant nodes.

Vaginal-cuff control and toxicity results of a daily HDR brachytherapy schedule in endometrial cancer patients

PURPOSE: To analyze the vaginal-cuff local control (VCC) and toxicity in postoperative endometrial carcinoma patients (EC) underwent high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) administered daily. Materials and methods: 154 consecutive patients received postoperative HDR-BT for EC from January 2007 to September 2011. FIGO-staging I-IIIC2 patients were divided into two groups according to risk classification: Group 1 (94/154) included high-risk or advanced disease patients and Group 2 (60/154) included intermediate-risk EC patients. Group 1 underwent external beam irradiation (EBI) plus HDR-BT (2 fractions of 5 Gy) and Group 2 underwent HDR-BT alone (4 fractions of 5 Gy). Toxicity evaluation was done with RTOG scores for bladder and rectum, and the objective criteria of LENT-SOMA for vagina. Results: With a median follow-up of 46.7 months (36.6-61 months) only two patients developed vaginal-cuff recurrence in Group 1 (2.1 %) and none in group 2 (0 %). Early toxicity in Group 1 appeared 5.3 % in rectum, 7.5 % in bladder (G1-G2) and 2.1 % in vagina (G1); late toxicity was present in 7.3 % in rectum (all G1-G2 but 1 G3) and in 27.7 % in vagina (all G1-G2 but one G4). In Group 2, 6.7 % developed acute G1-G2 bladder and 6.6 % acute vaginal (G1-G2) toxicity. No late rectal or bladder toxicity was observed; 21.7 % of G1-G2 presented late problems in vagina. Conclusions: The present HDR-BT schedule of 2 fractions of 5 Gy after EBI and 4 fractions of 5 Gy administered daily showed excellent results in terms of VCC and toxicity

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Vaginal-cuff control and toxicity results of a daily HDR brachytherapy schedule in endometrial cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To analyze the vaginal-cuff local control (VCC) and toxicity in postoperative endometrial carcinoma patients (EC) underwent high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) administered daily. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 154 consecutive patients received postoperative HDR-BT for EC from January 2007 to September 2011. FIGO-staging I-IIIC2 patients were divided into two groups according to risk classification: Group 1 (94/154) included high-risk or advanced disease patients and Group 2 (60/154) included intermediate-risk EC patients. Group 1 underwent external beam irradiation (EBI) plus HDR-BT (2 fractions of 5 Gy) and Group 2 underwent HDR-BT alone (4 fractions of 5 Gy). Toxicity evaluation was done with RTOG scores for bladder and rectum, and the objective criteria of LENT-SOMA for vagina. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 46.7 months (36.6-61 months) only two patients developed vaginal-cuff recurrence in Group 1 (2.1 %) and none in group 2 (0 %). Early toxicity in Group 1 appeared 5.3 % in rectum, 7.5 % in bladder (G1-G2) and 2.1 % in vagina (G1); late toxicity was present in 7.3 % in rectum (all G1-G2 but 1 G3) and in 27.7 % in vagina (all G1-G2 but one G4). In Group 2, 6.7 % developed acute G1-G2 bladder and 6.6 % acute vaginal (G1-G2) toxicity. No late rectal or bladder toxicity was observed; 21.7 % of G1-G2 presented late problems in vagina. CONCLUSIONS: The present HDR-BT schedule of 2 fractions of 5 Gy after EBI and 4 fractions of 5 Gy administered daily showed excellent results in terms of VCC and toxicity.

HPV-negative carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a distinct type of cervical cancer with poor prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: Using highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, we reanalysed all cervical carcinomas (CCs) found to be human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) to determine the prevalence of true HPV-negativity. We also evaluated the characteristics of the patients with tumours with confirmed HPV-negativity. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Barcelona, Spain. POPULATION: A cohort of 136 women with CC (32 adenocarcinomas, 104 squamous cell carcinomas) who had pre-treatment HC2 testing. METHODS: All negative cases were reanalysed and genotyped for HPV using three PCR assays (SPF10, GP5+/6+ and E7-specific assay). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of confirmed HPV-negative and HPV-positive tumours. Clinicopathological features and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of both groups. RESULTS: Fourteen of 136 women (10.2%) were negative for HPV by HC2. After reanalysis by PCR-based techniques only 8/136 (5.8%) tumours were confirmed as HPV-negative, whereas in six cases different HPVs were identified [HPV-11, -16 (two tumours), -18, -45, and -68]. Confirmed HPV-negativity was more frequent in adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell carcinomas (5/32, 15.6% versus 3/104, 2.9%, respectively; P = 0.017). Patients with CCs with confirmed HPV-negativity had significantly worse DFS than women with HPV-positive tumours [51.9 months (95% CI 12.2-91.7 months) versus 109.9 months (95% CI 98.2-121.5 months); P = 0.010]. In the multivariate analysis HPV-negativity and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging were associated with increased risk of progression and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: An HC2-negative result is an uncommon finding in women with CC, but in almost half of these cases HPVs are identified by more sensitive techniques. CCs with confirmed HPV-negativity are more frequently adenocarcinomas, and seem to be associated with worse DFS.

Three or four fractions per week in postoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy for endometrial carcinoma. The long-term results on vaginal relapses and toxicity

BACKGROUND: High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an accepted part of treatment for endometrial carcinoma and is usually performed in 1-2 fractions per week using different total doses and doses per fraction. To reduce the overall treatment time, HDR-BT was administered with a 3-4 days/week schedule. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2003 to December 2008, 164 patients with stage I-IIIc endometrial carcinoma were treated with HDR-BT (4-5 Gy per fraction). The patients were divided into two groups; Group 1 (40/164 patients) was treated with HDR-BT alone (6 fractions; 4 fractions/week) and Group 2 (124/164 patients) was treated with both (External Beam Radiotherapy [EBRT] + HDR-BT: 3 fractions/week). Complications were analyzed using RTOG scores for rectum and bladder and the objective scores of LENT-SOMA for vaginal complications. RESULTS: The mean followup was 48 months. In Group 1, 35 % of patients underwent treatment in ≤10 days and 65 % in >10 days. In Group 2, 53.2 % received treatment in ≤5 days and in 46.8 % in >5 days. Vaginal relapse was observed in only two patients (1.2 %), both having received adjuvant EBRT + HDR-BT. Acute vaginal toxicity appeared in 8.5 % and late vaginal toxicity in 20.7 % of patients with 13.4 % being G1, 6.7 % G2 and only 0.6 % being G4. No statistically significant differences were found in complications in either brachytherapy group regardless of the overall time. CONCLUSION: In our series, three fractions given in 3-5/days after EBRT or six fractions in 10 days, is a safe regimen in terms of complications and local control (AU)

Use of SPECT/CT for improved sentinel lymph node localization in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of adding SPECT/CT to planar images for pre-surgical sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification in endometrial cancer (EC), a technique that could have an important clinical impact on the staging, treatment, and prognosis of EC patients. METHODS: We compared the planar and SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphic images of 44 patients with high-risk EC who underwent sentinel lymph node procedure (SLN) using an injection technique recently developed at our center known as TUMIR (Transvaginal Ultrasound Myometrial Injection of Radiotracer). 148 MBq (4 mCi) of 99mTc-nanocolloid were injected, guided by transvaginal ultrasound imaging. Planar and SPECT/CT images were performed in all 44 patients. RESULTS: SLNs were seen on planar images in 32 cases (73%) and in 34 cases (77%) using SPECT/CT. A total of 88 SLNs were depicted by planar lymphoscintigraphy while SPECT/CT visualized a total of 110 SLNs. SPECT/CT changed the assessment of the SLNs visualized in planar lymphoscintigraphy in 26 cases, either by modifying the number and/or the location of the SLNs detected. External iliac chain was the most frequent location of SLN detection (71%) in the 34 cases. Fifteen of these patients (44%) showed para-aortic SLNs. One case had exclusive para-aortic drainage (3%) that was only visualized by SPECT/CT. In another case, SPECT/CT was able to localize the only pelvic metastatic lymph node not visualized by planar images. CONCLUSIONS: SPECT/CT combined with planar imaging improves preoperative SLN detection and provides valuable anatomic information that enhances the presurgical stage of the SLN technique in endometrial cancer.

Daily schedule for high-dose-rate brachytherapy in postoperative treatment of endometrial carcinoma

PURPOSE: To analyze the results of daily high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) on local control and toxicity in the postoperative treatment of endometrial carcinoma (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2007 to September 2010, 112 patients were treated with HDRBT after surgery for EC. FIGO staging: 24-IA, 48-IB, 14-II, 12-IIIA, 2-IIIB, 8-IIIC1 and 4-IIIC2. Pathology 99/112 endometrioid and 23/112 other types. Radiotherapy patients were divided into two groups-Group 1 (70/112) consists of external beam irradiation (EBI) plus HDRBT (2 fractions of 5-6 Gy) and Group 2 (42/112) consists of HDRBT alone (4 fractions of 5-6 Gy). Toxicity evaluation RTOG scores for bladder and rectum, and the objective criteria of LENT-SOMA for vagina. Statistics bivariate analysis of Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 29.52 months (range 9.60-53.57) no patient developed vaginal-cuff relapse. In Group 1 early toxicity appeared in 9 % in rectum, 8.5 % in bladder (G1-G2) and 1.4 % in vagina (G1); late toxicity was present in 8.5 % in rectum (all G1-G2 but 1 G3) and in 25 % in vagina (all G1-G2 but one G4). In Group 2, 9.4 % developed G1-G2 bladder and 6.9 % acute vagina (G1-G2) toxicity. Only 2.3 % had a G1 rectal score and 6.9 % had G1-G2 as vaginal scores for late problems. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Daily HDRBT using two fractions of 5-6 Gy after EBI and four fractions of 5-6 Gy as exclusive treatment was a safe regime. (2) Group 1 showed a higher incidence of late vaginal toxicity (AU)

Three or four fractions per week in postoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy for endometrial carcinoma. The long-term results on vaginal relapses and toxicity.

BACKGROUND: High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an accepted part of treatment for endometrial carcinoma and is usually performed in 1-2 fractions per week using different total doses and doses per fraction. To reduce the overall treatment time, HDR-BT was administered with a 3-4 days/week schedule. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2003 to December 2008, 164 patients with stage I-IIIc endometrial carcinoma were treated with HDR-BT (4-5 Gy per fraction). The patients were divided into two groups; Group 1 (40/164 patients) was treated with HDR-BT alone (6 fractions; 4 fractions/week) and Group 2 (124/164 patients) was treated with both (External Beam Radiotherapy [EBRT] + HDR-BT: 3 fractions/week). Complications were analyzed using RTOG scores for rectum and bladder and the objective scores of LENT-SOMA for vaginal complications. RESULTS: The mean followup was 48 months. In Group 1, 35 % of patients underwent treatment in ≤10 days and 65 % in >10 days. In Group 2, 53.2 % received treatment in ≤5 days and in 46.8 % in >5 days. Vaginal relapse was observed in only two patients (1.2 %), both having received adjuvant EBRT + HDR-BT. Acute vaginal toxicity appeared in 8.5 % and late vaginal toxicity in 20.7 % of patients with 13.4 % being G1, 6.7 % G2 and only 0.6 % being G4. No statistically significant differences were found in complications in either brachytherapy group regardless of the overall time. CONCLUSION: In our series, three fractions given in 3-5/days after EBRT or six fractions in 10 days, is a safe regimen in terms of complications and local control.

Intraoperative post-conisation human papillomavirus testing for early detection of treatment failure in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of intraoperative post-conisation human papillomavirus (IOP-HPV) testing and cytology to detect treatment failure in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2-3 (CIN2-3). DESIGN: Prospective observational pilot study. SETTING: Barcelona, Spain. POPULATION: A cohort of 132 women treated for CIN2-3 by loop electrosurgical conisation. METHODS: An endocervical sample was obtained intraoperatively with a cytobrush from the cervix remaining after the conisation. The material was kept in PreservCyt medium and processed for Hybrid Capture 2 and cytology. Patients were followed-up for 24 months. The performance of IOP-HPV testing and IOP cytology was compared with conventional indicators of recurrence (cone margin, endocervical curettage, and HPV testing and cytology at 6 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Treatment failure (i.e. recurrent CIN2-3 during follow-up). RESULTS: Treatment failure was identified in 12 women (9.1%). IOP-HPV testing for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for treatment failure were 91.7, 78.3, 62.2, and 96.0%, respectively, which are similar to the figures for conventional HPV testing at 6 months (91.7, 76.0, 64.0, and 95.1%, respectively), and are better than the values of other conventional predictive factors (cone margin, endocervical curettage, and cytology intraoperative at 6 months). IOP-HPV was strongly associated with treatment failure in the multivariate analysis (OR 15.40, 95% CI 1.58-150.42). CONCLUSION: IOP-HPV testing is feasible, and accurately predicts treatment failure in patients with CIN2-3. This new approach may allow an early identification of patients with treatment failure, thereby facilitating the scheduling of an attenuated follow-up for negative patients who are at very low risk of persistent disease.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma. Is there a place for radiotherapy?

OBJECTIVES: The optimal approach in the management of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively report the outcome of patients treated for ESS in our hospital over a 27-year period in order to evaluate the treatment results and the role of radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1979 to 2006, 13 patients with ESS were treated at the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The 1989 FIGO classification for endometrial carcinoma was used in this retrospective study. Seven patients presented stage I (6 IB and 1 IC), 1 stage II, 3 stage III and 2 stage IV. Nine patients had high-grade tumours with an infiltration of the outer 50% of the myometrium. Postoperative radiotherapy was administered in 10 patients. RESULTS: The mean follow-up of the patients was 54.6 months (range between 3 and 190). Patients with stage IB had a better outcome in comparison to more advanced stages. Five of the six patients with stage IB received adjuvant radiotherapy and none developed local recurrence, while one patient who received no treatment with radiotherapy had a relapse. Seven of the 13 patients had stages over IB: 5 who had received radiotherapy after surgery had locoregional control and 2 who did not receive radiotherapy had local relapse. Nine patients had high-grade tumours, 6 received radiotherapy after surgery and only one had local relapse. Of the three who did not receive radiotherapy, 2 relapsed locally. Local control rate of the patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy was higher than in the patients who did not (88.9% vs. 50%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal that deep myometrial invasion and stage over IB are significantly associated with poor overall survival and this finding is similar to those of studies in patients with endometrial cancer. The present study showed that the local control was higher in patients receiving radiotherapy (AU)

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[Sentinel node in gynaecological cancers. Our experience]. / Ganglio centinela en cánceres ginecológicos. Nuestra experiencia.

UNLABELLED: Although sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification is widespread used in melanoma and breast cancer some concerns exist in other malignancies, such gynaecologic cancers, and this staging method has not been adopted in many centers due to lack or large validation studies. AIM: To evaluate the applicability and results of SLN technique in gynaecological malignancies referred to our institution. METHOD: We studied 155 patients with different malignancies (70 vulvar, 50 cervical and 35 endometrial cancers). The day before surgery a lymphoscintigraphy was performed by injecting 111 MBq of (99m)Tc-nanocolloid in several ways depending on the type of cancer studied. Intraoperative detection of the SLN was always performed by using a hand-held gammaprobe and, in 100 cases with the aid of blue dye injection (70 vulvar and 30 in cervical cancer) few minutes before surgical intervention. Pathological study of SLN was performed in all cases. Lymphadenectomy was done in all cervix and endometrial cancer patients and in the first 35 vulvar cancer patients. RESULTS: Pre-surgical lymphoscintigraphy demonstrated one, at least, SLN in 97% of vulvar cancer patients, 92% in the cervical malignancy and 64% in the endometrial cancer patients. During surgery, SLN was harvested in 97%, 90% and 62% of patients, respectively. The pathological study showed metastases in 24.2%, 8.8 and 4.5% of patients with vulvar, cervical and endometrial cancer, respectively. The false negative percentage was 5.5% in vulvar cancer patients, with 2 cases in the endometrial cancer and without any case in the cervical cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Lymphoscintigraphy is a relatively simple and useful technique to identify the SLN in this kind of tumours. However, in endometrial cancer more effort has to be made to reach a suitable result. Sentinel lymph node biopsy seems to be a reliable technique in vulvar and cervical malignancies.

Ganglio centinela en cánceres ginecológicos. Nuestra experiencia / Sentinel node in gynaecological cancers. Our experience

Aunque la identificación del ganglio centinela (GC) presenta en la actualidad una amplia aplicación en el melanoma y el cáncer de mama, no se utiliza rutinariamente en otras neoplasias, como pueden ser las ginecológicas.ObjetivoEvaluar la aplicabilidad y los resultados de la técnica de localización del GC en pacientes con cánceres ginecológicos.MétodoSe estudiaron 155 pacientes con diversas neoplasias ginecológicas (70 vulvares, 50 de cuello uterino y 35 endometriales). Se realizó una linfogammagrafía el día previo a la intervención quirúrgica mediante la inyección de 111 MBq de 99mTc-nanocoloide por diversas vías según el tipo de lesión. La localización intraoperatoria se realizó mediante una sonda detectora y en 100 casos (70 vulvares y 30 de cuello uterino) se administró también un colorante vital pocos minutos antes del inicio de la intervención. Se realizó estudio anatomopatológico del GC. Se practicó linfadenectomía reglada en todas las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix y de endometrio y en las primeras 35 pacientes con cáncer de vulva.ResultadosLa linfogammagrafía prequirúrgica visualizó como mínimo un GC en el 97% de los cánceres de vulva, en el 92% de cérvix y el 64% de tumores de endometrio. Intraoperatoriamente la localización del GC mostró unos porcentajes del 97, del 90 y del 62%, respectivamente. El estudio anatomopatológico demostró metástasis en el 24,2% de las pacientes con lesiones vulvares, el 8,8% en las de cérvix y el 4,5% en las de endometrio. El porcentaje de falsos negativos fue del 5,5% en los cánceres de vulva (1 caso), presentándose 2 casos en el endometrio y ninguno en las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix.ConclusiónLa linfogammagrafía es una técnica útil y sencilla para identificar los GC en este tipo de tumores. La biopsia del GC ofrece resultados fiables en los cánceres de vulva y cuello uterino. Sin embargo, en el cáncer de endometrio nuestros resultados no son óptimos y debe valorarse la adecuación de la técnica(AU)

Although sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification is widespread used in melanoma and breast cancer some concerns exist in other malignancies, such gynaecologic cancers, and this staging method has not been adopted in many centers due to lack or large validation studies.AimTo evaluate the applicability and results of SLN technique in gynaecological malignancies referred to our institution.MethodWe studied 155 patients with different malignancies (70 vulvar, 50 cervical and 35 endometrial cancers). The day before surgery a lymphoscintigraphy was performed by injecting 111MBq of 99mTc-nanocolloid in several ways depending on the type of cancer studied. Intraoperative detection of the SLN was always performed by using a hand-held gammaprobe and, in 100 cases with the aid of blue dye injection (70 vulvar and 30 in cervical cancer) few minutes before surgical intervention. Pathological study of SLN was performed in all cases. Lymphadenectomy was done in all cervix and endometrial cancer patients and in the first 35 vulvar cancer patients.ResultsPre-surgical lymphoscintigraphy demonstrated one, at least, SLN in 97% of vulvar cancer patients, 92% in the cervical malignancy and 64% in the endometrial cancer patiuents. During surgery, SLN was harvested in 97%, 90% and 62% of patients, respectively. The pathological study showed metastases in 24.2%, 8.8 and 4.5% of patients with vulvar, cervical and endometrial cancer, respectively. The false negative percentage was 5.5% in vulvar cancer patients, with 2 cases in the endometrial cancer and without any case in the cervical cancer patients.ConclusionLymphoscintigraphy is a relatively simple and useful technique to identify the SLN in this kind of tumours. However, in endometrial cancer more effort has to be made to reach a suitable result. Sentinel lymphm node biopsy seems to be a reliable technique in vulvar and cervical malignancies(AU)

How to deal with prognostic factors and radiotherapy results in uterine neoplasms with a sarcomatous component?

PURPOSE: Uterine tumours with a sarcomatous component are rare neoplasms with a wide pathologic heterogeneity in which the stage is the main prognostic factor. These aspects and their aggressiveness make the analysis of prognostic factors and radiotherapy difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors by stages and to assess the impact of prognostic factors and the effect of radiotherapy on the outcome of the disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-one patients diagnosed and treated for uterine tumours with a sarcomatous component at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona between 1975 and 2003 were retrospectively studied; 76/81 patients underwent surgery (total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and in 13/76 of these patients an additional pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed). All 76 patients were staged after pathological evaluation of the surgical specimen by FIGO classification with 54 patients being stages I-II and 27 patients stages III-IVA. Only 5 patients were clinically staged as III-IVA. Radiotherapy was administered in 21 women with early-stage tumours and in 16 with advanced neoplasms. 5/81 patients received complementary chemotherapy to the surgery and 5 patients received chemotherapy as treatment of local and distant relapse (All the patients were treated with a different chemotherapy schedule). The impact of pathologic prognostic factors and radiotherapy on specific overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were analysed by Log Rank test and Cox proportional risk models. The effect of each risk factor was studied by the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: An increased frequency of several adverse prognostic factors was observed in tumours with advanced stages compared to early neoplasms in deep myometrial invasion (83% vs. 27%), VLSI (75% vs. 29%), tumour size >8 cm (50% vs. 30%) and multicentricity (36% vs. 10%), and similar values were found for necrosis (79% vs. 78%) and high mitotic index (78% vs. 80%). For pathological type the frequency by advanced vs. early stages was 54% vs. 52% for carcinosarcomas, 33.5% vs. 17.5% for leiomyosarcoma, and 30.5% and 12.5% for adenosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the stage was the only independent prognostic factor. Stratification by early (I-II) and advanced stages (III, IV) revealed tumour size >8 cm was the only prognostic factor significantly associated with OS, DFS, LRFS and DMFS on univariate analysis for early stages (HR: OS 2.52, DFS 3.10, LRFS 3.10 and DMFS 2.63). For advanced stages, radiotherapy was the only prognostic factor associated with OS, DFS, LRFS and DMFS on multivariate analysis (HR: OS 4.26, DFS 3.14, LRFS 3.25 and DMFS 3.66). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine tumours with a sarcomatous component have a poor outcome in spite of treatment in comparison to endometrial carcinoma, probably due to the higher frequency of adverse prognostic factors. In early stages tumour size was the most determining factor for OS, DFS, LRFS and DMFS. Radiotherapy significantly improved these survivals in advanced cases (AU)

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Recurrence and survival in surgically treated endometrioid endometrial cancer

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate different surgical treatments and radiotherapy on patterns of recurrence and overall survival in patients with endometrioid-type endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective records of 162 patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer were collected. Patients were surgically treated from 1997 to 2002. Recurrence and survival were analyzed according to patient age, surgical procedure, lymphadenectomy, externalbeam irradiation, brachytherapy, surgical stage, myometrial invasion, and tumor grade. Standard statistical calculations were used. RESULTS: Median age was 64 years. Median follow-up was 44 months. Overall, ten patients (5.6%) experienced recurrence and 14 (8.6%) died. With univariate analysis, statistical significance for survival was found for age older than 70 years, tumor grade, myometrial invasion, and stage. Multivariate analysis, however, found only age, stage, and grade to be significant. With univariate analysis, statistical significance for recurrence was found for tumor grade, stage, and external-beam radiotherapy as risk factors. Multivariate analysis found only radiotherapy and brachytherapy to be significant, but in an inverted sense, with brachytherapy having a protective effect. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that brachytherapy protects against recurrence and that neither a surgical approach nor a lymphadenectomy appear to affect recurrence or survival in patients with surgically treated endometrioid endometrial cancer (AU)

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Laparoscopic ovarian transposition in patients with early cervical cancer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and morbidity of laparoscopic ovarian transposition on the preservation of hormonal function in patients younger than 45 years operated for early cervical cancer. According to risk factors on pathologic evaluation of the specimen, some of them will receive postoperative pelvic radiotherapy. This subset of patients could benefit from taking the ovaries away from the irradiation field in an effort to preserve their functionality. This prospective study included 28 FIGO stage IB1 cervical cancer patients, 45 years old or younger, maintaining menstrual cycles, who were considered suitable for conservation of the ovaries. The ovarian transposition was performed by laparoscopy as a part of the same celio-Schauta operation. Twelve patients underwent adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy. No intraoperative or postoperative morbidity related to the ovarian transposition was observed, and the procedure only entailed a minimum delay of the operative time. There were no cases of ovarian metastasis. At a mean follow-up of 44 months, 63.6% of patients receiving radiotherapy and 93% of those who nonirradiated maintained normal ovarian function. Two patients developed benign ovarian cysts, requiring oophorectomy, but no other long-term adverse effects of the transposition were identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of the laparoscopic procedure reported to date in this setting. According to our results, laparoscopic ovarian transposition is a safe and effective procedure for the preservation of ovarian function in young patients with early cervical cancer undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery.

Role of magnetic resonance imaging and cause of pitfalls in detecting myometrial invasion and cervical involvement in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting myometrial invasion and cervical involvement in endometrial cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy two consecutive patients with endometrial carcinoma underwent preoperative MRI. We compared the MRI results with the final histopathological findings. We classify myometrial invasion as <50 or>or=50% and cervical involvement as positive or negative. Standard statistical calculations were used. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI for the detection of myometrial invasion>or=50% were 71, 86, and 58%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values are 77 and 83%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI for the detection of cervical invasion were 41, 97, and 46%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values are 71 and 89%, respectively. The possible causes of misdiagnosis included a tumor isointense with the myometrium, polypoid tumor, myometrial thinning, exceedingly irregular myometrium, presence of adenomiosis, and presence of leiomyomas. CONCLUSION: MRI assists in planning the surgical treatment of endometrial cancer with an acceptable accuracy and a good specificity, although sensitivity is suboptimal.