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1.
Microbiol Spectr ; 11(6): e0274323, 2023 Dec 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37921483

RESUMEN

IMPORTANCE: The integration of metabolomics-based approaches into the discovery pipeline has enabled improved mining and prioritization of prolific secondary metabolite producers such as endophytic fungi. However, relying on automated untargeted analysis tools might lead to misestimation of the chemical complexity harbored in these organisms. Our study emphasizes the importance of isolation and structure elucidation of the respective metabolites in addition to deep metabolome analysis for the correct interpretation of untargeted metabolomics approaches such as molecular networking. Additionally, it encourages the further exploration of endophytic fungi from traditional medicinal plants for the discovery of natural products.


Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales , Policétidos , Endófitos , Lactonas/metabolismo , Policétidos/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Hongos/metabolismo
2.
Sci Adv ; 9(48): eadj8016, 2023 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38019923

RESUMEN

How the multiple facets of soil fungal diversity vary worldwide remains virtually unknown, hindering the management of this essential species-rich group. By sequencing high-resolution DNA markers in over 4000 topsoil samples from natural and human-altered ecosystems across all continents, we illustrate the distributions and drivers of different levels of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of fungi and their ecological groups. We show the impact of precipitation and temperature interactions on local fungal species richness (alpha diversity) across different climates. Our findings reveal how temperature drives fungal compositional turnover (beta diversity) and phylogenetic diversity, linking them with regional species richness (gamma diversity). We integrate fungi into the principles of global biodiversity distribution and present detailed maps for biodiversity conservation and modeling of global ecological processes.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Suelo , Humanos , Hongos/genética , Filogenia , Microbiología del Suelo , Biodiversidad
4.
Metabolites ; 13(7)2023 Jul 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37512554

RESUMEN

During the course of our search for biologically active secondary metabolites from fungal cultures, a new oligocyclic diterpenoidal derivative, panapophenanthrin (1), was isolated from Panus strigellus. In addition, two known metabolites, panepophenanthrin (2) and dihydrohypnophilin (3), were also obtained. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses together with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The absolute configuration was determined through TDDFT-ECD calculations. All of the compounds were assessed for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate to weak activities in the performed antimicrobial assays, while compound 1 exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against the mammalian cell lines mouse fibroblast (L929) and human endocervical adenocarcinoma (KB3.1).

5.
Front Plant Sci ; 14: 1106617, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37143888

RESUMEN

Introduction: Traditional approaches to collecting large-scale biodiversity data pose huge logistical and technical challenges. We aimed to assess how a comparatively simple method based on sequencing environmental DNA (eDNA) characterises global variation in plant diversity and community composition compared with data derived from traditional plant inventory methods. Methods: We sequenced a short fragment (P6 loop) of the chloroplast trnL intron from from 325 globally distributed soil samples and compared estimates of diversity and composition with those derived from traditional sources based on empirical (GBIF) or extrapolated plant distribution and diversity data. Results: Large-scale plant diversity and community composition patterns revealed by sequencing eDNA were broadly in accordance with those derived from traditional sources. The success of the eDNA taxonomy assignment, and the overlap of taxon lists between eDNA and GBIF, was greatest at moderate to high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. On average, around half (mean: 51.5% SD 17.6) of local GBIF records were represented in eDNA databases at the species level, depending on the geographic region. Discussion: eDNA trnL gene sequencing data accurately represent global patterns in plant diversity and composition and thus can provide a basis for large-scale vegetation studies. Important experimental considerations for plant eDNA studies include using a sampling volume and design to maximise the number of taxa detected and optimising the sequencing depth. However, increasing the coverage of reference sequence databases would yield the most significant improvements in the accuracy of taxonomic assignments made using the P6 loop of the trnL region.

6.
Front Plant Sci ; 14: 1100235, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36743494

RESUMEN

Our knowledge of microbial biogeography has advanced in recent years, yet we lack knowledge of the global diversity of some important functional groups. Here, we used environmental DNA from 327 globally collected soil samples to investigate the biodiversity patterns of nitrogen-fixing bacteria by focusing on the nifH gene but also amplifying the general prokaryotic 16S SSU region. Globally, N-fixing prokaryotic communities are driven mainly by climatic conditions, with most groups being positively correlated with stable hot or seasonally humid climates. Among soil parameters, pH, but also soil N content were most often shown to correlate with the diversity of N-fixer groups. However, specific groups of N-fixing prokaryotes show contrasting responses to the same variables, notably in Cyanobacteria that were negatively correlated with stable hot climates, and showed a U-shaped correlation with soil pH, contrary to other N-fixers. Also, the non-N-fixing prokaryotic community composition was differentially correlated with the diversity and abundance of N-fixer groups, showing the often-neglected impact of biotic interactions among bacteria.

7.
Mycologia ; 114(6): 919-933, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36194092

RESUMEN

The tropics were long considered to have few ectomycorrhizal fungi, presumably due to a paucity of ectomycorrhizal host plants relative to higher-latitude ecosystems. However, an increase in research in tropical regions over the past 30 years has greatly expanded knowledge about the occurrence of tropical ectomycorrhizal fungi. To assess their broad biogeographic and diversity patterns, we conducted a comprehensive review and quantitative data analysis of 49 studies with 80 individual data sets along with additional data from GlobalFungi to elucidate tropical diversity patterns and biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi across the four main tropical regions: the Afrotropics, the Neotropics, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Generalized linear models were used to explore biotic and abiotic influences on the relative abundance of the 10 most frequently occurring lineages. We also reviewed the available literature and synthesized current knowledge about responses of fungi to anthropogenic disturbances, and their conservation status and threats. We found that /russula-lactarius and /tomentella-thelephora were the most abundant lineages in the Afrotropics, the Neotropics, and Southeast Asia, whereas /cortinarius was the most abundant lineage in Oceania, and that /russula-lactarius, /inocybe, and /tomentella-thelephora were the most species-rich lineages across all of the tropical regions. Based on these analyses, we highlight knowledge gaps for each tropical region. Increased sampling of tropical regions, collaborative efforts, and use of molecular methodologies are needed for a more comprehensive view of the ecology and diversity of tropical ectomycorrhizal fungi.


Asunto(s)
Agaricales , Basidiomycota , Micorrizas , Micorrizas/genética , Ecosistema , Filogenia , Hongos , Basidiomycota/genética , Plantas/microbiología
8.
Glob Chang Biol ; 28(22): 6696-6710, 2022 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36056462

RESUMEN

Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services. However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms.


Asunto(s)
Micorrizas , Suelo , Animales , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Bosques , Hongos , Humanos , Plantas , Microbiología del Suelo
9.
New Phytol ; 236(2): 698-713, 2022 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35811430

RESUMEN

The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae. We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences. We reconstructed biogeographic history and diversification and identified lineages in the Neotropics and adjacent Patagonia. The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have a tropical African origin. The oldest lineages in tropical South America, most with African sister groups, date to the mid-Eocene, possibly coinciding with a boreotropical migration corridor. There were several transatlantic dispersal events from Africa more recently. Andean and Central American lineages mostly have north-temperate origins and are associated with North Andean uplift and the general north-south biotic interchange across the Panama isthmus, respectively. Patagonian lineages have Australasian affinities. Diversification rates in tropical South America and other tropical areas are lower than in temperate areas. Neotropical Russulaceae have multiple biogeographic origins since the mid-Eocene involving dispersal and co-migration. Discontinuous distributions of host plants may explain low diversification rates of tropical lowland ectomycorrhizal fungi. Deeply diverging neotropical fungal lineages need to be better documented.


Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota , Micorrizas , Micorrizas/genética , Filogenia , Filogeografía , América del Sur
10.
Front Microbiol ; 12: 716523, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34603244

RESUMEN

Bioactive secondary metabolite production from endophytic fungi has gained a recurring research focus in recent decades as these microorganisms represent an unexplored biological niche for their diverse biotechnological potential. Despite this focus, studies involving tropical endophytes remain scarce, particularly those isolated from medicinal plants of these ecosystems. In addition, the state of the art of the pharmaceutical industry has experienced stagnation in the past 30years, which has pushed pathogenic infections to get one step ahead, resulting in the development of resistance to existing treatments. Here, five fungal endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant Otoba gracilipes (Myristicaceae), which corresponded to the genera Xylaria and Diaporthe, and screened to demonstrate the promissory potential of these microorganisms for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Thus, the evaluation of crude organic extracts obtained from the mycelia and exhaust medium allowed the elucidation of Xylaria sp. and Diaporthe endophytica potential toward providing crude extracellular extracts with promising bioactivities against reference strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), according to the determined half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) with values down to 3.91 and 10.50mg/ml against each pathogen, respectively. Follow-up studies provided insights into the polarity nature of bioactive compounds in the crude extracts through bioactivity guided fractionation using a polymeric resin absorbent alternative extraction procedure. In addition, evaluation of the co-culturing methods demonstrated how this strategy can enhance endophytes biosynthetic capacity and improve their antibacterial potential with a 10-fold decrease in the IC50 values against both pathogens compared to the obtained values in the preliminary evaluations of Xylaria sp. and D. endophytica crude extracts. These results support the potential of Colombian native biodiversity to provide new approaches concerning the global emergence of antibiotics resistance and future production of undiscovered compounds different from the currently used antibiotics classes and simultaneously call for the value of preserving native habitats due to their promising ecosystemic applications in the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries.

11.
Molecules ; 25(18)2020 Sep 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32971920

RESUMEN

Aromas and flavours can be produced from fungi by either de novo synthesis or biotransformation processes. Herein, the biocatalytic potential of seven basidiomycete species from Colombia fungal strains isolated as endophytes or basidioma was evaluated. Ganoderma webenarium, Ganoderma chocoense, and Ganoderma stipitatum were the most potent strains capable of decolourizing ß,ß-carotene as evidence of their potential as biocatalysts for de novo aroma synthesis. Since a species' biocatalytic potential cannot solely be determined via qualitative screening using ß,ß-carotene biotransformation processes, we focused on using α-pinene biotransformation with mycelium as a measure of catalytic potential. Here, two strains of Trametes elegans-namely, the endophytic (ET-06) and basidioma (EBB-046) strains-were screened. Herein, T. elegans is reported for the first time as a novel biocatalyst for the oxidation of α-pinene, with a product yield of 2.9 mg of cis-Verbenol per gram of dry weight mycelia used. The EBB-046 strain generated flavour compounds via the biotransformation of a Cape gooseberry medium and de novo synthesis in submerged cultures. Three aroma-producing compounds were identified via GC-MS-namely, methyl-3-methoxy-4H-pyran-4-one, hexahydro-3-(methylpropyl)-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, and hexahydro-3-(methylphenyl)-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione.


Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Biocatálisis , Odorantes/análisis , Gusto , Animales , Biotransformación , Colombia , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo
12.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 10874, 2019 07 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31350412

RESUMEN

The type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important virulence factor contributing to the cytotoxicity and the invasion process of this microorganism. The current study aimed to determine the presence of the exoU+/exoS+ genotype in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. The presence of exoS, exoT, exoU and exoY was determined in 189 P. aeruginosa by PCR, and the presence/absence of exoU was analysed according to source infection, clonal relationships, biofilm formation, motility and antimicrobial susceptibility. The gyrA, parC, oprD, efflux pump regulators and ß-lactamases genes were also analysed by PCR/sequencing. The exoS, exoT and exoY genes were found in 100% of the isolates. Meanwhile, exoU was present in 43/189 (22.8%) of the isolates, being significantly associated with multidrug resistance, extensively drug resistance as well as with higher level quinolone resistance. However, the presence of ß-lactamases, mutations in gyrA and parC, and relevant modifications in efflux pumps and OprD were not significantly associated with exoU+ isolates. MLST analysis of a subset of 25 isolates showed 8 different STs displaying the exoU+/exoS+ genotype. The MDR basis of the exoU+ isolates remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, the clinical implications and spread of exoU+/exoS+ P. aeruginosa isolates need to be established.


Asunto(s)
ADP Ribosa Transferasas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Genotipo , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Biopelículas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Hospitalización , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Perú , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidad
14.
Mycologia ; 108(4): 791-805, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27091388

RESUMEN

This work reports on four species of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tooth fungus genus Sarcodon (Bankeraceae, Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) recently discovered in the Colombian Amazon. Sarcodon colombiensis sp. nov., Sarcodon rufobrunneus sp. nov., Sarcodon pallidogriseus sp. nov. and Sarcodon bairdii sp. nov. are described as new to science. These fungi occur in forests dominated by ECM trees in the genera Pseudomonotes (Dipterocarpaceae), Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae) and Aldina (Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae). These records bring the number of Sarcodon species known from the Neotropics to 10. Each of the new species possesses the accepted diagnostic characters for the genus: pileate-stipitate stature, a dentate hymenophore, determinate basidiomata development, fleshy, non-zonate context, and brown, tuberculate basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analysis corroborated the generic placement of the species, and, in combination with morphological characters, confirmed that they are new to science. Macromorphological, micromorphological, habitat and DNA sequence data from the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) are provided for each of the new species. A key is provided that allows identification of all known Neotropical Sarcodon species and similar extralimital taxa.


Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota/clasificación , Basidiomycota/aislamiento & purificación , Basidiomycota/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , Colombia , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Intergénico/química , ADN Intergénico/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Dipterocarpaceae/microbiología , Fabaceae/microbiología , Bosques , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
15.
Fungal Biol ; 119(10): 901-916, 2015 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26399185

RESUMEN

The neotropical biogeographic zone is a 'hot spot' of global biodiversity, especially for insects. Fungal pathogens of insects appear to track this diversity. However, the integration of this unique component of fungal diversity into molecular phylogenetic analyses remains sparse. The entomopathogenic fungal genus Ophiocordyceps is species rich in this region with the first descriptions dating to the early nineteenth century. In this study, material from various ecosystems throughout Colombia and Ecuador was examined. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear loci including SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 were conducted alongside a morphological evaluation. Thirty-five specimens were examined representing fifteen different species of Ophiocordyceps, and five new species, Ophiocordyceps blattarioides, Ophiocordyceps tiputini, Ophiocordyceps araracuarensis, Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila, and Ophiocordyceps evansii, were described. An accurate identification of the host allowed us to conclude that host identity and host habitat are positively correlated with phylogenetic species of Ophiocordyceps and are probably strong drivers for speciation of neotropical entomopathogenic fungi.


Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Hypocreales/clasificación , Hypocreales/aislamiento & purificación , Insectos/microbiología , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , Colombia , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Ecuador , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Hypocreales/citología , Hypocreales/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogeografía , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Clima Tropical
16.
Science ; 346(6213): 1256688, 2014 Nov 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25430773

RESUMEN

Fungi play major roles in ecosystem processes, but the determinants of fungal diversity and biogeographic patterns remain poorly understood. Using DNA metabarcoding data from hundreds of globally distributed soil samples, we demonstrate that fungal richness is decoupled from plant diversity. The plant-to-fungus richness ratio declines exponentially toward the poles. Climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial variables, constitute the best predictors of fungal richness and community composition at the global scale. Fungi show similar latitudinal diversity gradients to other organisms, with several notable exceptions. These findings advance our understanding of global fungal diversity patterns and permit integration of fungi into a general macroecological framework.


Asunto(s)
Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/fisiología , Microbiología del Suelo , Suelo , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Bosques , Hongos/genética , Geografía , Pradera , Tundra
17.
Rev. méd. hered ; 21(2): 59-64, abr.-jun. 2010. graf
Artículo en Español | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-568266

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Estudiar la correlación existente entre la recolección de proteinuria de veinticuatro horas y el índice proteinuria/creatinina tomada de una alícuota de la misma muestra y analizar las variables que afectan la correlación. Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 100 personas adultas de diversos servicios hospitalarios y ambulatorios del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia a quienes se les solicitó proteinuria en 24 horas por diversas circunstancias. La proteinuria y la creatinina en orina se midieron utilizando auto-analizadores con técnicas de química seca. Resultados: Un paciente fue excluido por dudosa recolección de la muestra. Hubo 18% varones y 82% mujeres. En la muestra hubo 38% de pacientes gestantes La correlación obtenida en toda la muestra tuvo un r= 0,74 (p < 0,001), evidenciándose que la dispersión de los datos ocurrió en presencia de pacientes con proteinuria superior a 7 g/día; con volumen urinario menor a 600 ml/día y pacientes gestantes. Al excluir estos datos la correlación tuvo un r= 0,95, p < 0,001 (r2= 0,88, IC 95% 0,79-0,93, p < 0,001). Conclusión: Existe una alta correlación entre proteinuria en 24 horas y el índice proteinuria/creatinina tomada en una alícuota. Existen variables críticas que afectan la correlación entre estos dos parámetros: diuresis dudosas, gran proteinuria y pacientes gestantes.


Objective: To study the correlation between twenty-four hours proteinuria and proteinuria/creatinine index taken from an aliquot of the same sample and analyze the variables that affect the correlation. Methods: 100 people were selected from various adult inpatient and outpatient services from Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia who required the measurement of proteinuria in 24 hours for various reasons. Proteinuria and creatinine were measured using auto-analyzers with dry chemistry techniques. Results: One patient was excluded for doubtful collection of the sample. There were 18% male and 82% women. 38% of the sample was pregnant patients. The correlation in the entire sample had an r= 0.74 (p < 0.001), demonstrating that the scattering of data occurred in the presence of proteinuria more than 7 g/day; urine volume less than 600 ml/day and pregnant patients. By excluding these data, the correlation had an r= 0.95, p < 0.001 (r2 = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.93, p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a high correlation between 24-hours proteinuria and the proteinuria/creatinine index taken from an aliquot. There are critical variables that affect the correlation between these two parameters: doubtful diuresis, great proteinuria and pregnant patients.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Creatinina/orina , Enfermedades Renales , Proteinuria
18.
Acta amaz ; 38(1): 17-30, 2008. ilus, mapas, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-482504

RESUMEN

El presente texto es el resultado de un compartir de conocimientos acerca de los hongos y sus relaciones ecológicas con animales y plantas, con las etnias Uitoto, Andoke y Muinane que habitan la región del medio Caquetá. Gran parte de la información ecológica encontrada está contenida en la tradición oral de estas etnias, y refleja la capacidad integradora y descriptiva que tienen los indígenas sobre el medio natural circundante. En la zona de estudio la madera es un sustrato muy abundante debido principalmente al tipo de agricultura que tienen los indígenas, y por tanto se desarrollan una gran cantidad de especies de hongos lignícolas. Muinanes, Uitotos y Andokes conocen algunas de las especies vegetales que sirven de sustrato para los hongos, sobretodo aquellas utilizadas en la alimentación tales como Lentinula raphanica y Lentinus scleropus, entre otros. El conocimiento ecológico que tienen estos indígenas sobre los hongos, incluye además datos acerca de cucarrones (Coleoptera) y larvas (Diptera), mamíferos como venados (Mazama americana y M. gouazoubira) y ardillas (Microsciurus flaviventer) y tortugas que incluyen los hongos en su dieta, así como sobre especies de hongos que parasitan plantas e insectos.


O presente texto é o resultado de um intercâmbio de conhecimentos sobre os fungos e as suas relações ecológicas com animais e plantas, com as etnias Uitoto, Andoke e Muinane que habitam a região do Medio Caquetá. Grande parte da informação ecológica encontrada está contida na tradição oral destas etnias e reflete a capacidade integradora e descritiva que os indígenas possuem sobre o meio natural que os circunda. Na zona de estudo a madeira é um substrato abundante devido principalmente ao tipo de agricultura que os indígenas têm, portanto uma grande quantidade de espécies de fungos lignícolas se desenvolve perto dessas tribos. Os Muinanes, Uitotos e Andokes conhecem algumas das espécies vegetais que servem de subtstrato para os fungos, principalmente daquelas que eles utilizam na alimentação, como Lentinula raphanica e Lentinus scleropus, entre outros. O conhecimento ecológico que estes indígenas possuem sobre fungos inclui ainda dados de besouros (Coleoptera) e larvas (Diptera), mamíferos, como veados (Mazama americana e M. gouazoubira) e esquilos (Microsciurus flaviventer), e tartarugas que incluem fungos nas suas dietas, assim como sobre espécies de fungos que parasitam plantas e insetos.


Asunto(s)
Cordyceps , Agaricales , Insectos , Mamíferos
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