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Objective: This study aimed to explore the phenolic compounds (PCs) present in three Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) cultivars and the contribution of these PCs to the anti-inflammatory activities of the cultivars. Methods: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive/MS) was used to identify and quantify the PCs present in three Chinese olive cultivars, "Na zhong," "Tan xiang," and "Xiang zhong". 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS); and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assays were used to assess the antioxidant activities of the PCs. Furthermore, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory action of these PCs using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Results: A total of 44 PCs were identified in the three cultivars. Of these, 17 PCs were previously unidentified in Chinese olive. Among the cultivars, the free phenolics (FPs) of "Tan xiang" showed the strongest antioxidant activity. All cultivars have shown significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 production. Clustering correlation analysis showed galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose and paeonol have significant anti-inflammatory ability in FPs. Quininic, galloylquinic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and gallic acid hexoside have shown significant inhibition of IL-6 production in BPs. Furthermore, gallic acid, catechin, syringic acid, and nobiletin exhibit negative correlation in FPs and positive correlation in BPs of cytokine production, while corilagin and methyl ellagic acid pentoside exhibited opposite correlation. Conclusion: In summary, this study contributed to the literature on PCs in Chinese olives and the potential health benefits of FPs and BPs.
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Hakka rice wine is produced from grains by co-fermentation with abundant microbes in an open fermentation environment. Indigenous microbiota and enzymes convert the nutrients in grains into flavor compounds through enzymatic biochemical reactions and microbial metabolism. High-throughput sequencing technology revealed that non-Saccharomyces yeasts dominated the traditional fermentation process, with genera such as Kodamaea ohmeri, Candida orthopsilosis, and Trichosporon asteroides forming a dynamic community that highly correlated with the evolution of 80 volatile compounds in Hakka rice wine. Among the 104 volatile compounds detected by GC-MS, 22 aroma-active compounds with relative odor activity values (ROAV) > 1 were quantified, 11 of which made significant contributions (P < 0.05) to the overall aroma and were responsible for the sweet, grainy, and herbal aromas of Hakka rice wine.
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This research aims to assess the anti-hyperlipidemia effects of alliin in vivo and its potential mechanisms through transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. A hyperlipidemia mode was established in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet, and the related physiological parameters of the animals were recorded. Serum TC and MDA in livers significantly decreased by 12.34% and 29.59%, respectively, and SOD and CAT in livers significantly increased by 40.64% and 39.05%, respectively, after high doses of alliin interventions. In total, 148 significantly different genes, particularly Cel, Sqle, Myc, and Ugt1a2, were revealed for their potential roles in HFD-induced alliin, mainly through steroid biosynthesis, triglyceride metabolism, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, according to transcriptomics analysis. Metabolomics results revealed 18 significantly different metabolites between the alliin group and HFD group, which were classified as carboxylic acids, such as N-undecanoylglycine, adipic acid, D-pantothenic acid, cyprodenate, and pivagabine. We found pantothenic acid played a vital role and was effective through pantothenic acid and CoA biosynthesis metabolism. The "steroid biosynthesis pathway" was identified as the most significant metabolic pathway by integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. This work offered a theoretical framework for the mechanism of alliin lipid lowering in the future. The development and utilization of alliin will be a viable strategy to improve the health status of people with hyperlipidemia, suggesting prospective market opportunities.
