Sexual harassment among employees and students at a large Swedish university: who are exposed, to what, by whom and where - a cross-sectional prevalence study.

BACKGROUND: Sexual harassment (SH) in the workplace is prevalent and associated with poor health. Universities are large workplaces with complex formal and informal power relations, which may influence the prevalence of SH. Although employees and students share the university context, few studies on SH have included both groups. The overall aim of the study was to investigate SH among employees and students at a large Swedish public university regarding types of harassment, prevalence in different groups, characteristics of the perpetrators, and the circumstances in which it occurs. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed, based on a web-based survey with 120 items that was sent out to all staff, including PhD students (N = 8,238) and students (N = 30,244) in November 2019. The response rate was 33% for staff and 32% for students. Exposure to SH was defined as having experienced at least one of ten defined SH behaviors during their work or studies. RESULTS: Among women, 24.5% of staff and 26.8% of students reported having been exposed to SH. The corresponding figures were 7.0% and 11.3% for male staff and students and 33.3% and 29.4% for non-binary individuals among staff and students. Unwelcome comments, suggestive looks or gestures, and 'inadvertent' brushing or touching were the three most common forms of reported harassment, both among staff and students. Attempted or completed rape had been experienced by 2.1% of female and 0.6% of male students. Male and female perpetrators were reported by about 80% and 15%, respectively, of exposed participants. Among staff most reported events occurred during the everyday operation of the university, while among students the majority of the events took place during social events linked to student life. When exposed to a perpetrator from the same group (staff or students), women reported more often being in a subordinate power position in relation to the perpetrator. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that sexual harassment is common in the university context, and interventions and case management routines of events should consider power relations between victim and perpetrator, as well as the various contexts within which sexual harassment takes place.

Food addiction in children: Associations with obesity, parental food addiction and feeding practices.

Food addiction research in children is limited, and to date addictive-like eating behaviors within families have not been investigated. The aim of this study is to understand factors associated with addictive-like eating in children. The association between food addiction in children with obesity, parental food addiction, and parental feeding practices (i.e., restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring) was investigated. Parents/primary caregivers (aged≥18years) of children aged 5-12years, recruited and completed an online cross-sectional survey including demographics, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Parents, reporting on themselves and one of their children, were given a food addiction diagnosis and symptom score according to the YFAS predefined criteria. The total sample consisted of 150 parents/primary caregivers (48% male) and 150 children (51% male). Food addiction was found to be 12.0% in parents and 22.7% in children. In children, food addiction was significantly associated with higher child BMI z-scores. Children with higher food addiction symptoms had parents with higher food addiction scores. Parents of FA children reported significantly higher levels of Restriction and Pressure to eat feeding practices, but not Monitoring. Children with elevated YFAS-C scores may be at greater risk for eating-related issues.

The first peopling of South America: new evidence from Y-chromosome haplogroup Q.

Recent progress in the phylogenetic resolution of the Y-chromosome phylogeny permits the male demographic dynamics and migratory events that occurred in Central and Southern America after the initial human spread into the Americas to be investigated at the regional level. To delve further into this issue, we examined more than 400 Native American Y chromosomes (collected in the region ranging from Mexico to South America) belonging to haplogroup Q - virtually the only branch of the Y phylogeny observed in modern-day Amerindians of Central and South America - together with 27 from Mongolia and Kamchatka. Two main founding lineages, Q1a3a1a-M3 and Q1a3a1-L54(xM3), were detected along with novel sub-clades of younger age and more restricted geographic distributions. The first was also observed in Far East Asia while no Q1a3a1-L54(xM3) Y chromosome was found in Asia except the southern Siberian-specific sub-clade Q1a3a1c-L330. Our data not only confirm a southern Siberian origin of ancestral populations that gave rise to Paleo-Indians and the differentiation of both Native American Q founding lineages in Beringia, but support their concomitant arrival in Mesoamerica, where Mexico acted as recipient for the first wave of migration, followed by a rapid southward migration, along the Pacific coast, into the Andean region. Although Q1a3a1a-M3 and Q1a3a1-L54(xM3) display overlapping general distributions, they show different patterns of evolution in the Mexican plateau and the Andean area, which can be explained by local differentiations due to demographic events triggered by the introduction of agriculture and associated with the flourishing of the Great Empires.

Host tissue reaction to Gnathostoma malaysiae (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae) in Rattus surifer Miller.

The occurrence of adult Gnathostoma malaysiae in Rattus surifer and R. tiomanicus in Malaysia has been reported but there are no known reports on the host tissue reactions. This paper reports on the gross pathology caused by G. malaysiae in a red spiny forest rat, R. surifer and the tissue reactions caused. A tumor-like growth was located on the mid-stomach wall in a female rat captured in Gunung Bachock, Kelantan, Malaysia. This growth consisted of four tunnel-like structures containing sanguinopurulent fluid and leukocytes and this structure led into a central canal. The tissue surrounding the tumor was greatly inflamed and there was localized gastritis. The tunnel-like structure was surrounded by dense fibrotic tissue. The stomach wall was devoid of superficial epithelium and smooth muscle but mucinous glands were present. The midregion of the fibrotic scar contained eggs of G. malaysiae which had evoked a strong tissue reaction and were surrounded by pus. Blood vessels were empty, dilated and had undergone vasculitis and thrombosis.

Pharmacologic management of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

The pathophysiology, clinical features, complications, and pharmacologic management of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are reviewed. Loss of plasma proteins in the urine is the primary process leading to the nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. The four principal causes, or subclasses, of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are membranous nephropathy (MN), minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN); definitive diagnosis requires histologic examination of a renal biopsy specimen. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome may be directed at the specific cause of the proteinuria, the proteinuria itself, or the complications induced by the syndrome. The four subclasses of nephrotic syndrome vary in their response to therapy. Corticosteroids, alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents, and cyclosporine have been used to induce partial or complete remission in patients with MN, MCD, and FSGS; combinations of corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, platelet inhibitors, and anticoagulants have been used to treat patients with MPGN. Treatment of proteinuria involves dietary protein restriction with the possible addition of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Management of the complications of nephrotic syndrome encompasses the use of diuretics; a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet; lipid-lowering agents; and anticoagulants. Patients with nephrotic syndrome are in a constant state of flux with respect to fluid status, organ function, and critical protein balance. Treatment is based on the histologic subclass of the disease.

Alteraciones en la matriz organica del hueso y cartilago de rata por el uso prolongado de fluoruno de sodio / Alterations in the organic matrix of bone and cartilage after prolonged administration of sodium fluoride in the rat

Los fluoruros, por mecanismos aun no aclarados, estimulan la formación ósea y son, en consecuencia, usados en el tratamiento de las osteoporosis. Desde un punto de vista terapéutico, uno de los efectos más esperados por la ingesta de fluoruro en pacientes osteoporóticos es la disminución en el índice de fracturas. Si bien esto ocurre, observaciones clínicas sugieren que este efecto es menor que el esperado por el aumento de la masa ósea (ej.: la resistencia por unidad de tejido estaría disminuida en el hueso fluorótico). El o los mecanismos por los cuales el fluoruro conduce a las alteraciones mencionadas, todavía no son bien conocidos, pero como el componente inorgánico ha sido extensamente estudiado, hemos llevado a cabo este trabajo con el objeto de caracterizar cuali y cuantitativamente a los GAG y el colágeno de hueso y cartílafo de rata, en función de la ingesta prolongada de fluoruro de sodio. Las variaciones producidas por la ingesta de fluoruro implican un aumento significativo en la concentracicón de GAG, después de dos meses de tratamiento, debidas a un incremento en las fracciones correspondentes al condroitín-6-sulfato y dermatán sulfato. Esta modificación en el patrón de distribución de los GAG no es atribuible a variaciones en el peso de las moléculas. Aunque otros estudios han informado que no se observan efectos sobre la síntesis de colágeno o de DNA, como consecuencia de la ingesta de fluoruro, nuestros resultados muestran que el contenido de OH-Pro se halla aumentado significativamente luego de 2 meses de tratamiento. Los datos presentados sugieren que las alteraciones óseas inducidas por el fluoruro, podrían se, al menos en parte, debidas a cambios en la concentración y distribución de los GAG y el colágeno en la matriz calcificable de hueso y cartílago de rata

Alteraciones en la matriz organica del hueso y cartilago de rata por el uso prolongado de fluoruno de sodio / Alterations in the organic matrix of bone and cartilage after prolonged administration of sodium fluoride in the rat

Los fluoruros, por mecanismos aun no aclarados, estimulan la formación ósea y son, en consecuencia, usados en el tratamiento de las osteoporosis. Desde un punto de vista terapéutico, uno de los efectos más esperados por la ingesta de fluoruro en pacientes osteoporóticos es la disminución en el índice de fracturas. Si bien esto ocurre, observaciones clínicas sugieren que este efecto es menor que el esperado por el aumento de la masa ósea (ej.: la resistencia por unidad de tejido estaría disminuida en el hueso fluorótico). El o los mecanismos por los cuales el fluoruro conduce a las alteraciones mencionadas, todavía no son bien conocidos, pero como el componente inorgánico ha sido extensamente estudiado, hemos llevado a cabo este trabajo con el objeto de caracterizar cuali y cuantitativamente a los GAG y el colágeno de hueso y cartílafo de rata, en función de la ingesta prolongada de fluoruro de sodio. Las variaciones producidas por la ingesta de fluoruro implican un aumento significativo en la concentracicón de GAG, después de dos meses de tratamiento, debidas a un incremento en las fracciones correspondentes al condroitín-6-sulfato y dermatán sulfato. Esta modificación en el patrón de distribución de los GAG no es atribuible a variaciones en el peso de las moléculas. Aunque otros estudios han informado que no se observan efectos sobre la síntesis de colágeno o de DNA, como consecuencia de la ingesta de fluoruro, nuestros resultados muestran que el contenido de OH-Pro se halla aumentado significativamente luego de 2 meses de tratamiento. Los datos presentados sugieren que las alteraciones óseas inducidas por el fluoruro, podrían se, al menos en parte, debidas a cambios en la concentración y distribución de los GAG y el colágeno en la matriz calcificable de hueso y cartílago de rata (AU)

Soluble guanylate cyclase from rat lung exists as a heterodimer.

The soluble form of guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2) from rat lung has been purified to homogeneity by a one-step immunoaffinity chromatographic procedure. The purified soluble guanylate cyclase has specific activities of 432 and 49.1 nmol of cyclic GMP formed per min/mg protein with manganese and magnesium ions as a cofactor, respectively. This represents a purification of approximately 2,000-fold with a 50% recovery. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 150,000 and a Stokes radius of 4.8 nm as determined on Spherogel TSK-G3000SW gel permeation chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results in two protein-staining bands with molecular weights of 82,000 and 70,000. The purified soluble guanylate cyclase was also subjected to native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, and GTP-agarose affinity chromatography. These additional purification procedures confirmed the presence of a single protein peak coincident with enzyme activity. The two subunits separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were shown to have different primary structures by immunoblotting with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies prepared against purified soluble guanylate cyclase and by peptide mapping with papain or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease treatment. These data demonstrate that soluble guanylate cyclase purified from rat lung is a heterodimer composed of 82,000- and 70,000-dalton subunits with different primary structures.

Effects of placental malaria on mothers and neonates from Zaire.

Of one hundred placentas collected consecutively in the Ubangi district, Zaire, 64 had falciparum malaria. Mothers and infants of the 64 malarious and 36 non-malarious placentas were compared. The malarious placentas had no consistent relationship to infant length or head circumference, APGAR score, birthweight, maternal anemia, splenomegaly or hydramnios. The rate of hydramnios, in fact, was higher in the mothers with non-malarious placentas. Mothers with malarious placentas were younger (means 24) than mothers with non-malarious placentas (means 29). Mothers with fewer pregnancies were more likely to have malarious placentas than older multiparous mothers. There were 7 stillbirths, 4 from mothers with malarious placentas. Infants born to mothers with malarious placentas averaged 100 g less than those from mothers with non-malarious placentas. This study shows that mothers with falciparum malaria from the Ubangi district deliver normal and apparently unaffected infants.

The onchocercal nodule: interrelationship of adult worms and blood vessels.

This study of onchocercal nodules reveals an intimate relationship between the cuticle of Onchocerca volvulus and the capillaries of the host. Perfusion of blood vessels with India ink and other special techniques reveal a proliferation of capillaries around the worms and communication between small vessels and the spaces around the worms. The space around the worm is continuous with the central fibrin lake. These findings, together with the fact that the worm's gut contains hemosiderin, suggest that the worm subverts the vascular reaction and causes within the nodule a controlled hemorrhage that serves the worm's nutritional needs. We believe this explains, in part, how worms survive in fibrous nodules for many years.

A new filarial nematode (Onchocercidae) from warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) of the Kruger National Park.

Fifty-five warthogs [Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Suidae: Artiodactyla)] from the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, were examined for parasites. Adult filarial nematodes were found in lymphatic vessels adjacent to peripheral and visceral lymph nodes, and microfilariae were found in lymph nodes and circulating blood. Both the adult parasite and the microfilaria are described. Specific identification is pending confirmation and recovery of intact adult specimens and microfilariae identical to those described herein.

The domestic cat as a host for Brugian filariasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

Three hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (Felis catus) from six villages of the Hulu Sungai Tengah and Banjar Regency of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. Parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92.4%) had Brugia pahangi, four (6.1%) has B. malayi and one (1.5%) had Dirofilaria repens. Infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open coastal village. In all cases the infection rate of B. malayi in man was greater than in cats from the same collecting area. The number of B. pahangi microfilariae per 20 microliter cat blood ranged from 34 at 1000 hours to 571 at 2200 hours. The results of this study suggest that in this region of Indonesia the domestic cat is not an important host for maintaining B. malayi.

Evidence of possible natural infections of man with Brugia pahangi in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

Blood from 9 humans, 6 domestic cats (Felis domesticus), and 5 silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) from South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, with known filarial infections was examined for determination ofacid phosphatase activity of the microfilarae (mff). The findings suggest 1) that Brugia parasites from domestic cats and silvered leaf monkeys can be speciated by acid phosphatase activity and that speciation by acid phosphatase assay corresponds to that based upon adult worm morphology and 2) that Brugia mff from humans have acid phosphatase activity characteristic of that of B. pahangi microfilariae from cat and monkey. Thus B. pahangi may infect man in South Kalimantan.