RESUMEN
Abstract: Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) is a medicinally important shrub. We have studied the details of its pollination ecology which was hitherto unknown. The work was done during three consecutive years 20122014, based on 118 plants occurring in three widely separated wild populations in West Bengal, India, together with 25 individuals grown in an experimental plot. Details of flower structure and dynamics of floral events, pollen production and pollen dispersal, visitors and pollinators, floral attractants and floral rewards and pollen transfer mechanism have been worked out by standard methodologies with a 10x high resolution hand lens (IRL), a Leica WILD M3B Stereo-binocular microscope (Switzerland) and a Leica DMLB compound bright field light microscope (Germany). The tubular flower of four-day longevity attracts its visitors by visual cues. Flowers are visited regularly by ten species of insects. On the basis of the visitor behaviour, these can be classified into three distinct categories, viz., visitors belonging to Category-I act on cushion and trichome nectaries of calyx and corolla respectively, those of Category-II act on the dehisced anthers and trichome nectaries of corolla while those of Category-III act on dehisced anthers as well as receptive stigma. Majority of the visitors belong to either Category-I or Category-II. They visit only the 2nd day flowers and never visit a 3rd day flower when the stigma assumes receptivity. Therefore, they are not regarded as pollinators but, act as pollen and/or nectar robbers. Those are discriminated by offering secretions from extra-nuptial nectaries of the flower. Visitor species of Category-III, represented by a species of Trigona, constitute the legitimate pollinator of the plant and thereby, making the plant monophilic. Pollen presentation from the bisexual, dichogamous and protandrous flower takes place on the 2nd day, while the stigma assumes its receptivity on the 3rd day of flower opening. Pollen transfer to the body of the pollinator by a 2nd day flower in its male phase is achieved by offering edible pollen grains. On the other hand, a 3rd day flower at its female phase is devoid of the reward (pollen grain). The yellow shiny receptive stigma of such a flower strikingly mimics the freshly dehisced anthers and the pollinators being lured by such a stigma inadvertently transfer pollen onto it. C. indicum is so far the only known species of flowering plants where deceit pollination occurs by anther-mimicking stigma in a bisexual flower. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 988-1001. Epub 2017 September 01.
Resumen: Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) es un arbusto medicinal importante. Hemos estudiado los detalles de la ecología de su polinización hasta ahora desconocida. El trabajo se realizó durante tres años consecutivos 2012-2014, basado en 118 plantas de tres poblaciones silvestres muy separadas en Bengala Occidental, India, junto con 25 individuos cultivados en una parcela experimental. Los detalles de la estructura de las flores y la dinámica de los eventos florales, la producción y la dispersión del polen, los visitantes y los polinizadores, los atractivos florales y las recompensas florales, así como el mecanismo de transferencia de polen han sido estudiados por metodologías estándar con una lente manual de alta resolución 10x (IRL), microscopio estéreo-binocular (M3B, Suiza) y microscopio de campo brillante (Leica DMLB, Alemania). La flor tubular de cuatro días de longevidad atrae a sus visitantes por señales visuales. Las flores son visitadas regularmente por diez especies de insectos. Con base en el comportamiento del visitante, éstos se pueden clasificar en tres categorías distintas, la mayoría pertenecen a la Categoría-I o a la Categoría-II. Visitan solo las flores del segundo día y nunca visitan una flor de 3er día cuando el estigma asume receptividad. Por lo tanto, no se consideran como polinizadores, sino que actúan como ladrones de polen y / o néctar. Estas son discriminadas por ofrecer secreciones de nectarios extra-nupciales de la flor. Las especies de visitantes de la Categoría III, representadas por una especie de Trigona, constituyen el polinizador legítimo de la planta y, por lo tanto, la hacen monofílica. La presentación del polen de la flor bisexual, dicogámica y protándrica ocurre en el 2do día, mientras que el estigma asume su receptividad en el tercer día de la apertura de la flor. La transferencia de polen al cuerpo del polinizador por una flor de segundo día en su fase masculina se logra ofreciendo granos comestibles de polen. Por otro lado, una flor de tercer día en su fase femenina carece de la recompensa (grano de polen). El estigma receptivo brillante amarillo de tal flor simula sorprendentemente las anteras recién abiertas y los polinizadores que son atraídos por tal estigma inadvertidamente transfieren polen en él. C. indicum es hasta ahora la única especie conocida de planta con flor en donde la polinización por engaño se produce por mimetismo de anteras en un estigma de una flor bisexual.
RESUMEN
In the title coordination polymer, [Cu(2)I(2)(C(14)H(14)N(4))(C(18)H(15)P)(2)](n), the Cu(I) atom is coordinated by two I atoms, one P atom and one N atom in a fairly regular tetra-hedral arrangement. A crystallographic inversion centre generates a Cu(2)I(2) diamond with a Cu-Cu separation of 3.0120â (5)â Å. The complete N,N'-(1-pyridin-4-yl-ethethyl-idene)-hydrazine mol-ecule is also generated by inversion symmetry, and this bridging ligand leads to [011] polymeric chains in the crystal structure.
RESUMEN
HL and MeL are prepared by condensing benzil dihydrazone with 2-formylpyridine and 2-acetylpyridine, respectively, in 1:2 molar proportions. While in a reaction with [Ru(C(6)H(6))Cl(2)]2, HL yields the cation [Ru(C(6)H(6)){5,6-diphenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine}Cl]+, MeL gives the cation [Ru(C(6)H(6))(MeL)Cl]+. Both the cations are isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts and characterised by X-ray crystallography. In the case of HL, double domino electrocyclic/elimination reactions are found to occur. The electrocyclic reaction occurs in a C=N-N=C-C=N fragment of HL and the elimination reaction involves breaking of a C-H bond of HL. Density functional calculations on model complexes indicate that the identified electrocyclic reaction is thermochemically as well as kinetically feasible for both HL and MeL in the gas phase. For a double domino reaction, similar to that operative in HL, to occur for MeL, breaking of a C-C bond would be required in the elimination step. Our model calculations show the energy barrier for this elimination step to be much higher (329.1 kJ mol(-1)) for MeL than that for HL (96.3 kJ mol(-1)). Thus, the domino reaction takes place for HL and not for MeL. This accounts for the observed stability of [Ru(C(6)H(6))(MeL)Cl]+ under the reaction conditions employed.
RESUMEN
[Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)(2)(4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bisoxazoline)](PF(6))(2).H(2)O (1) shows a (3)MC emission in CH(3)CN and CH(3)OH at room temperature around 590 nm with radiative lifetimes of 1.22 x 10(-4) and 1.40 x 10(-4) s, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 has been determined.