A literature review of biomarkers used for diagnosis of relative energy deficiency in sport.

Introduction: The review aims to summarize the markers used in diagnosing relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) and compare them with the REDs CAT2 score. Methods: A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases during April 2023. The descriptors used were "athlete" AND "REDs," along with respective entry terms. The selection process followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendations, identifying 593 records, from which 13 studies were ultimately selected. Seventy-nine markers were identified and categorized into six groups: bone mineral density (BMD), metabolic resting rate, blood biomarkers, anthropometrics, nutritional intake, and performance parameters. The most frequently utilized biomarkers included BMD, anthropometric parameters (e.g., body mass index, body mass, and fat mass), and the triiodothyronine (T3) concentration. Results: According to the REDs CAT2 pointed indicators, the biomarkers varied among the studies, while 7 out of the 13 included studies achieved a ≥60% agreement rate with this tool. The prevalence of low energy availability, an etiological factor in the development of REDs, was detected in 4 out of 13 studies, with an average of 39.5%. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review highlights the most commonly used markers in diagnosing REDs, such as BMD, anthropometric parameters, and T3 hormone concentration. Due to the current inconsistencies, standardizing diagnostic methodologies is crucial for future research. By focusing on widely used markers, this review aids future research planning and result interpretation and points out the ongoing need for methodological consistency in evolving diagnostic tools. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, PROSPERO (CRD42022320007).

Effect of exercise detraining in cognitive functions of older adults: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Provide a synthesis of the current literature about the effects of detraining on cognitive functions in older adults. METHODS: The PICOS acronym strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO database. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement had been followed in the present study, in which the search was conducted on October 2023. The study selection consisted in original articles including older adults, detraining after training exercise period, use of tests or scales to measure cognitive function. The Downs and Black checklist had been used to assess the studies quality. Sample characteristics, type of previous training, detraining period, cognitive functions measurements and main results were extracted by 2 investigators. RESULTS: From 1927 studies, 12 studies were included, being 11 studies identified via systematic research, and 1 study by citation search. Older adults, ranged from 60 to 87 years old, were assessed after detraining. The cognitive functions most evaluated were global cognition and executive functions. One study evaluated both cognitive outcome and cerebral blood flow. Most of the studies demonstrated a decline in the cognitive function after detraining. CONCLUSION: Exercise detraining period, ranging from 10 days to 16 weeks, can effect negatively the cognitive function in older adults.

Association between muscle strength and depression in a cohort of young adults.

BACKGROUND: The study investigated the association between knee joint muscle strength and the prevalence of depression in a cohort of young adults. METHODS: The observational, population-based study was performed with 909 participants (29.02 ± 2.03 years; 48.73% male) from the Central European Longitudinal Studies of Parents and Children: Young Adults (CELSPAC: YA), who were retained to analysis. Quadriceps and hamstring knee muscle strength were assessed by isokinetic dynamometry, and depression by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Statistical comparisons (Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared test) and effect size analyses (Eta-Squared, and Odds Ratio) were conducted. RESULTS: The main findings revealed an inverse association between knee joint muscle strength and depression, with individuals who had low muscle strength having 3.15 (95% CI = 2.74-3.62) times higher odds of experiencing depression. Specifically, participants with low extensor strength had 4.63 (95% CI = 2.20-9.74) times higher odds, and those with low flexor strength had 2.68 (95% CI = 1.47-4.89) times higher odds of experiencing depression compared to those individuals with high muscle strength. Furthermore, gender-specific analyses revealed that males with low muscle strength had 2.51 (95% CI = 1.53-4.14) times higher odds, while females had 3.46 (95% CI = 2.93-4.08) times higher odds of experiencing depression compared to individuals with high muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS: Strong knee muscles seems to be a key factor in preventing depression, specially in female young adults. The results support the importance of promoting an increase in muscle strength through physical activity as a preventive strategy against depression in this population.

Effect of circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on physical performance in women: a systematic review.

The literature has extensively investigated potential factors influencing women's performance, including the menstrual cycle and the circadian rhythm. However, review articles exploring the combined influence of both factors remain lacking in the literature. The study aimed to systematically review the literature on the relationship between the circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on physical performance in women. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The search was performed on the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases. Of the 1205 records identified, four articles met the inclusion criteria. From four articles, two studies found a significant interaction between the time of day and phase of the menstrual cycle with physical performance. The isometric strength increased in the afternoon in the mid-luteal phase (versus the morning in the mid-luteal phase, p < 0.05), and the maximum cycling power was higher in the afternoon in the mid-follicular phase (versus the morning in the mid-follicular phase, p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the time of day and the menstrual cycle phase affect physical performance, with the daytime potentially having a more significant influence. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited studies and diverse methodologies used to monitor the menstrual cycle phase. This review reinforces the need for further investigation to understand better the combined effects of the circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on women's physical performance. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=380965, identifier CRD42022380965.

The effect of space travel on human reproductive health: a systematic review.

With increasing possibilities of multi-year missions in deep space, colonizing other planets, and space tourism, it is important to investigate the effects of space travel on human reproduction. This study aimed to systematically review and summarize the results of available literature on space travel, microgravity, and space radiation, or Earth-based spaceflight analogues impact on female and male reproductive functions in humans. This systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Space Biomedicine Systematic Review methods. The search was performed using three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline Complete. During the database search, 364 studies were identified. After the study selection process, 16 studies were included in the review. Five studies included female participants, and the findings show an increased risk of thromboembolism in combined oral contraceptive users, decreased decidualization, functional insufficiency of corpus luteum, and decreased progesterone and LH levels related to space travel or its simulation. Male participants were included in 13 studies. In males, reproductive health considerations focused on the decrease in testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, the ratio of male offspring, sperm motility, sperm vitality, and the increase in sperm DNA fragmentation related to space travel or its simulation. Results of this systematic review highlight the need to focus more on the astronaut's reproductive health in future research, as only 16 studies were found during the literature search, and many more research questions related to reproductive health in astronauts still need to be answered.

Comportamento de risco para transtornos alimentares, percepção da imagem corporal e consumo alimentar em adolescentes praticantes de judô / Risk behavior for eating disorders, perception of body image and food consumption in adolescent judo practitioners

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo alimentar, comportamento de risco para transtornos alimentares e percepção da imagem corporal em adolescentes praticantes de judô. Métodos Estudo transversal com adolescentes judocas participantes da Federação Paranaense de Judô. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário on-line, contendo os instrumentos Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para avaliar percepção da imagem corporal, o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para identificar comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares e o Recordatório alimentar de 24 horas para análise da ingestão alimentar. A insatisfação com o peso corporal foi obtida pelo relato dos que gostariam de ganhar ou perder peso. Resultados Participaram 57 judocas de ambos os sexos, maioria sexo masculino (54,3%; n=31). Ausência de comportamento de risco para transtorno alimentar (63,1%; n=36) e insatisfação com a imagem corporal (75,4%; n=43) foram prevalentes entre os judocas. Entre os que apresentaram insatisfação com a imagem corporal (36,8%; n=14), observou-se que 9 (15,78%) também mostraram comportamento alimentar de risco para transtornos alimentares pelo teste EAT-26 (p=0,002). Houve associação entre insatisfação com o peso e comportamento de risco para TA (p=0,034), representado pelo EAT positivo para 26,31% (n=15) dos adolescentes. Identificou-se valores de ingestão alimentar insuficientes de energia e carboidratos, bem como consumo elevado de proteínas, e inadequação na ingestão para a maioria dos micronutrientes. Conclusão A maioria dos atletas não apresentou comportamento de risco para TA e estavam satisfeitos com sua imagem corporal. Diate da inadequação no consumo alimentar, destaca-se a importância das ações de educação alimentar e nutricional voltadas para este público.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate food consumption, risk behavior for eating disorders and perception of body image in adolescents who practice judo. Methods Cross-sectional study with adolescents practicing judo, participants of the Paraná Federation of Judo. For data collection, an online questionnaire was used, containing questions related to characterization and anthropometric data, the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) instruments to assess body image perception, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to identify behaviors risk factors for eating disorders and the 24-hour food recall to assess food intake. Dissatisfaction with body weight was obtained by reporting those who would like to gain or lose weight. Results 57 judokas of both sexes participated, mostly male (54.3%; n=31). Absence of risk behavior for eating disorders (63.1%; n=36) and dissatisfaction with body image (75.4%; n=43) were prevalent among judokas. Among the adolescents who were dissatisfied with their body image (36.8%; n=14), it was observed that 9 (15.78%) also showed risky eating behavior for eating disorders by the EAT-26 test (p=0.002). There was an association between dissatisfaction with weight and risk behavior for ED (p=0.034), represented by positive EAT for 26.31% (n=15) of adolescents. Insufficient food intake values of energy and carbohydrates, as well as high protein consumption, and inadequate intake for the largest of micronutrients were identified. Conclusion Most athletes did not present risk behavior for ED and were satisfied with their body image. Among those classified as dissatisfied with their body image, the degrees identified are mostly mild to moderate. The analysis of food consumption showed inadequacy for most of the nutrients evaluated, emphasizing the importance of food and nutrition education actions aimed at this public.

Effect of 12-week rehearsal on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of rehearsals on cardiorespiratory parameters and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers belonging to a first-league samba school. METHODS: Twenty-six women were divided into a Samba Group (n=13) and a Control Group (n=13). Cardiorespiratory parameters (cardiopulmonary exercise test) and body composition (skinfold assessment) were assessed before and after the 12 weeks of rehearsals. The Samba Group rehearsed three times per week for 30-60 minutes, and the Control Group participated in no physical activity. A comparison test was performed within and between groups, with p<0.05 indicating statistical significance. RESULTS: Compared with the Control Group, the Samba Group showed a significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (19%), oxygen pulse (13%), and lean body mass (3%) and a decrease in body fat percentage (11%) and fat mass (12%). CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of samba dance rehearsals improved the cardiorespiratory and body composition parameters in women dancers compared with the Control Group. These findings suggest that dancing samba regularly can increase physical activity levels and positively affect the health parameters of samba dancers.

Description of the menstrual cycle status, energy availability, eating behavior and physical performance in a youth female soccer team.

The aim of the study was to describe the menstrual status and perception, risk of low energy availability (LEA) and the presence of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in youth female from a soccer team. Also, verify the possible effect of LEA and ON on physical performance. Data from 19 female players (14.6 ± 1.42 yr) belonging to a soccer team from Cyprus was taken during pre-season. The menstrual cycle status was evaluated by specific questions, LEA by the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), ON by the ORTO-R questionnaire and physical performance by jump, handgrip and cardiorespiratory exercise tests. Players were separated into the risk of LEA and ON. Comparison and correlation tests were performed with a significance set at p < 0.05. As the main results, 66.7% of players perceived that the menstrual period affects their performance in the game, 83.3% did not communicate with coaches about their menstrual cycle; the prevalence of risk of LEA was 26.3%; players with risk of LEA also presented higher scores ON; neither LEA nor ON presented a significant association with players performance. The findings highlighted that youth players perceived an impact of the menstrual period on performance, but did not communicate with the coach about it. Players with the risk of LEA and high values of ON seem not to be associated with a decrease in physical performance during the pre-season evaluation. Attention is required as the players were assessed once. Monitoring these parameters throughout the sports season is recommended to obtain better clarification about the topic.

Effect of 12-week rehearsal on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of rehearsals on cardiorespiratory parameters and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers belonging to a first-league samba school. Methods Twenty-six women were divided into a Samba Group (n=13) and a Control Group (n=13). Cardiorespiratory parameters (cardiopulmonary exercise test) and body composition (skinfold assessment) were assessed before and after the 12 weeks of rehearsals. The Samba Group rehearsed three times per week for 30-60 minutes, and the Control Group participated in no physical activity. A comparison test was performed within and between groups, with p<0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results Compared with the Control Group, the Samba Group showed a significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (19%), oxygen pulse (13%), and lean body mass (3%) and a decrease in body fat percentage (11%) and fat mass (12%). Conclusion Twelve weeks of samba dance rehearsals improved the cardiorespiratory and body composition parameters in women dancers compared with the Control Group. These findings suggest that dancing samba regularly can increase physical activity levels and positively affect the health parameters of samba dancers.

The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Athletes from Different Sports Disciplines: A Rapid Review.

The aim of this study was to rapidly review the literature on the prevalence of menstrual disorders in female athletes from different sports modalities. Articles were searched in the Web of Science and PubMed database in May 2022. A total of 1309 records were identified, and 48 studies were included in the final stage. The menstrual disorders described in the included studies were primary (in 33% of included studies) and secondary amenorrhea (in 73% of included studies) and oligomenorrhea (in 69% of included studies). The prevalence of menstrual disorders among the studies ranged from 0 to 61%. When data were pooled according to discipline (mean calculation), the highest prevalence of primary amenorrhea was found in rhythmic gymnastics (25%), soccer (20%) and swimming (19%); for secondary amenorrhea in cycling (56%), triathlon (40%) and rhythmic gymnastics (31%); and oligomenorrhea in boxing (55%), rhythmic gymnastics (44%) and artistic gymnastics (32%). Based on the results of this review, the study supports the literature of the higher prevalence of menstrual disorders in gymnastics and endurance disciplines. However, team sports modalities such as volleyball and soccer also presented a considerable percentage of menstrual disorders compared to the general population. It reinforces the importance of coaches and physicians paying attention to athletes' menstrual cycle as the occurrence of menstrual disorders can be associated with impairment on some health components.

Preventing chronic fatigue in Czech young athletes: The features description of the "SmartTraining" mobile application.

This study describes a beta version of a mobile application (app) that focuses on preventing chronic fatigue in Czech youth athletes. The first version of the SmartTraining app was developed for athletes as a way to prevent chronic fatigue via alertness and education. For alertness, a multistage process was developed using a combination of parameters about training responses, such as tiredness, well-being, heart rate, energy balance and psychological, and health-related aspects. According to the combination of the multistage parameter outcomes, the algorithm classifies the risk of fatigue based on semaphore light: green corresponds to low, yellow to moderate and red to high risk. The education presented in the app consisted of written and "animated videos" material about the variables involved in training, such as training demands and athletes' responses, regeneration, nutrition and communication between athletes, coaches, and parents. Subsequently, a beta version of the app was created and freely available to download for Android or iOS mobile. The app can be used in daily routines to reduce the risk of chronic fatigue from inadequate training dose response. Prevention can minimise the risk of injury or physical and emotional burnout in youth. Informing athletes on how to carefully handle the training factors can improve athletes' awareness of their performance and health status. Collaboration between sports scientists and the commercial sector allows for the efficient development of an easy-to-use and low-cost tool for use in sports settings. Future steps should be performed to validate the app's accuracy in its alertness and in the efficiency of the educational process.

Effect of home training during the COVID-19 lockdown on physical performance and perceptual responses of team-sport athletes: a mini-review.

This article aims to summarize the effects of home training performed during the COVID-19 lockdown on physical performance and perceptual responses among team-sport athletes. Studies with comparison of pre-post lockdown results of physical performance and perceptual responses were considered. A search was made in PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases. The PICO criteria were used for the keywords "athlete" AND "home-based training" AND "performance" OR "mental health", with their respective entry terms. The multistage process of selection followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendations. Of 586 records identified, 9 articles were available for the final process. Physical performance was evaluated for 8 studies with the VO2max change ranging from 5.7% to -9%; an increase in the duration of sprint test ranging from 0.4% to 36%; an increase of agility duration of 12.4%; a decrease in maximal repetition load of 2.9%; and changes in countermovement jump height ranging from -4.7% to +15.4% after home training. Regarding the perceptual responses, no significant changes in wellbeing and mental index and a significant decrease in motivation and perceived effort were reported during the home training in lockdown. Based on the articles selected, home training programmes performed by athletes from team sports during the COVID-19 lockdown presented inconsistent results in physical performance, decreasing by up to 36%, and maintaining the wellbeing and mental index, but with a significant drop in training motivation and perceived effort. Caution should be taken considering the small number of articles included in the study.

The Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Perceptual Responses in Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

This article aimed to investigate the effects of menstrual cycle phases on perceptual responses in athletes by means of systematic review and meta-analysis. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Sport Discus databases considering articles with two or more menstrual phases for comparison. The PECO criteria were used for the keywords "menstrual cycle," "athletes," and "perceptual responses" with their respective entry terms. Of 1.165 records identified, 14 articles were available for the final evaluation, while eight articles were eligible for a meta-analysis. The perceptual responses evaluated in the studies were: motivation, competitiveness, sleep quality, stress, muscle soreness, fatigue, perceived effort, mood, menstrual symptoms, perceived endurance, and readiness. The meta-analysis was conducted for perceived effort only. The results showed that the level of perceived exertion does not differ two phases of the menstrual cycle (MD = 3.03, Q = 1.58, df = 1, p = 0.209), whereas RPE was 19.81 ± 0.05 and 16.27 ± 0.53 at day 1-5 and day 19-24, respectively. Two studies found statistically significant changes in motivation and competitiveness during the cycle, with better outcomes in ovulatory phase compared to follicular and luteal. One study found an increase in mood disturbance in the pre-menstrual phase (vs. mid-cycle); one decreased vigor in the menstrual phase (vs. luteal); one increased the menstrual symptoms in the follicular phase (vs. ovulation), and one study reported increased fatigue and decreased sleep quality on luteal phase (vs. follicular). The remaining studies and variables were not affected by the menstrual cycle phase. Based on the results from the studies selected, some perceptual responses are affected in different menstrual cycle phases. A "favorable" subjective response in athletes was noticed when the ovarian hormones present an increase in concentration levels compared to phases with lower concentration. Different perceptual variables and methodological approaches limit the generalization of the conclusion.

Pre-competitive anxiety and autonomic responses in professional U-20 futsal players: Effect of the competition phase and game location.

The study examined whether pre-competition anxiety and autonomic responses in elite futsal players change across the playoffs at away vs home venues. Heart rate variability, somatic and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence (by CSAI-2R questionnaire) were evaluated in nine male futsal players from a professional U-20 team, before competitive matches at the quarter-final, semi-final and final stages played at home and away venues. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used, considering factor one the game location and factor two the playoff stage, with significance set at p<0.05. Significant effects of the playoff stage were demonstrated in the Mean of HR (F = 4.643; p = 0.014) and SD2 index (F = 14.83; p=<0.001)(quarter versus final). No difference was found for somatic and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence between the two factors. The results suggest that play at the final stage of the playoff, regardless of the game location, may cause higher physiological stress, demonstrated by elevated HR and decrease of SD2 index.

Prevalence of Risk for Orthorexia in Athletes Using the ORTO-15 Questionnaire: A Systematic Mini-Review.

The article aims to summarize the literature about the profile of risk of orthorexia in athletes using the ORTO-15 questionnaire. The search was performed at PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Sport Discus databases, using the terms "orthorexia" AND "athletes" with the respective entry terms. A multistage process of selection followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendation. A total of 688 articles were identified, and six studies were available for the final process. The prevalence of risk for orthorexia was assessed by the articles by the ORTO-15 questionnaire and ranged between 38 and 35 points. The comparison between male and female athletes and, athletes and non-athletes was not significant in the six articles. In conclusion, the review highlights that athletes from different sports, included in the review, do not present a risk of orthorexia nervosa considering the cutoff of 40 points, but not 35 points. Also, athletes present the same orthorexic behavior compared to non-athletes, demonstrating that orthorexia is an issue that needs to be considered in the general population. Moreover, a special focus should be given on the ORTO-15 questionnaire, about the sensitivity to diagnose the prevalence of orthorexia, especially in athletes.

"We missed the psychological support": A case study about the preparation of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games.

Purpose: The main aim of the study was to describe the key factors involved in the preparation process of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games, focusing on the athletes' perceptions. Methods: Three male athletes from the Brazilian team performed a semistructured interview to identify the following topics: specific time for preparation, training organization, supplementary support, and perception and suggestion about the efficiency of the preparation process. Results: Data from interviews were gathered and coded, and the major themes were summarized as follows after performing content analysis of the data: (a) technical and tactical training took the major part of the preparation; (b) the high level of the coaches helped the team to reach the technical quality of the kata; (c) better psychological support during the preparation could improve the athletes' performance during the training and competition; and (d) the lack of financial support compromised the commitment of the athletes during the training routine. Conclusion: We concluded, based on the athletes' perception, that the most positive factor during preparation for a major competition was the high amount of time focused on technical-tactical training. Even with limitations to performing the physical training, the athletes recognized the importance of the physical component, to increase performance. Financial and psychological support could have helped the team to reach a better result (gold medal) attenuating the training distress.

Ansiedade pré-competitiva e desempenho percebido em atletas de Futsal: efeito do local de jogo / Precompetitive anxiety in futsal athletes: effect of game location

A relação entre a ansiedade pré-competitiva e desempenho esportivo ainda se encontra pouco explorada pela literatura científica, principalmente nas modalidades coletivas. Assim o objetivo do estudo foi analisar as respostas de ansiedade pré-competitiva e desempenho percebido em relação ao local de jogo em atletas de futsal. Foram avaliados 14 atletas do sexo masculino (20,64±3,93 anos de idade) pertencentes a uma equipe de futsal, em um jogo dentro e um jogo fora de casa. A ansiedade pré-competitiva foi avaliada pelo questionário Revised Competition State Anxiety Inventory-2(CSAI-2R) antes de cada jogo e o desempenho percebido pela escala Likert (0 a 4) após cada jogo. Utilizou-se o tamanho do efeito (TE) para as diferenças entre os jogos paras as variáveis de ansiedade e o teste de Friedman para o desempenho percebido, considerando P < 0,05. Como principais resultados foram observados um TE moderado e incerto para a ansiedade somática (TE=0,75; LC= -0,19; 1,62) e cognitiva (TE=0,70; LC=-0,23; 1,52), com maiores valores no jogo em casa. Para a autoconfiança um efeito pequeno e incerto (TE=0,20; LC=-0,69;1,70). A percepção de desempenho não diferiu entre os jogos (P=0,564). Conclui-se que o local de jogo afeta moderadamente nas respostas pré-competitivas de ansiedade somática e cognitiva, assim jogar em casa pode ser percebido pelos atletas como uma maior ameaça, porém de maneira incerta. Essa variação nas respostas de ansiedade, entretanto parecem não impactar negativamente nas respostas de percepção de desempenho desses atletas.(AU)

The relationship between precompetitive anxiety and sports performance remains poorly explored in the scientific literature, especially in sports-team. In this study, we aim to analyze the relationship between precompetitive anxiety and perceived performance in futsal athletes, considering the game location. Fourteen male athletes (20.64 ± 3.93 years old) belonging to a futsal team in a home and away game was evaluated. Precompetitive anxiety was assessed by the Revised Competition State Anxiety Inventory-2(CSAI-2R) questionnaire before each game and the performance perceived on the Likert scale (0 to 4) after each game. Effect size (ES) was used to analyze the difference between the games for the anxiety and the Friedman test to analyze the perceived performance, considering P < 0.05. Main results included a moderate and unclear effect of somatic (ES= 0.75, CL = -0.19; 1.62)and cognitive anxiety (ES= 0, 70; CL = -0.23; 1.52) with higher values in the game played at home. Small and unclear effect was found for self-confidence (ES= 0.20; CL = -0.69; 1.70). The perception of performance did not differ between games (P = 0.564). We can conclude that the game location moderately affects the precompetitive responses of somatic and cognitive anxiety, so playing at home can be perceived by the athletes as a major treat, but unclearly. This variation in anxiety-responses does not seem to impact directly on performance perception.(AU)

Time trends of physical inactivity in Brazilian adults from 2009 to 2017.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the changes in the prevalence of physical inactivity in the Brazilian adults from 2009-2017. METHODS: This study used a time-series research design based on the cross-sectional data of 462,498 Brazilian adults from 2009-2017. Participants were classified as physically inactive if they indicated not participating in physical activity in the last three months. The Prais-Winsten regression analyzed physical inactivity trends over time. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of physical inactivity was stable (p>0.05). Physical inactivity increased for women in four state capitals (annual growth rate: Goiânia 1.62%, Campo Grande 3.28%, Porto Velho 0.93%, and Vitória 2.09%) and decreased in one (annual growth rate: Rio Branco 4.50%). Physical inactivity decreased for men in four state capitals (annual growth rate: Campo Grande 4.72%, Natal 2.73%, São Luís 4.94%, and Rio Branco 2.95%). CONCLUSION: The physical inactivity among the Brazilian adults was stable between 2009 and 2017. Physical inactivity increased in women from Goiânia, Campo Grande, Porto Velho, and Vitória and decreased in women from Rio Branco and in men from Campo Grande, Natal, São Luís, and Rio Branco.

Female students are the most psychologically affected by the COVID-19 outbreak: a case study in an academic community in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluates psychological responses to the COVID-19 outbreak in the students, professors, and staff due to the social distancing and transition of the classroom activities through online learning. METHODS: 518 participants from a University community in Brazil answered an online survey with questions related to demographic data, psychological responses, and preventive measures. Absolute and relative frequencies described the sample, Chi-square and z-test tested associations between the variables, adopting p<0.05. RESULTS: Female (71.20%), young age -18 to 35 years (82.60%), students (76.10%), living in a family with 1 to 3 members during quarantine (55.40%) were more prevalent respondents. Women, young age, and students had a significantly higher rate of negative feelings in all psychological questions. Curiously, negative feelings during social distances affect the participants, independent of living quarantine alone or with family/friends during the COVID-19 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that the COVID-19 outbreak affected the psychological responses in the Brazilian academic community, also, women, young age, and students appear to be a risk group to negative psychological responses. The long-term quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic may cause further worsening in the psychological responses, especially in those in the risk group.

Effect of training session on mood state responses in athletes of wheelchair basketball team / Efeito de sessões de treinamento nas respostas de estado de humor em atletas de uma equipe de basquete em cadeira de rodas

ABSTRACT The assessment of mood state can be used as a tool for monitoring the training adaptation. However, to athletes with a physical disability, this tool is still a few explored, especially in training daily conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the mood state during training sessions in wheelchair basketball athletes. Twelve male athletes, aged between 23 and 62 years old, were evaluated. The subjects answered the POMS questionnaire before and after five training sessions during the preparatory period. Shapiro Wilk test for normality and Friedman were used for comparison amongst sessions, adopting p<0.05. It was found that the athletes presented a positive mood profile (iceberg) during the analyzed period. A negative mood reduction and positive mood maintenance were observed after all training sessions. Therefore, the results indicate that the training sessions can decrease the negative mood dimension, especially the depression and anger in wheelchair basketball athletes.

RESUMO A avaliação do estado de humor pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para monitorar as adaptações ao treinamento. Entretanto, para atletas com deficiência física, essa ferramenta ainda encontram-se pouco explorada, principalmente em condições do dia a dia de treinamento. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o estado de humor durante sessões de treinamento em atletas de basquete em cadeira de rodas. Foram avaliados 12 atletas do sexo masculino, com idade entre 23 e 62 anos. Os sujeitos responderam o questionário POMS pré e pós cinco sessões de treinamento durante o período preparatório. Foram utilizados o teste de Shapiro Wilk para normalidade e Friedman para comparação do humor entre as sessões, adotando-se p<0,05. Verificou-se que os atletas apresentaram um perfil positivo (iceberg) de humor nas sessões analisadas. Uma redução do humor negativo e uma manutenção do humor positivo foi observada após todas as sessões de treinamento. Dessa maneira, os resultados indicam que sessões de treinamento esportivo podem diminuir as dimensões negativas do humor, principalmente a depressão e a raiva em atletas de uma equipe de basquete em cadeira de rodas.