Binuclear Purkinje neurons.

Until the end of the XX century binuclear neurons of Purkinje in rodents and the humans were a subject of casual finds. However already then it was noticed that such cells are in old and sick mammals more often. It is therefore assumed that the appearance of the second nucleus has a regenerative value - compensation age-related or pathogenic loss of Purkinje cells. In 2003, in research on stem cell transplantation was made the first observations related to the mechanism of the appearance of the second nucleus in Purkinje neurons. The transgender studies in humans and in transgenic experiments on mice have shown that bone marrow derived donor cells can fuse with Purkinje neurons of the recipient, thus transfer to neuron its nucleus. It is very important that the binuclear neurons can appear in old and sick people and rodents without transplantation. But in that case neither the donor cell, nor the mechanism of origin of the second nucleus remain not clear. Relevance of clarification of this question increases of the fact that literature of the last years proves: emergence of the second nucleus is a form of physiological and reparative regeneration of neurons of Purkinje.

[Age-related changes of the brain].

The first morphological signs of aging of the brain are found in the white matter already at a young age (20-40 years), and later (40-50 years) in a gray matter. After the 40-50 years appear and in subsequently are becoming more pronounced functional manifestations of morphological changes: the weakening of sensory-motor and cognitive abilities. While in principle this dynamic of age-related changes is inevitable, the rate of their development to a large extent determined by the genetic characteristics and lifestyle of the individual. According to modem concepts age-related changes in the number of nerve cells are different in different parts of the brain. However, these changes are not large and are not the main cause of senile decline brain. The main processes that contribute to the degradation of the brain develop as in the bodies of neurons and in neuropil. In the bodies of neurons--it is a damage (usually decrease) of the level of expression of many genes, and especially of the genes determining cell communication. In neuropil: reduction in the number of synapses and the strength of synaptic connections, reduction in the number of dendritic spines and axonal buttons, reduction in the number and thickness of the dendritic branches, demyelination of axons. As the result of these events, it becomes a violation of the rate of formation and rebuilding neuronal circuits. It is deplete associative ability, brain plasticity, and memory.

[Urgent changes in the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the neocortex of rats with different tolerance to acute hypoxia underwent focal ischemic stroke prefrontal cortex].

Using immunohistochemical method, it was demonstrated that neurons of the cerebral cortex have the capacity to express hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in normoxia. Intensity of this process is different for rats having unequal tolerance to hypoxia. Basal HIF-1α expression in neurons of rats with low-resistance (LR) to hypoxia is higher compared to rats with high-resistance (HR). Bilateral photochemically induced focal ischemic insult in the rat prefrontal cortex completely suppressed HIF-1α neuronal expression the in the ischemic zone and only partially--in the area of the penumbra. Neuronal injury was more pronounced in cortex of LR rats compared to HR rats. These findings suggest that functional significance of HIF-1α is greater in neurons of the cerebral cortex of LR rats compared to HR rats.

[Regeneration of neurons].

Describes the development of ideas about the regeneration of neurons from the approval "neurons are not restored" to an avalanche stream of messages on neurogenesis. We analysing literature about four ways of neuron regeneration. 1--neurogenesis; 2--intracellular regeneration; 3--BMDC fusion with Purkinje neurons in transgenic experiment; 4--regional cortical cells fusion. In observed some tactical and methodological problems which appears in researches about regeneration. Describes the reasons about the place of these methods of regeneration in modemrnneuroscience.

[The physician-philosopher - Donat Semenovich Sarkisov. To the 90 anniversary since birth].

The huge and promptly increasing volume of the actual material of modern biology and medicine without its systematization doesn't develop any more, and slows down development of science. The science as the work which are explaining world around needs to bring a system in chaos of the facts. This can be done only on the basis of the philosophy of dialectical materialism, which allows an objective, realistic to create theoretical generalizations of the ocean of particulars. Donat Semenovich Sarkisov who agreed the main phenomena of the general pathology with modem biological sciences, modern clinical practice, materialistic dialectics was the genial philosopher.

Heterokaryon formation as a method for neuron regeneration in postischemic injury to cerebral cortex in rats.

Rat prefrontal cortex was examined by light and electron microscopy after stroke induced by photothrombosis. An appreciable number of binuclear neurons with morphologically similar and different nuclei was detected in the perifocal zone and adjacent intact tissue. The satellite oligodendrocyte nucleus was frequently the second nucleus in binuclear neuron. Control specimens also had binuclear neurons, but their number was much lower. It is hypothesized that neuron fusion normally and after injury is a manifestation of physiological and reparative regeneration of these cells.

[Cultured human skin cells in the treatment of burns]. / Lechenie ozhogov s ispolzovaniem kultivirovannykh kletok kozhi cheloveka.

The work discusses the results of experience of long-year's standing of the staff of the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery in the creation of a biological bandage with the use of cultivated human skin cells. A graft of cultivated human allofibroblasts was used for closure of burn wounds for the first time. Its efficacy was studied in 86 cases of burns. The use of cultivated allofibroblasts is indicated in bordering III ab degree burns and sluggishly healing donor areas formed after autodermoplasty. Study of the efficacy of cultivated allofibroblasts in the treatment of deep burns in combination with dermoplasty with a 1:6 perforated skin autograft are continued. The low cost and technical simplicity of the method allow cultivated fibroblast grafts to be recommended for wide clinical practice.