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This study investigates the antiplatelet properties of tomato pulp to combat cardiovascular diseases. Notably, it examines the formation of nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FA) in tomato pomace, renowned for its potential antiplatelet effects. Through diverse assays, including tandem mass spectrometry, microplate-based platelet aggregation, and flow cytometry, the research identifies NO2-OA, NO2-LA, and NO2-LnA as pivotal antiplatelet compounds. It demonstrates the concentration-dependent antiplatelet effects of nitrated tomato pomace against thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP-6) and collagen-induced platelet activation, alongside the modulation of platelet activation markers. Additionally, synergistic effects were observed with nitrated tomato pomace extracts. The findings suggest therapeutic potential for NO2-FA derived from tomato pomace in preventing blood clot formation, with nitrated extracts exhibiting superior efficacy compared to non-nitrated ones. This research highlights the promising role of natural products, such as tomato pomace, in mitigating cardiovascular risks and proposes novel strategies for population health enhancement and cardiovascular disease management.
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Ácidos Grasos , Extractos Vegetales , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria , Agregación Plaquetaria , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/síntesis química , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Nitratos/farmacología , Activación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study explores the physiological changes associated with aging that lead to frailty syndrome, characterized by reduced vitality and degeneration across multiple bodily systems, increasing susceptibility to various pathologies. While established scales like the Fried Phenotype and Frailty Trait Scale (FTS) are commonly used for assessing frailty, incorporating biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Our research examines plasma oxylipin levels in frail elderly individuals to identify novel biomarkers. Diagnostic criteria for frailty included assessments using the Fried Phenotype and FTS-5, with blood samples collected from 71 elderly participants (50 women and 21 men) with mean ages of 73.6 ± 5.9 and 76.2 ± 6.2 years, respectively. Women exhibited elevated platelet counts (p-value 0.0035). The significant differences in oxylipin concentrations associated with the Fried Phenotype were particularly noteworthy, predominantly observed in women. Specifically, in women, decreased grip strength (<15 kg) and slow gait speed (<0.8 m/s) correlated with increased levels of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 7-HDoHE (p-values 0.0404, 0.0300, 0.0033, and 0.0033, respectively). Additionally, elevated 7-HDoHE levels correlated with a BMI exceeding 28 kg/m2 (p-value 0.0123) and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) scores surpassing 5 points (p-value 0.0134) in women. In summary, our findings emphasize that frail older individuals, particularly women, exhibit higher levels of TxB2 and 7-HDoHE compared to their non-frail counterparts, aligning with established frailty classification and scale parameters, suggesting their potential as indicative biomarkers.
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Understanding the mechanisms controlling platelet function is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets related to atherothrombotic pathologies and primary hemostasis disorders. Our research, which focuses on the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis, has significant implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Traditionally, Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling has been recognized as a determinant process throughout the platelet activation, controlled primarily by store-operated Ca2+ entry and the PLC-PKC signaling pathway. However, despite the accumulated knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms, the effectiveness of therapy based on various commonly used antiplatelet drugs (such as acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, among others) has faced challenges due to bleeding risks and reduced efficacy associated with the phenomenon of high platelet reactivity. Recent evidence suggests that platelet mitochondria could play a fundamental role in these aspects through Ca2+-dependent mechanisms linked to apoptosis and forming a procoagulant phenotype. In this context, the present review describes the latest advances regarding the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis.
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Envejecimiento , Plaquetas , Calcio , Mitocondrias , Activación Plaquetaria , Humanos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Activación Plaquetaria/fisiología , Calcio/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Animales , Trombosis/metabolismo , Señalización del Calcio/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Sweet potatoes are rich in cardioprotective phytochemicals with potential anti-platelet aggregation activity, although this benefit may vary among cultivars/genotypes. The phenolic profile [HPLC-ESI(-)-qTOF-MS2], cheminformatics (ADMET properties, affinity toward platelet proteins) and anti-PA activity of phenolic-rich hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from orange (OSP) and purple (PSP) sweet potato storage roots, was evaluated. The phenolic richness [Hydroxycinnamic acids> flavonoids> benzoic acids] was PSP > OSP. Their main chlorogenic acids could interact with platelet proteins (integrins/adhesins, kinases/metalloenzymes) but their bioavailability could be poor. Just OSP exhibited a dose-dependent anti-platelet aggregation activity [inductor (IC50, mg.ml-1): thrombin receptor activator peptide-6 (0.55) > Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (1.02) > collagen (1.56)] and reduced P-selectin expression (0.75-1.0 mg.ml-1) but not glycoprotein IIb/IIIa secretion. The explored anti-PA activity of OSP/PSP seems to be inversely related to their phenolic richness. The poor first-pass bioavailability of its chlorogenic acids (documented in silico) may represent a further obstacle for their anti-PA in vivo.
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Ipomoea batatas , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Raíces de Plantas , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria , Agregación Plaquetaria , Ipomoea batatas/química , Fenoles/química , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/química , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Humanos , Quimioinformática , Animales , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The small GTPase RhoA and the downstream Rho kinase (ROCK) regulate several cell functions and pathological processes in the vascular system that contribute to the age-dependent risk of cardiovascular disease, including endothelial dysfunction, excessive permeability, inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, abnormal vasoconstriction, decreased nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Frailty is a loss of physiological reserve and adaptive capacity with advanced age and is accompanied by a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative state that promotes vascular dysfunction and thrombosis. This review summarises the role of the RhoA/Rho kinase signalling pathway in endothelial dysfunction, the acquisition of the pro-thrombotic state and vascular ageing. We also discuss the possible role of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling as a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of age-related cardiovascular disease.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Trombosis , Enfermedades Vasculares , Humanos , Quinasas Asociadas a rho/genética , Células EndotelialesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The study of frailty and its effect on the risk of mortality in older people is of utmost importance, but understanding the critical factors is still limited. Our main objective was to analyze the association of frailty with all-cause mortality in a prospective community cohort of older people. METHODS: A five-year longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with 1,174 community-dwelling older adults (men and women≥65 years old) from different Family Health Centers and community groups from Chile. We evaluated the functional risk, socioeconomic status, and anthropometric variables. The frailty status was evaluated by modified Fried criteria. RESULTS: The diagnosis of frailty was reached in 290 older adult participants, who had significantly increased 5-year all-cause mortality independently of age, sex, cognitive impairment, and socioeconomic status (adjusted HR 1.51, 1.06-2.15). CONCLUSION: Frailty is a predictor of increased mortality independently of age, sex, socio-economic and cognitive factors.
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Anciano Frágil , Fragilidad , Vida Independiente , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Chile/epidemiología , Anciano , Fragilidad/mortalidad , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano Frágil/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Longitudinales , Factores de Riesgo , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Evaluación Geriátrica , Estudios de Seguimiento , MortalidadRESUMEN
A população mundial está envelhecendo e a América Latina e o Caribe (ALC) não são exceção. Atualmente, 8% da população da ALC tem mais de 65 anos e prevê-se que esse número aumente para 30% até 2050. Sabe-se que o processo de envelhecimento envolve alterações moleculares, fisiológicas, funcionais, psicoafetivas e sociais. Todos envelhecemos, a questão é envelhecer com saúde. Como nem sempre é esse o caso, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) declarou esse período (2021-2030) como a Década do Envelhecimento Saudável. A Década é uma iniciativa global de colaboração de diferentes setores e partes interessadas (governos, sociedade civil, organizações internacionais, profissionais, instituições universitárias, meios de comunicação social e setor privado) para melhorar a vida de pessoas idosas, suas famílias e comunidades. A colaboração centra-se em quatro pilares de ação estreitamente interligados: mudar a forma como pensamos, sentimos e agimos em relação à idade e ao envelhecimento; garantir que as comunidades promovam as capacidades dos idosos; fornecer cuidados integrados e centrados nas pessoas e serviços de saúde primários que respondam às necessidades dos idosos; e fornecer acesso a cuidados de longo prazo para idosos que deles necessitem.
The world's population is aging, and the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is no exception. Currently, 8% of the LAC population is over 65 years old, and this number is estimated to increase to 30% by 2050. The aging process is known to involve molecular, physiological, functional, psychosocial, and social changes. We all age; the point is to age healthily. As this is not always the case, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the period from 2021 to 2030 as the Decade of Healthy Aging. The Decade is a global collaboration involving diverse sectors and stakeholders (governments, civil society, international organizations, professionals, academic institutions, the media, and the private sector) to improve the lives of older people, their families, and communities. The collaboration is centered on four closely interconnected pillars of action: changing how we think, feel, and act towards age and aging; ensuring that communities foster the abilities of older people; providing person-centered integrated care and primary health services responsive to older people; and providing access to long-term care for older people who need it. In light of this situation, what can academics from universities in LAC do? If we organize ourselves and unite efforts, we can contribute to the Decade of Healthy Aging and, consequently, influence the quality of life of older people.
La población mundial está envejeciendo y Latinoamérica y Caribe (LAC) no son una excepción. Actualmente, el 8% de la población en LAC tiene sobre 65 años, y se proyecta un aumento al 30% para 2050. Es conocido que el proceso de envejecimiento implica cambios moleculares, fisiológicos, funcionales, psicoafectivos y sociales. Todos envejecemos, el punto es envejecer saludablemente. Como no siempre ocurre así, la Organización Mundial de la Salud(OMS) ha declarado a este período (20212030) como la Década del Envejecimiento Saludable. La Década es una iniciativa de colaboración mundial de distintos sectores y partes interesadas (gobiernos, sociedad civil, organizaciones internacionales, profesionales, instituciones universitarias, medios de comunicación y el sector privado) para mejorar la vida de las personas mayores, sus familias y comunidades. La colaboración se centra en cuatro pilares de actuación estrechamente interconectados: cambiar nuestra forma de pensar, sentir y actuar con respecto a la edad y el envejecimiento; asegurar que las comunidades fomenten las capacidades de las personas mayores; ofrecer una atención integrada y centrada en las personas, y servicios de salud primarios que respondan a las necesidades de las personas mayores; y proporcionar acceso a la atención a largo plazo para las personas mayores que lo necesiten.
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Humanos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento Saludable , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Abstract During the past decade, the frail syndrome has acquired great importance due to its detrimental social and psychological consequences. In the present study, we investigate the association between frailty status and well-being (happiness and life satisfaction) among older adults, and we test the role of self-perceived health as potential mediator in such relations. We recruited 1205 older Chilean adults who responded to measures about their objective health status (frailtyrelated indicators), well-being, and self-perceived health. Overall, path analyses showed that frailty status is negatively associated to life satisfaction and happiness, and that self-perceived health works as a mediator for such relations. The social and psychological consequences of the frail syndrome in older adults are discussed.
Resumen: Durante la última década, el síndrome de fragilidad ha adquirido gran importancia debido a sus consecuencias sociales y psicológicas perjudiciales. En el presente estudio, investigamos la asociación entre el estado de fragilidad y el bienestar (felicidad y satisfacción con la vida) en los adultos mayores, y evaluamos el papel de la salud autopercibida como potencial mediador de dichas relaciones. Reclutamos a 1205 adultos mayores chilenos que respondieron preguntas acerca de su estado de salud objetivo (indicadores relacionados con el estado de fragilidad), bienestar y autopercepción de salud. En términos generales, los análisis mostraron que el estado de fragilidad se asocia negativamente con la satisfacción vital y la felicidad, y que la salud autopercibida tiene un papel mediador en tales relaciones. Se discuten las consecuencias sociales y psicológicas del síndrome de fragilidad en adultos mayores.
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Satisfacción Personal , Fragilidad , Felicidad , Anciano , SaludRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Introduction Aerobic fitness is an important predictor that contributes to the preservation of functional independence during the aging process. Its measurement represents a fundamental tool in the identification of multiple health problems. Objective To compare the aerobic capacity of adults and elderly subjects through international studies and to develop percentiles by age group using the LMS method. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 1146 subjects (437 men and 709 women). The age group of the sample ranged from 50 to 84 years. The subjects evaluated came from the physical activity programs offered by the National Sports Institute (IND) and by the city council of Talca (Chile). Body mass, stature, oxygen saturation (SatO2), six-minute walk test, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both sexes. The LMS method was used to propose the percent distribution. Results Aerobic capacity decreases with age (28.5% for men and 29.9% for women). There was a negative relationship between age and the six-minute walk test (men r = -0.13 and women r = -0.39). There was a discrepancy between the elderly subjects in the current study and those from international studies. The normative data for the classification of aerobic fitness were expressed in percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97). Conclusion The aerobic performance of elderly subjects diminishes as they age; in addition, the current results differ from international studies, which motivated the development of percentiles to classify aerobic fitness in everyday situations, especially in places with few resources and particularly where field tests are considered a priority for large-scale physical evaluation. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - investigation of diagnostic test.
RESUMO Introdução A aptidão aeróbia é importante preditor que contribui com a preservação da independência funcional à medida que se envelhece. Sua mensuração transforma-se em ferramenta fundamental na identificação de múltiplos problemas de saúde. Objetivo Comparar a capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos com estudos internacionais e desenvolver percentis por faixas etárias, utilizando o método LMS. Métodos Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal com 1.146 sujeitos (437 homens e 709 mulheres). A faixa etária da amostra variou de 50 a 84 anos. Os sujeitos avaliados eram oriundos dos programas de atividade física oferecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Desporto (IND) e pela prefeitura de Talca (Chile). Avaliaram-se massa corporal, estatura, saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o método LMS para propor a distribuição percentílica. Resultados A capacidade aeróbia diminui com o decorrer da idade (28,5% para os homens e 29,9% para as mulheres). Houve relação negativa entre a idade e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (homens: r = -0,13; mulheres: r = -0,39). Observou-se discrepância entre os idosos do presente estudo com os de estudos internacionais. Os dados normativos para a classificação da aptidão aeróbia foram expressos em percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusão Os idosos diminuem o desempenho aeróbio conforme a idade avança. Os presentes resultados diferem dos estudos internacionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento dos percentis para classificar a aptidão aeróbia em situações cotidianas, especialmente em locais com poucos recursos e principalmente onde os testes de campo são considerados prioritários para avaliação física em larga escala. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnóstico - investigação de teste diagnóstico.
RESUMEN Introducción La aptitud aeróbica es un importante predictor que contribuye con la preservación de la independencia funcional a medida que se envejece. Su medición se transforma en una herramienta fundamental en la identificación de múltiples problemas de salud. Objetivo Comparar la capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos con estudios internacionales y desarrollar percentiles por grupos de edad utilizando el método LMS. Métodos Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal con 1146 sujetos (437 hombres y 709 mujeres). El grupo de edad de la muestra varió de 50 a 84 años. Los sujetos evaluados eran oriundos de los programas de actividad física ofrecidos por el Instituto Nacional de Deporte (IND) y por la Municipalidad de Talca (Chile). Se evaluaron masa corporal, estatura, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), test de seis minutos de caminata y presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para ambos sexos. Se usó el método LMS para proponer la distribución de percentil. Resultados La capacidad aeróbica disminuye con el transcurso de la edad (28,5% para los hombres y 29,9% para las mujeres). Hubo relación negativa entre la edad y el test de caminata de seis minutos (hombres r= -0,13 y mujeres r= -0,39). Se observó discrepancia entre los ancianos del presente estudio con los de estudios internacionales. Los datos normativos para la clasificación de la aptitud aeróbica fueron expresados en percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusión Los ancianos disminuyen el rendimiento aeróbico conforme avanza la edad. Los presentes resultados difieren de los estudios internacionales, lo que motivó el desarrollo de los percentiles para clasificar la aptitud aeróbica en situaciones cotidianas, especialmente en locales con pocos recursos y principalmente donde los tests de campo son considerados prioritarios para la evaluación física a larga escala. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnóstico-investigación de test diagnóstico.
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A comparative study of antioxidant properties, platelet antiaggregation activity and transcriptional analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis genes were performed in Fragaria x ananassa, F. vesca and F. chiloensis subsp chiloensis f. chiloensis and f. patagonica. Furthermore, differences in flavonoid content were found by UHPLC-MS. The highest free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay was observed in F. chiloensis f. chiloensis, meanwhile, F. vesca presented the highest antioxidant capacity by FRAP. Biosynthetic flavonoids- related transcripts were higher abundant in F. x ananassa and lower in F. vesca. Additionally, all strawberry extracts showed antiaggregant effect (1 mg mL-1), but F. vesca and F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. patagonica were still active at lower concentration. This study suggests that platelet antiaggregation effect of different strawberries could be due to isoflavones and flavonoids precursors in addition to anthocyanins. Results could usefully to take decisions in future breeding programs to improve the content of healthy compounds in strawberry fruits.
Se realizoÌ un estudio comparativo de propiedades antioxidantes, actividad de antiagregacion plaquetaria, anaÌlisis transcripcional de genes de biosiÌntesis de flavonoides y contenido de estos en Fragaria x ananassa, F. vesca and F. chiloensis subsp chiloensis f. chiloensis and f. patagonica. La mayor actividad removedora de radicales libres por DPPH se observoÌ en F. chiloensis f. chiloensis, mientras F. vesca presentoÌ la mayor capacidad antioxidante mediante FRAP. Transcritos relacionados con biosiÌntesis de flavonoides fueron mas abundantes en F. x ananassa y menores en F. vesca. Adicionalmente, todos los extractos de frutillas mostraron efectos antiagregante (1 mg mL-1), pero F. vesca and F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. patagonica fueron activos a concentraciones menores. Este estudio sugiere que efectos de antiagregacioÌn plaquetaria en distintas frutillas podriÌa deberse a isoflavonas y precursores de flavonoides ademaÌs de antocianinas. Los resultados podriÌan ser uÌtiles en programas de mejoramiento geneÌtico para mejorar el contenido de compuestos saludables en frutilla.
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Extractos Vegetales/química , Fragaria/química , Antioxidantes/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/genética , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Expresión Génica , Depuradores de Radicales Libres , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Recuperación de Fluorescencia tras Fotoblanqueo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Antioxidantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The endothelium is fundamental for the regulation of vascular tone and structure. Under disease conditions, including the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, the endothelium loses its protective role and becomes a proatherosclerotic structure. In this article we searched for strategies from PUBMED and Science Direct databases using the following key words: endothelium, natural bioactive compounds, polyphenols and cardiovascular diseases. The search was restricted to english language papers. Studies have identified the contribution of diet to the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In this context, high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with the decrease of cardiovascular diseases. Thus the most important fruit/vegetables and bioactive compounds to prevent endothelial diseases are berries, apples, virgin olive oil, tomatoes, soybeans, and polyphenols, carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetables provide endothelial protection through the following mechanisms: improved eNOS/NO bioavailability, attenuates oxidative stress, inhibited NF-κB pathway and decreased cell adhesion molecules expression. In this article natural bioactive compound mechanisms of endothelium protection are thoroughly reviewed.
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Humanos , Verduras/química , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancias Protectoras/análisis , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Dieta Mediterránea , Frutas/química , Verduras/clasificación , Sustancias Protectoras/clasificación , Frutas/clasificaciónRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Human aging is characterized by both physical and physiological frailty that profoundly affects the immune system. In this context aging is associated with declines in adaptive and innate immunity established as immunosenescence. Immunosenescence is a new concept that reflects the age-associated restructuring changes of innate and adaptive immune functions. Thus elderly individuals usually present chronic low-level inflammation, higher infection rates and chronic diseases. A study of alterations in the immune system during aging could provide a potentially useful biomarker for the evaluation of immune senescence treatment. The immune system is the result of the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, yet the impact of aging on this function is unclear. In this article the function of the immune system during aging is explored.
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Humanos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Inmunosenescencia/fisiología , Inmunosenescencia/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune/fisiopatología , Linfocitos T/fisiología , Factores de EdadRESUMEN
In this study, we investigated the potential antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-platelet activities and the inhibition of cholinesterase from the methanolic extracts obtained from aerial parts of the two species of Azorella: A. spinosa (Constitution, Chile) and A. monantha (Torres del Paine, Enladrillado and Paso Vergara). All extracts showed only moderate inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the most active extract with IC50 = 27ug/mL was A. spinosa. Inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP presented maximal aggregation to 70 and 57 percent on extracts of A. spinosa and A. monantha (Paso Vergara), respectively. The most active extract with antioxidant effect was A. spinosa with IC50 of 28.72ug/mL. Antibacterial activity of the extract on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii was not present. The extracts of A. spinosa and A. monantha (Paso Vergara) presented the best results on the activities that were evaluated.
En este estudio se investigó las potenciales actividades antibacteriana, antioxidante, antiplaquetaria e inhibición de la colinesterasa de extractos metanólicos a partir de las partes aéreas de dos especies de Azorella: A. spinosa (Constitución, Chile) y A. monantha (Torres del Paine, Enladrillado y Paso Vergara). Todos los extractos mostraron actividad inhibidora moderada solamente sobre acetilcolinesterasa (AChE), siendo el más activo el extracto de A. spinosa con IC50= 27ug/mL. La inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria inducida por ADP presentó máxima agregación al 70 y 57 por ciento sobre los extractos de A. spinosa y A. monantha (Paso Vergara) respectivamente. El extracto más activo con efecto antioxidante fue el de A. spinosa con un IC50 de 28,72ug/mL,). No se presentó actividad antibacteriana de ningún extracto sobre Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii. Los extractos de A. spinosa y A. monantha (Paso Vergara) presentan los mejores resultados sobre las actividades evaluadas, lo que permite el estudio bioguiado de los metabolitos presentes en estos extractos.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apiaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Agregación Plaquetaria , Bacterias , Chile , Fenoles/análisis , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , MetanolRESUMEN
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial. Entre ellas tienen gran relevancia las de tipo isquémicas, en donde el desarrollo de placas ateroscleróticas es el proceso fisiopatológico central. El estudio de la aterosclerosis es fundamental para comprender como se inicia este proceso patológico y los factores que influyen en su desarrollo. Distintas metodologías de laboratorio, entre otras la inmunohistoquímica, permiten reconocer las células y moléculas que participan en el proceso ateromatoso y que van interactuando según la progresión de la lesión. Un marcador de disfunción endotelial es la mayor expresión de la molécula de adhesión intercelular ICAM-1. En este trabajo se realizó la estandarización de inmunohistoquímica para la molécula de adhesión ICAM-1, y se estudió su expresión en arterias humanas sanas y con placa ateromatosa. En las muestras de arterias humanas con patología aterosclerótica, la expresión de ICAM-1 se observó aumentada, pero fue de difícil reconocimiento. Esto principalmente porque el tejido empleado como control en la estandarización fue una amígdala con hiperplasia y proceso inflamatorio que aumenta notablemente la expresión de ICAM-1. La implementación del método de inmunohistoquímica para ICAM-1 en arterias humanas permitirá conocer estados de disfunción endotelial y el desarrollo futuro del diseño e implementación de métodos de diagnóstico en aquellos procesos ateroclerótico en estado incipiente.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world. Among them the ischemic type are of great importance, where the development of atherosclerotic plaques is the central pathophysiological process. The study of atherosclerosis is critical to understand how this disease process begins and factors influencing its development. Various laboratory methods, including immunohistochemistry, allow the recognition of cells and molecules involved in the atheromatous process that are interacting according to the progression of the lesion. A marker of endothelial dysfunction is the increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. In this paper, an immunohistochemistry method was standardized for the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and its expression was studied in healthy human arteries with atheromatous plaque. In samples of human arteries with atherosclerotic disease, the expression of ICAM-1 was observed to be increased, but was hardly recognizable. This mainly because the tissue used as a control for standardization was a tonsil with an inflammatory process and hyperplasia, which significantly increases the expression of ICAM-1. The implementation of the immunohistochemistry method for ICAM-1 in human arteries will reveal endothelial dysfunction states that will enable a future design and implementation of methods of diagnosis in atherosclerotic processes in the early stages.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Arterias/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Un aumento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) mundialmente, la existencia de un porcentaje más alto que el promedio nacional de éstas para la región de Maule (Chile), y una atención incrementada en el análisis de factores psicológicos, motivan el análisis del Patrón de Comportamiento Tipo A (PCTA) y la ira respecto de las ECV. Se trabajó con 1007 participantes de 18 a 74 años (ciudadanos de Talca, Chile), mayoritariamente mujeres, quienes respondieron un cuestionario (información socio demográfica, hábitos alimentarios y de estilo de vida), la Escala Retiro de Patrón de Conducta tipo A (ERCTAa), y el Inventario de Ira de Novaco. Se les midió peso, masa corporal, presión arterial y sangre, como factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los participantes son altamente sedentarios (79.9%), tabáquicos (53.6%), hipercolesterolémicos (44.5%), con sobrepeso (40.7%) y obesidad (32.6%), un cuarto de los cuales presenta hiperglicemia e hipertensión y con PCTA equirepartido según sexo. Es la ausencia de PCTA (ó presencia de PCTB) la que aparece asociada a factores tradicionales de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). La ira alta se presenta más en mujeres que en hombres (2.1% vs. 0.3%; c²(3) = 27.99, p<.0001), disminuyendo para ambos sexos con la edad, pero los infartos acaecen igualmente según sexo.
A worldwide raise in the number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the existence of a higher percentage in Maule (Chile) than the national media, and increased attention in the analysis of psychological factors motivate to analyze the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) and anger in relation to CVD. The sample was 1007 adults between 18 and 74 years old (citizens of Talca, Chile), mostly women. They provided information about their demographic details, eating habits and lifestyle, answered the Novaco's Anger Inventory and the Retiro Scale of Type A Behavior (RSTAB), and also were taken measurements like weight, body mass index and blood pressure and blood tests related to risk factors to traditional cardiovascular diseases. The results show Overall, that the participants appear highly sedentary (79.9%) with relatively high levels of tabaquism (53.6%), and hypercholesterolemia (44.5%), overweight (40.7%) and obesity (32.6%). A quarter of the sample also presents hyperglycemic indexes, hypertension and TABP unequally distributed by sex. The absence of PCTA (or PCTB presence) appeared mostly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). Regarding anger, women present more high than men (2.1% against 0.3%; c²(3) = 27.99, p<.0001), decreasing for both sexes with age, while also befall stroke by sex.
RESUMEN
El inhibidor del activador de plasminógeno tipo 1 (PAl-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1) es el inhibidor primario de la fibrinólisis. Se ha descrito que un aumento o disminución puede asociarse a riesgo de trombosis y hemorragia, respectivamente. De los nueve polimorfismos que se han descrito en su gen, el denominado 4G15G ha sido el más estudiado. Se ha visto que personas con el genotipo 4G/4G presentan mayor concentración plasmática do PAl-1. En individuos con Síndrome Metabólico (SM) se ha observado mayor concentración do PAl-1. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer el genotipo 4G/5G en individuos con SM (n: 82) respecto a un grupo control (n: 75). Para ello se utilizo el método PCR alelo especifica. La frecuencia genotípica obtenida en los sujetos con SM fue de 23 por ciento, 43 por ciento y 34 por ciento para los genotipos 4G/4G, 4G/5G y 5G/5G, respectivamente. En los sujetos sin SM so observo una prevalencia de 11 por ciento, 56 por ciento, 33 por ciento para los genotipos 4G/4G, 4G/5G y 5G/5G, respectivamente. Las diferencias entre los distintos genotipos y la condición de ser o no SM no fueron significativas (p= 0,083), posiblemente porque nuestra población en estudio fue pequeña. Por otra parte, no hubo relación entre el genotipo y la concentración plasmática de PAl-1; es posible que esta última este influenciada por distintos factores, además del polimorfismo 4G/5G. La frecuencia genotípica obtenida en este estudio fue similar a la encontrada en sujetos latinos y diferentes a las de afroamericanos e italianos, posiblemente el genotipo pudiera estar influenciado por la raza.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Síndrome Metabólico/genética , Chile/etnología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Indio Americano o Nativo de Alaska/genética , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/sangre , Prevalencia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Riesgo , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Chile and worldwide. Framingham functions were developed to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk However these functions overestimate the risk in some countries ¡ike Chile. Aim To develop Chilean risk tables to assess the overall 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. Material and methods: The Framingham function was adapted for a population aged 35 to 74 years, based on an estimate of Chilean incidence of coronary heart disease and the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors such as age, sex, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. Results: The 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in Chile (2.7 percent in men, 1.096 in women) was lower than the incidence in the United States (10.096/3.896) and Spain (4.996/2.296), but higher than China (1.196/0.496). Framingham tables have more than 50 percent of cells in the risk category of 10 percent or greater. In contrast, Chilean tables have less than 10 percent of cells in the same risk category. Conclusions: Adapted tables use local information to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk. A validation study should be conducted to assess their predictive power.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , China/epidemiología , Enfermedad Coronaria/etiología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/epidemiología , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , España/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
La polución aérea es una mezcla heterogénea de gases, líquidos y material particulado (MP) presente en el mundo urbano moderno. El MP varía en tamaño, desde pocos nanómetros hasta 10 micras de diámetro. Se ha observado que la exposición a MP se asocia a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Al respecto se ha planteado tres posibles mecanismos: inducción de inflamación sistémica y/o estrés oxidativo; alteraciones en el balance de autonomía cardiaca; y, acción directa sobre el sistema circulatorio, causando vasoconstricción aguda, disfunción endotelial y estado protrombótico. Hay evidencias que indican que la polución aérea se asocia con el acortamiento del tiempo de protrombina, disminución del activador del plasminógeno tisular, aumento de fibrinógeno, factor VIII y factor von Willebrand e hiperactividad plaquetaria.
Air pollution is a heterogenic mixture of gases, liquids and particulate matter (PM) present in the urban modern world. PM rates vary in size from a few nanometers to 10 micra diameter. The exposure to PM is associated to a majorrisk of cardiovascular diseases as explained by three mechanisms: induction of systemic inflammation and/or oxidative stress, alteration in the cardiac autonomic balance and direct action on the circulatory system, causing acute vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction and prothrombotic state. There is evidence suggesting that air pollution is associated with shortened prothrombine time, decrease in tissue plasminogen activator, increase of fibrinogen, factor VIII and factor von Willebrand, and platelet hyperactivity.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Agentes de Coagulación , Cardiología , Contaminación del Aire , PlaquetasRESUMEN
Thrombosis is a result of the interaction between predisposing genetic polymorphisms and acquired risk factors. The two prothrombotic polymorphisms which are most frequently associated with thrombosis are factor V (FV) Leiden and the prothrombin (PT) G20210A mutation. The objective of this work was to investigate the prevalence of both factors in the central-south region of Chile. Determination of the frequency was carried out by means of a genetic analysis of 1200 healthy, non-native individuals. The mutation of FV Leiden was found in 1.25 percent of the population and the PT G20210A mutation in 1.33 percent. None of the individuals were homozygosis or had both polymorphisms. The prevalences of FV Leiden and the PT G20210A mutation are less common in the healthy population.
A trombose pode ser o resultado da interação de polimorfismo genético e fatores de riscos adquiridos. Os polimosfirmos protrombóticos mais frequentes são fator V (FV) Leiden e a mutação da protrombina (PT) G20210A. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a prevalência de ambos os polimorfismos na região centro-sul do Chile. Foram realizadas análises genéticas (PCR RFLP) de 1.200 pessoas saudáveis, não nativas da região. Foram encontrados 1,25 por cento de mutação do Fator V Leiden e 1,33 por cento da mutação da protrombina G20210A. Não foi detectada homozigose em ambos os polimorfismos. A prevalência de FV Leiden e da mutação G20210A é baixa na população estudada.