Negative effect of ectoparasite burdens on the condition factor from farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in the Yucatan, Mexico.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most important aquaculture species in the world, and, when introduced, the ectoparasites of Nile tilapia have followed. Currently, farmers worldwide consider these ectoparasites harmless, but intensities can reach up to 1000 individuals per fish in tropical regions. In this cross-sectional study, we used the condition factor to estimate the potential effects of low (45 ± 31 ectoparasites per fish) and high (295 ± 191) ectoparasitic burdens across 28 tilapia farms and included the analysis of the effects of 44 management and environmental variable from the farms. A stepwise procedure in a multiple linear regression analysis retained the variables that explained the most variance, which was the ectoparasitic burden (57 %). We found significantly higher values of the condition factor in Nile tilapia with low ectoparasitic burden than in those with high ectoparasitic burden. Additionally, Nile tilapia with a high ectoparasitic burden weighed less than half than those with a low burden (102 ± 105 g versus 230 ± 128 g, respectively). We also found a significant non-linear, negative relationship between the ectoparasitic burden and the relative condition factor values per fish, which was most likely due to an increase in gill mucus caused by the ectoparasitic burden that depleted energy in the Nile tilapia. The economic consequence of the ectoparasitic burden translated roughly into a loss up to 12-15 % in profit margin per ton of fish, based on the price of Nile tilapia in the Mexican market.

Polychaete assemblages in a tropical hypersaline coastal lagoon of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico during the rainy season

Introduction: The Río Lagartos lagoon, located in the Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, Yucatán, Gulf of Mexico, is a coastal hypersaline system ca. 80 km long (east-west). It comprises three basins: western (close to Río Lagartos fishermen village), middle (Las Coloradas) and eastern (close to El Cuyo fishermen village), that communicate through very narrow natural channels. Despite several studies have been performed on the vertebrate fauna, the aquatic invertebrates, and especially polychaetes, remain largely unknown. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the composition and distribution of the benthic polychaete community, and to analyse potential environmental drivers. Methods: The biological material was collected in 16 stations distributed along the lagoon during the rainy season (September 2017). Two replicates per station were obtained using a Ponar standard dredge or cores (6" diameter). Environmental variables such as grain size, organic carbon content in the sediments, and salinity, among others, were measured. Results: A total of 827 specimens belonging to 26 species and 16 families were identified. Of these, 23 species are new records for the Río Lagartos lagoon. Community composition changed between the different basins associated with strong gradients in salinity, subaquatic vegetation (algae and seagrasses) proportions in the samples and grain size. No polychaetes were recorded at the easternmost basin (El Cuyo basin), where salinity was between 67-80 psu. In the rest of the lagoon, the distribution of polychaetes was heterogeneous, especially near the mouth (western basin), where the highest and lowest density, species richness and diversity were recorded. The highest density was found at station 6, where dense algal mats of the genus Avrainvillea dominated. The families Syllidae and Nereididae were the most abundant and widely distributed families in the lagoon. The species Syllis lagunae and Nereis pelagica dominated the western basin and Prionospio heterobranchia and Sphaerosyllis taylori dominated the middle basin. Conclusions: The salinity records associated with some species were well above the top limits previously reported, establishing the euryhaline character of many species in the region.

Introducción: La laguna Río Lagartos, ubicada en la Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Lagartos, Yucatán, Golfo de México, es un sistema costero hipersalino con una longitud aproximada de 80 km (este-oeste). La laguna está conformada por tres cuencas (Río Lagartos, Las Coloradas y El Cuyo) comunicadas entre sí por canales naturales extremadamente estrechos. Aunque existen varios estudios sobre la fauna vertebrada asociada a la laguna, los invertebrados acuáticos, y especialmente la poliquetofauna, son todavía desconocidos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la composición y distribución de los poliquetos bentónicos, y su relación con las condiciones ambientales. Metodología: El material biológico fue recolectado en 16 estaciones a lo largo del sistema lagunar durante la época climática de "lluvias" (septiembre 2017). Se tomaron dos réplicas por estación con una draga Ponar standard o un nucleador de PVC (diámetro= 6"). En cada estación se midieron distintas variables ambientales p. ej., granulometría, carbono orgánico en sedimento, salinidad, entre otras. Resultados: Se identificaron 827 ejemplares pertenecientes a 26 especies y 16 familias. De éstas, 23 especies son nuevos registros para la laguna Río Lagartos. La composición de la comunidad varió entre las distintas cuencas de la laguna en relación con importantes gradientes de salinidad, de la proporción de vegetación (algas y pastos) en la muestra y del tamaño de grano. En la cuenca este, El Cuyo, donde el rango de salinidad fue 67-80 ups, no se encontraron poliquetos. En el resto de la laguna, la distribución de los poliquetos fue heterogénea, especialmente cerca de la boca (cuenca de Río Lagartos), donde se registraron los valores más altos y más bajos de densidad, riqueza específica y diversidad. La densidad más alta se registró en la estación 6, donde la muestra estuvo dominada por densos lechos de algas del género Avrainvillea. Las familias Syllidae y Nereididae fueron las más abundantes y ampliamente distribuidas en la laguna. Las especies Syllis lagunae y Nereis pelagica dominaron en la cuenca de Río Lagartos y Prionospio heterobranchia y Sphaerosyllis taylori, en Las Coloradas. Conclusiones: Los rangos de salinidad reportados para algunas de las especies fueron mucho más altos que registros anteriores, estableciendo el carácter eurihalino de varias especies en la región.

Insights on the biology and ecology of the deep-water shrimp Parapontophilus occidentalis (Faxon, 1893) (Crustacea: Caridea: Crangonidae) in the eastern Pacific with notes on its morphology.

The deep-water crangonid Parapontophilus occidentalis (Faxon, 1893) is endemic to the eastern Pacific and has been reported from Mexico to Chile, in depths of 837-4082 m. Material collected off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (BCP) during the TALUD XV, XVI and XVI-B cruises consists of a series of 136 specimens (M:F = 1:3.6) with 30 % of ovigerous females. The material examined was captured in depths of 1296-2093 m. Size ranged from 8.4 to 16.1 mm CL, with females being significantly larger than males. Number of eggs carried by ovigerous females ranged from 7 to 998, without a significant relationship between female size and number of eggs. Using only data of females carrying at least 100 eggs, egg mass weight varied from 0.036 to 0.181 g. Size of oval-shaped eggs also varied considerably (0.515 to 0.922 mm). Larger densities of P. occidentalis were observed between 1700 and 2100 m, where larger individuals were collected, and sex proportions differed across all depth strata. At the northern BCP, P. occidentalis was collected at dissolved oxygen concentrations from 0.76 to 1.83 ml l(-1), at temperature from 2.1 to 3.4°C, and salinity from 34.54 to 34.63 kg g(-1). Density of P. occidentalis was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen, salinity, and silt contribution to sediments, and negatively correlated with temperature and primary productivity five months before sampling.

Distribution of Benthesicymustanneri Faxon, 1893 (Dendrobranchiata, Benthesicymidae) off the west coast of Mexico and notes on its morphology.

A large series of specimens of Benthesicymustanneri Faxon, 1893 (Dendrobranchiata; Benthesicymidae) was collected during an extensive survey of deep-water invertebrate fauna off western Mexico. In total, 61 males and 122 females (M:F ratio = 1:2) from 44 sampling stations were examined, considerably increasing the number of known specimens and sampling localities for this species which is widely distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico. The collection is the largest available for this species to date and presents first records from off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula and a slight increase of the northernmost record within the Gulf of California. On the whole, females grew larger than males. The petasma of males of different sizes and the female thelycum of Benthesicymustanneri are illustrated. The petasma of Benthesicymustanneri presents a ventrolateral crescent-shape process otherwide found only in Benthesicymustirmiziae Crosnier, 1978 and in Benthesicymusbartletti S.I. Smith, 1882. A key to the four species of Benthesicymus presently known from the eastern Pacific is presented.