First record of Oligobregma Kudenov & Blake, 1975 (Annelida: Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867) from Brazil with the description of three new species.

Oligobregma represents the most speciose genus of Scalibregmatidae with 17 valid species. Most of them occur at great depths and are found living on soft bottoms. Here, we present the descriptions of O. nonatoi sp. nov., O. cruzae sp. nov., and O. bakkeni sp. nov., sampled from the Brazilian continental shelf and slope, and a key to all species of Oligobregma. O. nonatoi sp. nov. differs from its congeners by the presence of a triangular prostomium with short rounded horns, acicular spines on notopodia of chaetigers 14 and on neuropodia of chaetigers 13. Oligobregma cruzae sp. nov. can be distinguished by the presence of a quadrangular prostomium with two short, rounded horns, acicular spines on chaetigers 14, and lyrate chaetae from chaetiger 5. Finally, O. bakkeni sp. nov. is unique among its congeners by the presence of acicular spines with rounded tips. This is the first record of this genus along the Brazilian coast and the specimens were collected on Esprito Santo, Campos and Santos sedimentary basins, both located in Brazilian southeast region. The sampling campaigns were carried out in scientific expeditions related to two research projects: Santos Project Santos Basin Environmental Characterization and Ambes Project Esprito Santo Basin Assessment Project, both coordinated by CENPES/PETROBRAS.

Impact of a nuclear power station effluent on marine forests: A case study in SE Brazil and insights for global warming scenarios.

One of the main disturbances caused by coastal nuclear power plants is the discharge of thermal effluents capable of affecting a number of marine systems, including macroalgal forests that support key ecosystem services such as carbon uptake, fisheries increment and coastal protection. This study aimed at describing the long-term trend (1992-2022) in the abundance of Sargassum forests from sites located inside and outside areas affected by the thermal effluent discharged by the Brazilian Nuclear Power Station (BNPS) and at evaluating the relationship between Sargassum cover and seawater temperature. This information is interesting to provide insights on whether and how Sargassum populations would likely be affected by increasing temperature due to climate change. We detected a long-term decline in Sargassum cover inside, but not outside the area affected by the BNPS thermal plume. Mean summer surface seawater temperature above 30 °C was identified as an important factor driving the decline of Sargassum abundance. This study highlights the impact caused by decades of discharge of the BNPS thermal effluent on Sargassum forests, which leads to predict the likely disappearance of marine forests under a climate change scenario in other sites situated in warm temperate regions.

New species of Pseudoscalibregma Ashworth, 1901 (Annelida: Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867) from Brazil.

Pseudoscalibregma Ashworth, 1901 is a small genus of the family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. Currently, a total of eight valid species are accepted. Of these, the majority are found at great depths. This work contains the first report of Pseudoscalibregma to the Brazilian coast, with the description of three new species: Pseuscalibregma ermindae sp. nov., P. magalhaesi sp. nov. and P. parapari sp. nov. The material was sampled from the Brazilian southeast region, on Campos and Santos sedimentary basins, during scientific expeditions called Santos ProjectSantos Basin Environmental Characterization and Ambes ProjectEsprito Santo Basin Assessment Project, both coordinated by PETROBRAS/CENPES. We also include an identification key to Pseudoscalibregma species.

Temporal dynamics of benthic communities in a hypereutrophic bay through functional groups and abiotic variables.

This study aimed to examine the benthic structure of Guanabara Bay's (GB) rocky shores through Functional Diversity (FD) perspective. Over a five-year period, benthic communities were periodically examined using photographic samples from the meso-littoral zone. FD were analysed using the Rao Index of marine macroalgae and benthic invertebrates' functional groups (FGs) and their relationship was investigated through null models, considering temporal, geographical, and environmental variations. The entrance site exhibited exclusive FGs and overlap niches more than expected by chance, while the inner site had a higher frequency of Bacterial Biofilm and predominance of competitive exclusion. Orthophosphate and nitrate showed significant correlations with FGs inside the bay, whereas average irradiance and rainfall were at the entrance. A functional gradient was registered, with higher Rao's Index values at the entrance compared to the inner site, probably due to increased anthropogenic disturbance and abundance of FGs with opportunistic life strategies inside GB.

Unstable environment of coastal lagoons drives genetic variation in the amphipod Quadrivisio lutzi.

The freshwater/brackish amphipod Quadrivisio lutzi inhabits coastal lagoons, highly unstable environments subject to sudden inflow of marine water. Our aim was to evaluate how the genetic composition varies in these populations. Brazilian populations were compared by 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences. The genetic structure of four Rio de Janeiro amphipod populations was evaluated during the period of 2011-2019 by COI. Rio de Janeiro population was compared with Alagoas and São Paulo populations, which was genetically distinct, at species level (16S, d > 7%; COI, d >14%). The genetic structure in Rio de Janeiro showed the Imboassica subpopulation as the most divergent (Imboassica & Carapebus, F ST = 0.238), followed by Lagamar population (Lagamar & Carapebus, F ST = 0.049). The geographic distance and urbanization around these lagoons explain the degree of genetic isolation of these amphipod subpopulations. Paulista and Carapebus populations were not structured. Temporal variation in haplotype number and frequency were evident in both populations that were evaluated (Carapebus and Imboassica). Changes in salinity and water volume variation at these lagoons may be responsible for the observed changes in genetic composition, which may be the results of genetic drift effects over temporally fluctuating size subpopulations, without loss of genetic diversity.

Global meta-analysis of urbanization stressors on insect abundance, richness, and traits.

Anthropic stressors are among the greatest concerns in nature conservation. Among these, deforestation and urban expansion are major drivers of habitat loss, which is a major threat to biodiversity. Insects, the largest and most abundant group of animals, are declining at alarming rates. However, global estimates of the impact of anthropic stressors on insect abundance, richness, and traits are still lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the impact of urbanization stressors on insect abundance, diversity, and traits. Our design focused on the effects of urbanization on moderators such as insects' activity periods, climatic zones, development stages, ecosystem, functional roles, mobility, orders, and life history. We found that insects are negatively affected by urban stressors across most moderators evaluated. Our research estimated that in insects, urbanization resulted in a mean decrease of 42 % in abundance, 40 % in richness, and 24 % in trait effects, compared to a conserved area. Even though in general there was greater loss in abundance than in richness, each moderator was affected by different means and to varying degrees, which results from artificial lighting at night as well as land use. Our study highlights the importance of promoting better protection of insect biodiversity in the future from the enormous loss in biodiversity reported in >500 papers assessed.

Distribution of a canopy-forming alga along the Western Atlantic Ocean under global warming: The importance of depth range.

Sargassum species are among the most important canopy-forming algae in the Western Atlantic Ocean (WAO), providing habitat for many species and contributing to carbon uptake. The future distribution of Sargassum and other canopy-forming algae has been modelled worldwide, indicating that their occurrence in many regions is threatened by increased seawater temperature. Surprisingly, despite the recognized variation in vertical distribution of macroalgae, these projections generally do not evaluate their results at different depth ranges. This study aimed to project the potential current and future distributions of the common and abundant benthic Sargassum natans in the WAO (from southern Argentina to eastern Canada), under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios, through an ensemble SDM approach. Possible changes between present and future distributions were assessed within two depth ranges, namely areas up to 20 m and areas up to 100 m depth. Our models forecast different distributional trends for benthic S. natans depending on the depth range. Up to 100 m, suitable areas for the species will increase by 21% under RCP 4.5, and by 15% under RCP 8.5, when compared to the potential current distribution. On the contrary, up to 20 m, suitable areas for the species will decrease by 4% under RCP 4.5 and by 14% under RCP 8.5, when compared to the potential current distribution. Under the worst scenario, losses up to 20 m depth will affect approximately 45,000 km2 of coastal areas across several countries and regions of WAO, with likely negative consequences for the structure and dynamics of coastal ecosystems. These findings highlight the importance of considering different depth ranges when building and interpreting predictive models of the distribution of habitat-forming subtidal macroalgae under climate change.

Unravelling the diversity of Scalibregma Rathke, 1843 (Annelida: Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from southeast Brazilian coast.

Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867 is a relatively small family of annelids, with only two taxa reported to Brazil. In this work, we expand the scientific knowledge of this group by presenting two new Scalibregma Rathke, 1843 species. The new species S. lanai sp. nov. and S. cinthyae sp. nov. were collected during an expedition to the Campos and Santos oceanographic basins. Scalibregma cinthyae sp. nov. is unique among its congeners by the presence of two rows of paired lobes on the mouths upper and lower lips, whereas S. lanai sp. nov. is unique among its congeners by the presence of two rows of paired lobes on the mouths lower lip, branchiae from chaetigers 35, and lyrate chaetae with equal tynes. We provide an identification key to all Scalibregma species.

The Fundão dam failure: Iron ore tailing impact on marine benthic macrofauna.

The Fundão dam failure, the worst environmental disaster in Brazilian history, launched 50 million m3 of iron ore tailings mud through the Doce River, reaching the Atlantic Ocean. Generally, mine tailings increase the sediment inflow, leading to mud burial of epibenthic macrofauna, and the raise of metal(oid)s concentration causing macrofauna long-term changes. After almost four years, tailings mud was still spreading on the Doce River Shelf, while impacts on marine macrofauna were still unknown. Herein, the IMS index (a tracer of Fundão dam tailings mud), sediment variables, organic pollutants, and metal(oid)s were integrated to uncover the drives of macrofauna structure from Costas da Algas to Abrolhos bank MPAs. Tailings mud was present only in Doce River Mouth and Degredo, organic pollutants and metal(oid)s above safety levels were concentrated in those same areas. Tailings mud (IMS index) drastically reduced species richness and diversity, favoring the abundance of opportunistic species. Mud, IMS index and Al, Ba, and V, metal(oid)s linked to dam failure, structured macrofauna composition in this impacted area, dominated by resistant groups as Nuculidae, Spionidae, and Magelonidae. Conversely, an opposite pattern was found for further and deeper sites with high CaCO3 content and total nitrogen that also showed large grain size, in areas known to harbour biogenic structures, sustaining a macrofauna composition distinct from the impacted areas, dominated by Syllidae and Crassatellidae, sensitives to impacts. Macrofauna composition was most structured by sediment variables, followed by the intersection between metal(oid)s-IMS and Mud, both gradients acting almost entirely on a broad spatial scale. Benthic macrofauna at the Doce River Shelf is still impacted by Fundão dam tailings mud, even after almost four years of the disaster, and may continue to, since the influx of tailings does not stop, and sediment resuspension is a recurrent source for those impacts.

Correction: A synopsis of Salvatoria McIntosh, 1885 (Annelida: Syllidae: Exogoninae) from Brazilian coastal and oceanic waters.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250472.].

A synopsis of Salvatoria McIntosh, 1885 (Annelida: Syllidae: Exogoninae) from Brazilian coastal and oceanic waters.

We compiled the records for the genus Salvatoria from Brazilian coastal and oceanic habitats, collected by several projects along the years. Here we present 12 species, eight of which already reported-S. breviarticulata comb. nov., S. clavata, S. euritmica, S. heterocirra, S. limbata, S. longiarticulata comb. nov., S. neapolitana and S. cf. nitidula-with comments regarding the confidence of some of these records. We also describe three new species, S. marielleae n. sp. and Salvatoria nitiduloides n. sp., based on material from Fernando de Noronha and Trindade islands, off the Northeastern Brazilian coast, and S. ypsiloides n. sp., from Fernando de Noronha and also, Campos Basin, off Southeastern Brazilian coast, in depths down to 970 m. Finally, we report a probably undescribed species, Salvatoria sp., represented by only one specimen lacking median antenna, preventing us to proceed with further identification properly. A dichotomous identification key and a comparative table with morphological data of specimens belonging to these species are also provided.

New apinnate Prionospio (Annelida: Spionidae) species from southeastern Brazil.

Eleven apinnate Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 species were recorded from southeastern Brazil, both from coastal environments and the continental slope. Ten of these species-Prionospio acuta sp. nov., P. fosterae sp. nov., P. kinbergi sp. nov., P. hartmanae sp. nov., P. mutata sp. nov., P. cinthyae sp. nov., P. corrugata sp. nov., P. alexandrae sp. nov., P. biancoi sp. nov., and P. quadrilamellata sp. nov. are new to science, whereas P. cf. delta Hartman, 1965 has been previously recorded in Brazil. Most novel species correspond to multibranchiate forms, but can be distinguished based on the prostomial shape, presence of dorsal crests, branchial morphology, presence of sabre chaetae, morphology of parapodial lamellae, and hook morphology. An identification key and a comparison table to all eleven species recorded in the area are provided.

New Prionospio and Laubieriellus (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Southeastern Brazil.

Two new Prionospio species-Prionospio solisi sp. nov. and Prionospio nonatoi sp. nov. and a new Laubieriellus species-Laubieriellus decapitata sp. nov. are described from Espírito Santo Basin, Southeast Brazil. For both Prionospio species, branchial pattern differed from the genus diagnosis, which is therefore emended. For Laubieriellus, a new species is described, and attention is drawn to the notch in the ventral crests, a structure that holds taxonomic value.

Two new sponge-associated Branchiosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Northeastern Brazil.

Here we describe two new species in the genus Branchiosyllis Ehlers, 1887 associated with sponges. Branchiosyllis belchiori sp. nov. was found in Todos os Santos Bay, state of Bahia, and in the Fernando de Noronha Island (Northeastern Brazil), and Branchiosyllis gonzaguinhai sp. nov. was found in the Fernando de Noronha Island and Rocas Atoll. We compare the species herein described with their morphologically most similar congeners and provide a synoptic table of the morphological variation among the type-series of the two new species. An identification key for the species of Branchiosyllis recorded in Brazil is also provided.

Intraspecific genetic structure, divergence and high rates of clonality in an amphi-Atlantic starfish.

Intraspecific genetic diversity and divergence have a large influence on the adaption and evolutionary potential of species. The widely distributed starfish, Coscinasterias tenuispina, combines sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction via fission. Here we analyse the phylogeography of this starfish to reveal historical and contemporary processes driving its intraspecific genetic divergence. We further consider whether asexual reproduction is the most important method of propagation throughout the distribution range of this species. Our study included 326 individuals from 16 populations, covering most of the species' distribution range. A total of 12 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analysed. COI and microsatellites were clustered in two isolated lineages: one found along the southwestern Atlantic and the other along the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This suggests the existence of two different evolutionary units. Marine barriers along the European coast would be responsible for population clustering: the Almeria-Oran Front that limits the entrance of migrants from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and the Siculo-Tunisian strait that divides the two Mediterranean basins. The presence of identical genotypes was detected in all populations, although two monoclonal populations were found in two sites where annual mean temperatures and minimum values were the lowest. Our results based on microsatellite loci showed that intrapopulation genetic diversity was significantly affected by clonality whereas it had lower effect for the global phylogeography of the species, although still some impact on populations' genetic divergence could be observed between some populations.

Deep sea Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from Southwestern Atlantic.

We describe herein ten species of Syllidae from the Southern Brazil continental slope (700-2000 m deep), belonging to the genera Anguillosyllis, Exogone, Parexogone, Prosphaerosyllis, Sphaerosyllis and Syllis. Out of those, three species are new to science and six are formally reported for Brazil for the first time. Some synonymies are proposed and a taxonomic key for all described species of the genus Anguillosyllis is provided.

Mitochondrial genome of the Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus (Annelida: Serpulidae) reveals a high substitution rate among annelids.

Here we describe, for the first time, the mitochondrial genome of Spirobranchus giganteus (Annelida: Serpulidae) and compare it with all available annelid mitogenomes. The entire mitogenome has 22,058bp in length and bears 12 protein-coding genes (the ATP8 gene is missing), two rRNA, and 24 tRNA genes. The nucleotide composition and GC-skew are surprisingly different from those reported for other annelids. In addition, the pairwise genetic distances between the mitogenomes of S. giganteus and other annelids are higher than the distances for all annelid taxa analyzed. This result is consistent with a faster rate of mitochondrial sequence evolution in S. giganteus, which may explain the difficulty in obtaining PCR products with the available primers. The mitochondrial gene order of S. giganteus was remarkably different not only from that of the Sedentaria lineage, which includes S. giganteus, but also from the mitochondrial gene order of other major annelid lineages. The mitogenome of S. giganteus has no repetitive motifs despite its long control region (4769bp), but genes are shorter and have a lower AT content than other members of Annelida. Finally, we show that mitochondrial gene order rearrangements can directly correlate to variations in gene length.

Digestibility of pelleted rations containing diverse potato flour and urea / Degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro de rações peletizadas contendo farinha de batata diversa e ureia

The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in concentrate supplements containing diverse potato flour pelletized with urea (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% DM). Samples of feeds were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48h in the rumen of four fistulated sheep. Level of urea added had no significant effect (P>;0.05) on the soluble fraction (a) or potentially degradable fraction (b) of the pellets and ranged from 2.1% to 12.2% and 72.9% to 87.5%, respectively. Quadratic effects (P=0.03) of the rate of degradation of fraction "b" ranged from 4.75% h-1to 7.39% h-1; the estimated maximum value at 7.4% h-1was obtained when 5.9% urea was added to the pellet. Quadratic effects (P≤0.02) of the level of urea added to the pellets on the effective degradability (ED) of DM were evaluated after considering rumen passage rates of 2.5% h-1and 8% h-1; the maximum values of ED calculated under these rumen passage rates were estimated at 6.3% to 7.3% urea in the pellets. The in vitro digestibility of DM of the pellets showed a quadratic effect (P=0.02) at different levels of urea, with a maximum value of 96.9% achieved when 7.9% urea was added to the pellets. Our results suggest that the addition of 6-8% urea to pelleted feed promotes an increase in the in vitro digestibility and ED of DM.

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e a digestibilidade in vitro de suplementos concentrados a base de farinha de batata diversa peletizada com ureia (0, 4, 8 e 12% da MS). Amostras de cada tratamento foram incubadas por 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no rúmen de quatro ovinos fistulados. Não houve efeito (P>;0,05) do nível de inclusão de ureia sobre as frações solúvel ("a") e potencialmente degradável ("b") dos péletes, que variaram, respectivamente, de 2,1 a 12,1%, e de 72,9 a 87,5%. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P=0,03) para a taxa de degradação da fração "b", que variou de 4,75 a 7,39% h-1, sendo o valor máximo estimado em 7,4% h-1, obtido quando 5,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. Foram observados efeitos quadráticos (P≤0,02) do nível de inclusão de ureia nos péletes sobre a degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS, considerando taxas de passagem no rúmen de 2, 5 e 8% h-1e os valores máximos de DE calculadas sob estas taxas de passagem no rúmen foram estimados com 6,3 a 7,3% de ureia nos péletes. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos péletes foi influenciada de forma quadrática (P=0,02) pelo nível de inclusão de ureia, com valor máximo de 96,9%, estimado quando 7,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. A inclusão de 6 a 8% de ureia nos péletes promove incremento na digestibilidade in vitro e na degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca.

The multitentaculate Cirratulidae of the genera Cirriformia and Timarete (Annelida: Polychaeta) from shallow waters of Brazil.

A large number multitentaculate cirratulids have been described worldwide but most are only known through the original descriptions. Type material, voucher and recently collected specimens from Brazil were revisited in order to reveal their true identity and confirm the records of widely distributed species in this region. Six species are described, three of which are new, Cirriformia capixabensis sp. nov., Cirriformia chicoi sp. nov. and Timarete ceciliae sp. nov. COI and 16S sequences were obtained and used for inter-specific comparisons. Timarete caribous is reported from several localities along the Brazilian coast and a new synonym, Cirratulus melanacanthus, is proposed. The species Timarete oculata, originally described from Brazil and lumped into the Timarete filigera species complex, is herein revalidated and redescribed. The occurrence of the species Timarete filigera and Cirriformia tentaculata is not confirmed from the Brazilian coast. Descriptions, illustrations and a key to genera and species are provided.

Avaliação do cultivo de Pleurotus sajor-caju (fries) sing. sobre o resíduo de algodão da industria têxtil para a produção de cogumelos e para alimentação animal / Evaluation of the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju (fries) sing. on cotton textile mill waste for mushroom production and animal feeding

O resíduo proveniente do beneficiamento do algodão em lixadeiras na indústria têxtil é um material rico em lignocelulose, tem baixa digestibilidade e é pobre em proteínas e minerais, o que dificulta seu uso 'in natura' na alimentação de ruminantes. Neste tarbalho, objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade e eficiência biológica deste resíduo de algodão na produção do cogumelo comestível Pleurotus sajor-caju e avaliar as alterações promovidas no resíduo para alimentação de ruminantes. Foram realizados 5 tratamentos: T1- 80 por cento de serragem de eucalipto + 20 por cento de farelo de trigo (testemunha); T2- 50 por cento de resíduo de algodão + 50 por cento de serragem; T3- 45 por cento de resíduo + 45 por cento serragem + 10 por cento de farelo; T4- 40 por cento de resíduo + 40 por cento serragem + 20 por cento de farelo e T5- 80 por cento de resíduo + 20 por cento de farelo. O T5 apresentou os melhores resultados para produtividade (22,46 por cento) e eficiência biológica (71,48 por cento) do Pleurotus sajor-caju. O fungo alterou a constituição dos substratos nos estágios de produção do cogumelo, principalmente os constituintes da fibra e agregou N ao substrato. Dessa forma, o uso do resíduo de lixadeira de algodão no cultivo de Pleurotus sajor-caju pode se tornar uma alternativa viável para produção de cogumelo e melhorar a qualidade deste resíduo para alimentação animal.

The waste coming from cotton processing in mills in the textile industry is a lignocellulose-rich material, but has low digestibility, and is poor in proteins and minerals, making it inappropriate for ruminant feeding. This study was intended to evaluate the productivity and biologic efficiency of cotton textile mill waste in the production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju, and to evaluate the alterations brought about in the waste for use in ruminant feeding. Five treatments were undertaken in the following manner: T1- 80 percent eucalyptus sawdust + 20 percent wheat bran (control); T2- 50 percent waste + 50 percent sawdust; T3- 45 percent waste + 45 percent sawdust + 10 percent wheat bran; T4- 40 percent waste + 40 percent sawdust + 20 percent wheat bran and T5- 80 percent waste + 20 percent wheat bran. T5 showed the best results for productivity (22.46 percent) and biologic efficiency (71.48 percent). Fungus altered the constitution of the substrates in the stages of production of the mushroom. Therefore, the use of cotton textile mill waste in the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju may become a viable alternative for mushroom production, and also improve the quality of this waste for use in animal feeding.