[Telemedicine in stroke-pertinent to stroke care in Germany]. / Telemedizin in der Schlaganfallversorgung ­ versorgungsrelevant für Deutschland.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Telemedical stroke networks improve stroke care and provide access to time-dependent acute stroke treatment in predominantly rural regions. The aim is a presentation of data on its utility and regional distribution. METHODS: The working group on telemedical stroke care of the German Stroke Society performed a survey study among all telestroke networks. RESULTS: Currently, 22 telemedical stroke networks including 43 centers (per network: median 1.5, interquartile range, IQR, 1-3) as well as 225 cooperating hospitals (per network: median 9, IQR 4-17) operate in Germany and contribute to acute stroke care delivery to 48 million people. In 2018, 38,211 teleconsultations (per network: median 1340, IQR 319-2758) were performed. The thrombolysis rate was 14.1% (95% confidence interval 13.6-14.7%) and transfer for thrombectomy was initiated in 7.9% (95% confidence interval 7.5-8.4%) of ischemic stroke patients. Financial reimbursement differs regionally with compensation for telemedical stroke care in only three federal states. CONCLUSION: Telemedical stroke care is utilized in about 1 out of 10 stroke patients in Germany. Telemedical stroke networks achieve similar rates of thrombolysis and transfer for thrombectomy compared with neurological stroke units and contribute to stroke care in rural regions. Standardization of network structures, financial assurance and uniform quality measurements may further strengthen the importance of telestroke networks in the future.

Mortality after radiotherapy or surgery in the treatment of early stage non-small-cell lung cancer: a population-based study on recent developments.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) can achieve high tumour control with limited toxicity for inoperable early stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The German Epidemiologic Cancer Registries from the Robert-Koch Institute were assessed. Periods according to the availability of SBRT were: (1) 2000-2003 (pre-SBRT); (2) 2004-2007 (interim); and (3) 2007-2014 (broad availability of SBRT). To assess the association of cancer-related parameters with mortality, hazard ratios (HR) from Cox proportional hazards models were computed. To evaluate the change of treatment-related mortality, we performed interaction analyses and the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI, additive scale) was computed. RESULTS: A total of 16,292 patients with UICC stage I NSCLC diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 were analysed. Radiotherapy utilization increased from 5% in pre-SBRT era to 8.8% after 2007. In univariate analyses, survival in the whole cohort improved only marginally when 2000-2003 is compared to 2004-2007 (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-1.01) or 2008-2014 (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-1.01). Comparing surgery/radiotherapy, mortality in the radiotherapy group started from a 3.5-fold risk in 2000-2003 to 2.6 after 2007. The interaction analysis revealed a stronger improvement for radiotherapy (multiplicative scale for 2000-2003 vs. > 2007: 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94). On an additive scale, treatment × period interaction revealed an RERI for 2000-2003 vs. > 2007 of - 1.18 (95% CI - 1.8, - 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Using population-based data, we observed a survival improvement in stage I lung cancer over time. With an increasing utilization of radiotherapy, a stronger improvement occurred in patients treated with radiotherapy when compared to surgery.

Deletion of Uncoupling Protein-2 reduces renal mitochondrial leak respiration, intrarenal hypoxia and proteinuria in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.

AIM: Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) can induce mitochondrial uncoupling in the diabetic kidney. Although mitochondrial uncoupling reduces oxidative stress originating from the mitochondria and can be regarded as a protective mechanism, the increased oxygen consumption occurring secondarily to increased mitochondria uncoupling, that is leak respiration, may contribute to kidney tissue hypoxia. Using UCP-2-/- mice, we tested the hypothesis that UCP-2-mediated leak respiration is important for the development of diabetes-induced intrarenal hypoxia and proteinuria. METHODS: Kidney function, in vivo oxygen metabolism, urinary protein leakage and mitochondrial function were determined in wild-type and UCP-2-/- mice during normoglycaemia and 2 weeks after diabetes induction. RESULTS: Diabetic wild-type mice displayed mitochondrial leak respiration, pronounced intrarenal hypoxia, proteinuria and increased urinary KIM-1 excretion. However, diabetic UCP-2-/- mice did not develop increased mitochondrial leak respiration and presented with normal intrarenal oxygen levels, urinary protein and KIM-1 excretion. CONCLUSION: Although functioning as an antioxidant system, mitochondria uncoupling is always in co-occurrence with increased oxygen consumption, that is leak respiration; a potentially detrimental side effect as it can result in kidney tissue hypoxia; an acknowledged unifying pathway to nephropathy. Indeed, this study demonstrates a novel mechanism in which UCP-2-mediated mitochondrial leak respiration is necessary for the development of diabetes-induced intrarenal tissue hypoxia and proteinuria.

[Causes of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Results from the Rhineland-Palatinate ALS registry]. / Todesursachen bei amyotropher Lateralsklerose : Ergebnisse aus dem ALS-Register Rheinland-Pfalz.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with an increased mortality. Knowledge of possible causes of death could lead to an individualization of the palliative treatment concept and result in a differentiated palliative treatment pathway. Currently, only few systematic data are available on the heterogeneity of causes of death associated with ALS. OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the various causes of death in a prospective population-based German cohort of ALS patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of data of the Rhineland-Palatinate ALS registry in which newly diagnosed patients who had been identified between October 2009 and September 2012 were prospectively enrolled and followed up at regular intervals. From this prospective cohort study the causes of death were elicited based on information provided by the attending physicians, family members and by means of death certificates registered by the regional health authorities in Rhineland-Palatinate. RESULTS: Out of 200 ALS patients registered 148 died between register initiation on 1 October 2009 and the end of follow-up on 30 September 2015 (78 males and 70 females, death rate 74%). The most frequent cause of death was respiratory failure as a consequence of weakness of respiratory muscles (n = 91, 61%). Less frequent causes of death were pneumonia (n = 13, 9%), terminal cachexia (n = 9, 6%) and death from cardiovascular causes including sudden death (n = 9, 6%). Cases of suicide were rare (n = 3, 2%) as were deaths due to concurrent diseases (n = 2). In 21 cases (14%) the exact cause of death could not be clarified. Differences in the causes of death only showed a tendency towards the ALS phenotype. Respiratory failure was the cause of death in all patients with a respiratory phenotype and in 78% of patients with flail arm syndrome. Despite the low number of patients (8%) with additional frontotemporal dementia (FTD) a distinct difference in causes of death between those with and without FTD could be observed. Death due to respiratory failure was less frequent in ALS patients with FTD (33% vs. 65%) while pneumonia was more frequent (27% vs. 7%). CONCLUSION: Respiratory failure was the most frequent cause of death in our cohort of ALS patients. In contrast, pneumonia and nutritional disorders played a less important role as the cause of death. The phenotypic expression of ALS might in part allow the cause of the prospective death to be predicted. Differentiation of ALS phenotypes is an important foundation for patient counseling on the process of dying to be expected and for the determination of an individual palliative concept.

Adenosine A2 a receptor stimulation prevents proteinuria in diabetic rats by promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype without affecting oxidative stress.

AIM: Diabetic patients are at increased risk for kidney disease. There is presently no clinical treatment available that effectively protects kidney function in diabetics. This study investigates whether chronic stimulation of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2a AR) protects kidney function in insulinopenic diabetic rats. METHODS: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and corresponding controls were chronically treated with the adenosine A2a AR agonist CGS21680 throughout the four-week diabetes duration. Kidney function was thereafter investigated, and urine and plasma samples were collected for analysis of protein, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. RESULTS: Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, filtration fraction and diabetes-induced kidney hypoxia were all unaffected by chronic A2a AR stimulation. Furthermore, diabetic rats had increased oxidative stress, which was further increased by chronic A2a AR stimulation. However, the 10-fold increased urinary protein excretion observed in the diabetic rats was completely prevented by chronic A2a AR stimulation. These beneficial effects were accompanied by reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 as well as decreased infiltration of macrophages, glomerular damage and basement membrane thickness. CONCLUSION: Chronic A2a AR stimulation prevents proteinuria and glomerular damage in experimental diabetes via an anti-inflammatory mechanism independent of oxidative stress and kidney hypoxia.

A role for the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan in kidney dysfunction during ACE-inhibitor fetopathy.

Despite data showing that inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system increase the risks of fetal morbidity and dysfunctionality later in life, their use during pregnancy has increased. The fetopathy induced by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is characterized by anuria, hypotension and growth restriction, but can also be associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. In the kidney, this fetopathy includes atrophy of the medulla, reduced number of glomeruli, developmental lesions of tubules and vessels, tubulointerstitial inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation. Although angiotensin II (Ang II) inhibition during nephrogenesis interferes with normal growth and development, this review will focus on effects of the heavily accumulated matrix component hyaluronan (HA). An important mechanism of HA accumulation during nephrogenesis is disruption of its normal reduction as a consequence of lack of Ang II activation of hyaluronidase. Hyaluronan has very large water-attracting properties and is pro-inflammatory when fragmented. The ensuing inflammation and interstitial oedema affect kidney function. Hyaluronan is colocalized with CD44 overexpression and infiltrating immune cells. These properties make HA a plausible contributor to the observed structural and functional kidney defects associated with the fetopathy. Available data support an involvement of HA in kidney dysfunction of the foetus and during adulthood due to the physico-chemical characteristics of HA. No clinical treatment for HA accumulation exists. Treatment with the HA-degrading enzyme hyaluronidase and an HA synthesis inhibitor has been tested successfully in experimental models in the kidney, heart and pancreas. Reduced HA accumulation to reduce interstitial oedema and inflammation may improve organ function, but this concept needs to be tested in a controlled study before causal relationships can be established.

Inhibition of sodium-linked glucose reabsorption normalizes diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration in conscious adenosine A1-receptor deficient mice.

AIM: Glomerular hyperfiltration is commonly observed in diabetics early after the onset of the disease and predicts the progression of nephropathy. Sustained hyperglycaemia is also closely associated with kidney hypertrophy and increased electrolyte and glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule. In this study, we investigated the role of the increased tubular sodium/glucose cotransport for diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration. To eliminate any potential confounding effect of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism, we used adenosine A1-receptor deficient (A1AR(-/-)) mice known to lack a functional TGF mechanism and compared the results to corresponding wild-type animals (A1AR(+/+)). METHODS: Diabetes was induced by an intravenous bolus injection of alloxan. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined in conscious mice by a single bolus injection of inulin. The sodium/glucose cotransporters were inhibited by phlorizin 30 min prior to GFR measurements. RESULTS: Normoglycaemic animals had a similar GFR independent of genotype (A1AR(+/+) 233 ± 11 vs. A1AR(-/-) 241 ± 25 µL min(-1)), and induction of diabetes resulted in glomerular hyperfiltration in both groups (A1AR(+/+) 380 ± 25 vs. A1AR(-/-) 336 ± 35 µL min(-1); both P < 0.05). Phlorizin had no effect on GFR in normoglycaemic mice, whereas it reduced GFR in both genotypes during diabetes (A1AR(+/+) 365 ± 18 to 295 ± 19, A1AR(-/-) 354 ± 38 to 199 ± 15 µL min(-1); both P < 0.05). Notably, the reduction was more pronounced in the A1AR(-/-) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that increased tubular sodium/glucose reabsorption is important for diabetes-induced hyperfiltration, and that the TGF mechanism is not involved in these alterations, but rather functions to reduce any deviations from a new set-point.

Clinical parameters, intestinal function, and IGF1 concentrations in colostrum-deprived and colostrum-fed newborn pony foals.

Colostrum (COL) contains cytokines and growth factors that may enhance intestinal development in neonates. The hypothesis of this study was that besides providing immunoglobulins, COL is important for intestinal function and meconium release in foals. Newborn foals were either fed COL (n = 5) or an equal amount of milk replacer (MR, n = 7) during the first 24 hours of life. To ensure passive immunity, all foals received 1 L plasma. Postnatal development, meconium release, intestinal motility, white blood cell count, insulin-like growth factor 1, and intestinal absorptive function (xylose absorption test) were evaluated. Clinical findings and meconium release were not affected by feeding of COL or MR. Ultrasonography revealed a slightly larger jejunum and stomach in group COL versus MR (P < 0.05). The percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was higher in foals of group MR versus group COL (P < 0.05) and the percentage of lymphocytes was lower in MR compared with COL foals (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration increased during the first 14 days after birth in both groups. A xylose absorption test on Day 5 revealed similar increases in plasma xylose concentrations after oral intake. In conclusion, feeding of COL versus MR was without effect on meconium release and intestinal absorptive function. Differences between foals fed COL and MR with regard to intestinal function are apparently without clinical relevance. In foals that have not received maternal COL, there is no major risk of intestinal problems if they are fed MR and provided with immunoglobulins by transfusion of plasma.

Etiology of first-ever ischaemic stroke in European young adults: the 15 cities young stroke study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Risk factors for IS in young adults differ between genders and evolve with age, but data on the age- and gender-specific differences by stroke etiology are scare. These features were compared based on individual patient data from 15 European stroke centers. METHODS: Stroke etiology was reported in detail for 3331 patients aged 15-49 years with first-ever IS according to Trial of Org in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria: large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA), cardioembolism (CE), small-vessel occlusion (SVO), other determined etiology, or undetermined etiology. CE was categorized into low- and high-risk sources. Other determined group was divided into dissection and other non-dissection causes. Comparisons were done using logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, and center heterogeneity. RESULTS: Etiology remained undetermined in 39.6%. Other determined etiology was found in 21.6%, CE in 17.3%, SVO in 12.2%, and LAA in 9.3%. Other determined etiology was more common in females and younger patients, with cervical artery dissection being the single most common etiology (12.8%). CE was more common in younger patients. Within CE, the most frequent high-risk sources were atrial fibrillation/flutter (15.1%) and cardiomyopathy (11.5%). LAA, high-risk sources of CE, and SVO were more common in males. LAA and SVO showed an increasing frequency with age. No significant etiologic distribution differences were found amongst southern, central, or northern Europe. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of IS in young adults has clear gender-specific patterns that change with age. A notable portion of these patients remains without an evident stroke mechanism according to TOAST criteria.

Intracerebral haemorrhage in a population-based stroke registry (LuSSt): incidence, aetiology, functional outcome and mortality.

Data on incidence of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) vary widely. Population-based data on predictors of ICH survival and functional outcome are rare. The Ludwigshafen Stroke Study is a prospective, population-based stroke registry which started in January 2006. All residents of the city of Ludwigshafen, Germany, who suffer from acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack are registered. Patients with first-ever primary intracerebral haemorrhage (FE-pICH) between 2006 and 2010 were included in the present analysis. Between January 1st, 2006 and December 31st, 2010, 152 patients suffered a FE-pICH. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 for FE-pICH were 18.7 (95 % CI 15.9-21.9) and 11.9 (95 % CI 10.2-14.0), respectively, and remained stable over time. Case-fatality rates for FE-pICH were 27.0, 34.9 and 44.1 % at days 28, 90 and 365, respectively. In 21 patients, an (21.3 %) early do-not resuscitate-order was documented. Excluding these patients from multivariate analyses, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (OR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.08-1.36), hypercholesterolemia (OR 0.16, 95 % CI 0.05-0.55) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) prior to stroke (OR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.06-2.3) were independently associated with risk of 1-year mortality, whereas NIHSS (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.20-1.66) and leukocyte count on admission (OR 1.48, 95 % CI 1.16-1.89) were independently associated with good or moderate functional outcome (mRS ≤ 3) after 1 year. Incidence of FE-ICH is in the lower range of those reported from other registries and remained stable over the observation period. Higher treatment rates for hypertension might partly account for this. Stroke severity as indicated by NIHSS was independently associated with mortality and functional outcome after 1 year. We found no association between aetiology and outcome in ICH patients.

Stroke due to atrial fibrillation in a population-based stroke registry (Ludwigshafen Stroke Study) CHADS(2) , CHA(2) DS(2) -VASc score, underuse of oral anticoagulation, and implications for preventive measures.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is amongst the most important etiologies of ischaemic stroke. In a population-based stroke registry, we tested the hypothesis of low adherence to current guidelines as a main cause of high rates of AF-associated stroke. METHODS: Within the Ludwigshafen Stroke Study (LuSSt), a prospective ongoing population-based stroke register, we analyzed all patients with a first-ever ischaemic stroke (FEIS) owing to AF in 2006 and 2007. We determined whether AF was diagnosed before stroke and assessed pre-stroke CHADS(2) and CHA(2) DS(2) -VASc scores. RESULTS: In total, 187 of 626 patients with FEIS suffered from cardioembolic stroke owing to AF, which was newly diagnosed in 57 (31%) patients. Retrospective pre-stroke risk stratification according to CHADS(2) score indicated low/intermediate risk in 34 patients (18%) and high risk (CHADS(2)  ≥ 2) in 153 patients (82%). Application of CHA(2) DS(2) -VASc score reduced number of patients at low/intermediate risk (CHA(2) DS(2) -VASc score 0-1) to five patients (2.7%). In patients with a CHADS(2) score ≥ 2 and known AF (n = 106) before stroke, 38 (36%) were on treatment with vitamin K antagonists on admission whilst only in 16 patients (15%) treatment was in therapeutic range. CONCLUSIONS: Our study strongly supports the hypothesis that underuse of oral anticoagulants in high-risk patients importantly contributes to AF-associated stroke. CHA(2) DS(2) -VASc score appears to be a more valuable risk stratification tool than CHADS(2) score. Preventive measures should focus on optimizing pre-stroke detection of AF and better implementation of present AF-guidelines with respect to anticoagulation therapy.

Sex-dependent insulin like growth factor-1 expression in preattachment equine embryos.

An adjustment of sex ratio of offspring to the conditions present at conception is seen in many mammals including horses. This depends on preferential survival of male embryos under conditions of high energy intake. In several species, growth factors including insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 have been shown to promote embryonic development by decreasing apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation. We hypothesized that sex-related differences in IGF-1 expression in equine embryos during the phase of maternal recognition of pregnancy might exist and thus contribute to preferential survival of embryos from either of both sexes under specific environmental conditions. Insulin like growth factor-1 mRNA expression of in vivo-produced equine embryos on different days of pregnancy (Day 8, N = 6; Day 10, N = 8; Day 12, N = 14) was analyzed. Insulin like growth factor-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The sex of the embryo was determined by detection of X-inactivation specific transcript (Xist) RNA and equine sex determining region of the Y chromosome DNA. Embryos positive for Xist expression were classified as female, and Xist negative and equine sex determining region of the Y chromosome positive embryos were classified as male. From 28 embryos tested, 15 (54%) showed positive Xist expression and were thus classified as female. Insulin like growth factor-1 mRNA expression was influenced by sex (P = 0.01) but not by day of pregnancy (relative expression of IGF-1 in relation to ß-actin, Day 8: male 5.1 ± 2.1, female 11.4; Day 10: male 5.2 ± 1.6, female 17.4 ± 6.7; Day 12: male 2.6 ± 0.3, female 11.6 ± 2.4). Results demonstrate an increased expression of IGF-1 in female equine embryos. Sex-related influences on expression of the IGF system are probably related to a gradual X chromosome inactivation.

Progestin treatment does not affect expression of cytokines, steroid receptors, oxytocin receptor, and cyclooxygenase 2 in fetal membranes and endometrium from pony mares at parturition.

In most mammalian species, progestins have a major function in maintaining pregnancy. In humans, the physiologic initiation of parturition bears similarities with inflammatory processes and anti-inflammatory effects of progestins have been suggested to postpone birth until term. To examine if comparable effects exist in the horse, mares were treated with the synthetic progestin altrenogest from day 280 of gestation until parturition (N = 5) or were left untreated as controls (N = 7). Tissue from the amnion (AMN), allantochorion (AC), and endometrium (EM) was collected at foaling and mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and -8, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), estrogen receptor (ER) α, progesterone receptor, and oxytocin receptor (OTR) was analyzed. Leukocytes, steroid receptors, COX2, and OTR were also investigated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Expression of mRNA for IL-6 was higher in AMN and EM versus AC (P < 0.01). Expression of IL-8 was higher in AMN than AC and EM (P < 0.001). Steroid receptors and OTR were highly expressed in EM but not in AMN and AC (P < 0.001). Expression of COX2 was most pronounced in AC whereas IL expression was not upregulated in AC. No differences in mRNA expression existed between altrenogest-treated and control animals. Endometrial polymorphonuclear leukocytes were increased in altrenogest-treated mares. Epithelial cells of all tissues, except AC chorionic villi stained progesterone receptor-positive. Staining for ER was more pronounced in the amnion facing epithelium of the AC in altrenogest-treated versus control animals (P < 0.01). In conclusion, COX2 is highly expressed in the AC. The fetal membranes thus might play a role in the onset of labor in the horse. Altrenogest did not affect gene expression in the AMN, AC, and EM but had localized effects on inflammatory cells and ER expression. No anti-inflammatory effects of altrenogest in healthy, late pregnant pony mares could be detected.

Recurrent amaurosis fugax in a patient after stanford type a dissection depending on blood pressure and haemoglobin level.

Purpose. A transient painless monocular visual loss due to a decrease in retinal circulation-also known as "amaurosis fugax"-often precedes acute territorial cerebral ischaemia. The case we present underlines the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic workup in patients with amaurosis fugax. Case Report. A 44-year-old man who had suffered from a dissection of the ascending aorta (Stanford Type A) five months ago presented with recurrent monocular vision problems. Episodes with sectional vision loss mainly occurred in combination with low blood pressure levels. Furthermore, the haemoglobin level was chronically low (Hb 9.7 mg/dL), and the patient was by mistake on a simultaneous therapy with phenprocoumon and unfractionated heparin. Carotid artery duplex scanning revealed a high-grade stenosis of the proximal right common carotid artery. MR imaging corroborated hypoperfusion in brain area corresponding to the right MCA. Conclusion. Our patient is an example in whom transient retinal ischaemic attacks may originate from haemodynamic reasons.

Coenzyme Q10 prevents GDP-sensitive mitochondrial uncoupling, glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in kidneys from db/db mice as a model of type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Increased oxygen consumption results in kidney tissue hypoxia, which is proposed to contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Oxidative stress causes increased oxygen consumption in type 1 diabetic kidneys, partly mediated by uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2)-induced mitochondrial uncoupling. The present study investigates the role of UCP-2 and oxidative stress in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and kidney function in db/db mice as a model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Mitochondrial oxygen consumption, glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria were investigated in db/db mice and corresponding controls with and without coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) treatment. RESULTS: Untreated db/db mice displayed mitochondrial uncoupling, manifested as glutamate-stimulated oxygen consumption (2.7 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 pmol O(2) s(-1) [mg protein](-1)), glomerular hyperfiltration (502 ± 26 vs 385 ± 3 µl/min), increased proteinuria (21 ± 2 vs 14 ± 1, µg/24 h), mitochondrial fragmentation (fragmentation score 2.4 ± 0.3 vs 0.7 ± 0.1) and size (1.6 ± 0.1 vs 1 ± 0.0 µm) compared with untreated controls. All alterations were prevented or reduced by CoQ10 treatment. Mitochondrial uncoupling was partly inhibited by the UCP inhibitor GDP (-1.1 ± 0.1 pmol O(2) s(-1) [mg protein](-1)). UCP-2 protein levels were similar in untreated control and db/db mice (67 ± 9 vs 67 ± 4 optical density; OD) but were reduced in CoQ10 treated groups (43 ± 2 and 38 ± 7 OD). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: db/db mice displayed oxidative stress-mediated activation of UCP-2, which resulted in mitochondrial uncoupling and increased oxygen consumption. CoQ10 prevented altered mitochondrial function and morphology, glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in db/db mice, highlighting the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the benefits of preventing increased oxidative stress.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the coxofemoral joint region in young foals.

The purpose of this study was to map the coxofemoral region in foals to obtain ultrasonographic reference values for the interpretation of potentially pathological findings in hip joints. Using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer, 38 examinations were carried out: 10 (20 joints) on cadavers and 28 (55 joints) on live healthy foals up to 8 weeks of age. The chosen plane of examination was caudolateral-craniomedial oblique on an imaginary line connecting the greater trochanter and the cranial edge of the tuber sacrale. The relatively thin muscular layer covering the coxofemoral joint allowed good image quality. The evaluated structures included the bone surface of the ilium and acetabulum, the subchondral bone on the femoral head and greater trochanter, the joint cartilage on the femoral head, the fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum, the femoral capital physis, the cartilaginous layer covering the greater trochanter, the joint capsule and the presence of visible synovial fluid and the gluteal muscles. A bilateral anatomical frozen section in the plane of examination was made in one cadaver. A good correlation was found between ultrasonographic and corresponding anatomical measurements on the frozen section. This study indicated that ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool which can provide good image quality in neonates.

Etiology, risk factors and sex differences in ischemic stroke in the Ludwigshafen Stroke Study, a population-based stroke registry.

BACKGROUND: Stroke etiology in ischemic stroke guides preventive measures and etiological stroke subgroups may show considerable differences between both sexes. In a population-based stroke registry we analyzed etiological subgroups of ischemic stroke and calculated sex-specific incidence and mortality rates. METHODS: The Ludwigshafen Stroke Study is a prospective ongoing population-based stroke registry. Multiple overlapping methods of case ascertainment were used to identify all patients with incident stroke or transient ischemic attack. Modified TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria were applied for subgroup analysis in ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Out of 626 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke in 2006 and 2007, women (n = 327) were older (73.5 ± 12.6 years) than men (n = 299; 69.7 ± 11.5 years; p < 0.001). The age-adjusted incidence rate of ischemic stroke was significantly higher in men (1.37; 95% CI 1.20-1.56) than in women (1.12; 95% CI 0.97-1.29; p = 0.04). Cardioembolism (n = 219; 35.0%), small-artery occlusion (n = 164; 26.2%), large-artery atherosclerosis (n = 98; 15.7%) and 'probable atherothrombotic stroke' (n = 84; 13.4%) were common subgroups of ischemic stroke. Stroke due to large-artery atherosclerosis (p = 0.025), current smoking (p = 0.008), history of smoking (p < 0.001), coronary artery disease (p = 0.0015) and peripheral artery disease (p = 0.024) was significantly more common in men than in women. Overall, 1-year survival was not different between both sexes; however, a significant age-sex interaction with higher mortality in elderly women (>85 years) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Cardioembolism is the main source for ischemic stroke in our population. Etiology of ischemic stroke differs between sexes, with large-artery atherosclerotic stroke and associated diseases (coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease) being more common in men.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition blocks interstitial hyaluronan dissipation in the neonatal rat kidney via hyaluronan synthase 2 and hyaluronidase 1.

A functional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is required for normal kidney development. Neonatal inhibition of the RAS in rats results in long-term pathological renal phenotype and causes hyaluronan (HA), which is involved in morphogenesis and inflammation, to accumulate. To elucidate the mechanisms, intrarenal HA content was followed during neonatal completion of nephrogenesis with or without angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) together with mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthases (HAS), hyaluronidases (Hyal), urinary hyaluronidase activity and cortical lymphatic vessels, which facilitate the drainage of HA from the tissue. In 6-8days old control rats cortical HA content was high and reduced by 93% on days 10-21, reaching adult low levels. Medullary HA content was high on days 6-8 and then reduced by 85% to 12-fold above cortical levels at day 21. In neonatally ACEI-treated rats the reduction in HA was abolished. Temporal expression of HAS2 corresponded with the reduction in HA content in the normal kidney. In ACEI-treated animals cortical HAS2 remained twice the expression of controls. Medullary Hyal1 increased in controls but decreased in ACEI-treated animals. Urine hyaluronidase activity decreased with time in control animals while in ACEI-treated animals it was initially 50% lower and did not change over time. Cells expressing the lymphatic endothelial mucoprotein podoplanin in ACEI-treated animals were increased 18-fold compared to controls suggesting compensation. In conclusion, the high renal HA content is rapidly reduced due to reduced HAS2 and increased Hyal1 mRNA expressions. Normal angiotensin II function is crucial for inducing these changes. Due to the extreme water-attracting and pro-inflammatory properties of HA, accumulation in the neonatally ACEI-treated kidneys may partly explain the pathological renal phenotype of the adult kidney, which include reduced urinary concentration ability and tubulointerstitial inflammation.