Correction to: Diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomography in paediatric dentistry: a systematic review.

In the original publication of the article the fifth author's name "A. Littlewood" was submitted as "A. Littewood" which was left unnoticed in the later stages. The correct name is as published in this erratum.

Diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomography in paediatric dentistry: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To determine in which clinical situations it is indicated or contra-indicated to prescribe cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for paediatric patients. METHODS: Systematic review of in vivo paediatric research studies of diagnostic efficacy using CBCT, with supplementary searches for guideline documents on CBCT and for systematic reviews permitting inclusion of ex vivo and adult studies. RESULTS: After screening, 190 publications were included, mostly case studies. No systematic reviews were found of in vivo paediatric research. Fourteen studies of diagnostic efficacy were identified. The supplementary searches found 18 guideline documents relevant to the review and 26 systematic reviews. The diagnostic efficacy evidence on CBCT was diverse and often of limited quality. There was ex vivo evidence for diagnostic accuracy being greater using CBCT than radiographs for root fractures. The multiplanar capabilities of CBCT are advantageous when localising dental structures for surgical planning. Patient movement during scanning is more common in children which could reduce diagnostic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: No strong recommendations on CBCT are possible, except that it should not be used as a primary diagnostic tool for caries. Guidelines on use of CBCT in the paediatric age group should be developed cautiously, taking into account the greater radiation risk and the higher economic costs compared with radiography. CBCT should only be used when adequate conventional radiographic examination has not answered the question for which imaging was required. Clinical research in paediatric patients is required at the higher levels of diagnostic efficacy of CBCT.

Choosing an Appropriate Physical Exercise to Reduce Stereotypic Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Non-randomized Crossover Study.

Considerable evidence has shown that physical exercise could be an effective treatment in reducing stereotypical autism spectrum disorder (ASD) behaviors in children. The present study seeks to examine the underlying mechanism by considering the theoretical operant nature of stereotypy. Children with ASD (n = 30) who exhibited hand-flapping and body-rocking stereotypies were asked to participate in both control (story-time) and experimental (ball-tapping-exercise intervention) conditions. The experimental condition comprised 15 min of ball tapping during which the children were asked to tap a plastic ball as many times as they could. Results indicated that hand-flapping stereotypy was significantly reduced but body-rocking stereotypy following the ball-tapping-exercise intervention was not. These results not only confirm the positive impact of exercise intervention on stereotypic behavior as shown in many previous studies, but further suggest that physical exercise should be matched with the biomechanics of stereotypy to produce a desirable behavioral benefit.

Creating Excess Electrons at the Anatase TiO2(101) Surface.

Excess electrons facilitate redox reactions at the technologically relevant anatase TiO2(101) surface. The availability of these electrons is related to the defect concentration at the surface. We present two-photon (2PPE, 3.10-3.54 eV) and ultraviolet (UPS, 21.2 & 40.8 eV) photoemission spectroscopy measurements evidencing an increased concentration of excess electrons following electron bombardment at room temperature. Irradiation-induced surface oxygen vacancies are known to migrate into the sub-surface at this temperature, quickly equilibrating the surface defect concentration. Hence, we propose that the irradiated surface is hydroxylated. Peaks in UPS difference spectra are observed centred 8.45, 6.50 and 0.73 eV below the Fermi level, which are associated with the 3σ and 1π hydroxyl molecular orbitals and Ti 3d band gap states, respectively. The higher concentration of excess electrons at the hydroxylated anatase (101) surface may increase the potential for redox reactions.

Structure of a model TiO2 photocatalytic interface.

The interaction of water with TiO2 is crucial to many of its practical applications, including photocatalytic water splitting. Following the first demonstration of this phenomenon 40 years ago there have been numerous studies of the rutile single-crystal TiO2(110) interface with water. This has provided an atomic-level understanding of the water-TiO2 interaction. However, nearly all of the previous studies of water/TiO2 interfaces involve water in the vapour phase. Here, we explore the interfacial structure between liquid water and a rutile TiO2(110) surface pre-characterized at the atomic level. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and surface X-ray diffraction are used to determine the structure, which is comprised of an ordered array of hydroxyl molecules with molecular water in the second layer. Static and dynamic density functional theory calculations suggest that a possible mechanism for formation of the hydroxyl overlayer involves the mixed adsorption of O2 and H2O on a partially defected surface. The quantitative structural properties derived here provide a basis with which to explore the atomistic properties and hence mechanisms involved in TiO2 photocatalysis.

Engineering Polarons at a Metal Oxide Surface.

Polarons in metal oxides are important in processes such as catalysis, high temperature superconductivity, and dielectric breakdown in nanoscale electronics. Here, we study the behavior of electron small polarons associated with oxygen vacancies at rutile TiO_{2}(110), using a combination of low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), density functional theory, and classical molecular dynamics calculations. We find that the electrons are symmetrically distributed around isolated vacancies at 78 K, but as the temperature is reduced, their distributions become increasingly asymmetric, confirming their polaronic nature. By manipulating isolated vacancies with the STM tip, we show that particular configurations of polarons are preferred for given locations of the vacancies, which we ascribe to small residual electric fields in the surface. We also form a series of vacancy complexes and manipulate the Ti ions surrounding them, both of which change the associated electronic distributions. Thus, we demonstrate that the configurations of polarons can be engineered, paving the way for the construction of conductive pathways relevant to resistive switching devices.

Determining the haemodynamic significance of arterial stenosis: the relationship between CT angiography, computational fluid dynamics, and non-invasive fractional flow reserve.

Coronary artery disease causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is currently the reference standard investigation. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) complements traditional ICA by providing extra information on blood flow, which has convincingly led to better patient management and improved cost-effectiveness. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) is suitable for the investigation of chest pain, especially in the low- and intermediate-risk groups. FFR generated using CT data (producing FFRCT) may improve the positive predictive value of CTCA. The basic science of FFRCT is like a "black box" to most imaging professionals. A fundamental principle is that good quality CTCA is likely to make any post-processing easier and more reliable. Both diagnostic and observational studies have suggested that the accuracy and the short-term outcome of using FFRCT are both comparable with FFR in ICA. More multidisciplinary research with further refined diagnostic and longer-term observational studies will hopefully pinpoint the role of FFRCT in existing clinical pathways.

A functional interaction of E7 with B-Myb-MuvB complex promotes acute cooperative transcriptional activation of both S- and M-phase genes. (129 c).

High-risk human papillomaviruses are causative agents of cervical cancer. Viral protein E7 is required to establish and maintain the pro-oncogenic phenotype in infected cells, but the molecular mechanisms by which E7 promotes carcinogenesis are only partially understood. Our transcriptome analyses in primary human fibroblasts transduced with the viral protein revealed that E7 activates a group of mitotic genes via the activator B-Myb-MuvB complex. We show that E7 interacts with the B-Myb, FoxM1 and LIN9 components of this activator complex, leading to cooperative transcriptional activation of mitotic genes in primary cells and E7 recruitment to the corresponding promoters. E7 interaction with LIN9 and FoxM1 depended on the LXCXE motif, which is also required for pocket protein interaction and degradation. Using E7 mutants for the degradation of pocket proteins but intact for the LXCXE motif, we demonstrate that E7 functional interaction with the B-Myb-MuvB complex and pocket protein degradation are two discrete functions of the viral protein that cooperate to promote acute transcriptional activation of mitotic genes. Transcriptional level of E7 in patient's cervical lesions at different stages of progression was shown to correlate with those of B-Myb and FoxM1 as well as other mitotic gene transcripts, thereby linking E7 with cellular proliferation and progression in cervical cancer in vivo. E7 thus can directly activate the transcriptional levels of cell cycle genes independently of pocket protein stability.

Measures used to treat contrast-induced nephropathy: overview of reviews.

OBJECTIVES: Despite many interventions that have been tried, controversy remains regarding the efficacy of interventions for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), so we aimed to evaluate the best evidence from recent meta-analyses. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library for interventions which have been used for CIN. We included only the most recent meta-analysis of each intervention. We extracted data on the methodology, quality and results of each meta-analysis. We performed narrative synthesis and adjusted indirect comparison of interventions that were shown to be statistically significant compared with a placebo. RESULTS: We included 7 systematic reviews and meta-analyses involving 9 different interventions for CIN, with a total of 15 976 participants. A significantly decreased risk of CIN was reported in meta-analysis of the following interventions: N-acetylcysteine [odds ratio (OR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.88, I(2)=64%], theophylline [relative risk (RR) 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.89, I(2)=44%], statins (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.77, I(2)=0%) and sodium bicarbonate (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.86, I(2)=49%). Furosemide was shown to increase the risk of CIN (RR 3.27, 95% CI 1.48-7.26, I(2)=0%). Other interventions such as renal replacement therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, dopamine and fenoldapam failed to show any significant difference from the control group. CONCLUSION: Although there is some evidence to suggest that N-acetylcysteine, theophylline, sodium bicarbonate and statins may reduce incidence of CIN, limitations in the study quality and heterogeneity preclude any firm recommendations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: N-acetylcysteine, theophylline, sodium bicarbonate and statins show some promise as potentially efficacious agents for preventing CIN, but more high-quality studies are needed before they can be recommended for use in routine practice.

Scanning tunneling microscopy contrast mechanisms for TiO2.

Controlled dual mode scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments and first-principles simulations show that the tunneling conditions can significantly alter the positive-bias topographic contrast of geometrically corrugated titania surfaces such as rutile TiO2(011)-(2×1). Depending on the tip-surface distance, two different contrasts can be reversibly imaged. STM simulations which either include or neglect the tip-electronic structure, carried out at three density functional theory levels of increasing accuracy, allow assignment of both contrasts on the basis of the TiO2(011)-(2×1) structure proposed by Torrelles et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 185501 (2008)]. Finally, the mechanisms of contrast formation are elucidated in terms of the subtle balance between the surface geometry and the different vacuum decay lengths of the topmost Ti(3d) and O(2p) states probed by the STM-tip apex.

The E2F5 repressor is an activator of E6/E7 transcription and of the S-phase entry in HPV18-associated cells.

High-risk papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) is one of the less represented HPV types in low-grade lesions of the anogenital tract, whereas it occupies the second place in cervical cancer, where it can be found in 16% of the cases worldwide, after HPV16 present in 54% of them. These epidemiological data indicate that HPV18 infection is more prone to carcinogenic progression. The main oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7 of HPV18, are functionally comparable to the homologous proteins of the other high-risk viruses, including HPV16. In this work, we investigated the possibility that the higher oncogenic potential of HPV18 might be due to transcriptional regulation of the E6/E7 oncogenes. By comparing the E6/E7 promoter and enhancer sequences of the mucosal HPV genomes, we identified E2F binding sites specific for HPV18. The E2F family of transcription factors contains activators (E2F1-3) and repressors (E2F4-8) that regulate the transcription of S-phase and mitotic genes and thereby have a crucial role in cell-cycle progression. Surprisingly, we identified E2F5 as a direct activator of HPV18 E6/E7 transcription by sequential silencing of E2F members in HeLa cells. In addition, we could show that E2F5 positively regulates S-phase entry in HeLa cells and that this activation of the cell cycle by a member of the E2F repressor family is specific for HPV18-expressing cells. Diverting the function of E2F5 from a cell-cycle repressor into an activator might contribute to the higher oncogenic potential of HPV18 when compared with other high-risk HPV types.

Oxygen vacancy origin of the surface band-gap state of TiO2(110).

Scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy have been used to determine the origin of the band-gap state in rutile TiO2(110). This state has long been attributed to oxygen vacancies (O{b} vac). However, recently an alternative origin has been suggested, namely, subsurface interstitial Ti species. Here, we use electron bombardment to vary the O{b} vac density while monitoring the band-gap state with photoemission spectroscopy. Our results show that O{b} vac make the dominant contribution to the photoemission peak and that its magnitude is directly proportional to the O{b} vac density.

Invisible visibility: intergenerational transfer of identity and social position of Chinese women in Belgium.

"The effects of migration on identity and the social position of Chinese women in Belgium were examined from an intergenerational perspective. At the macro level, policies and the general discourse on migration and migrants in Belgium were examined to assess the level of inclusion or exclusion of Chinese women.... The findings will show that although the Chinese are non-existent in official policy and statistics, they are set apart in mainstream society because of their different phenotypical traits. This leads to their exocitization and discrimination in many such social settings as daily life, the workplace and at recreational centers."