The impact of low-energy total diet replacement with behavioural support for remission of type 2 diabetes on disordered eating (ARIADNE): Protocol for a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The National Health Service (NHS) in England is currently piloting a weight loss programme for remission of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), where participants replace all food with low-energy nutritionally complete formula products for 12 weeks (total diet replacement, TDR) and receive behavioural support. In a clinical trial, this programme led to remission in nearly half the participants. However, this weight loss programme might also worsen disordered eating and prompt eating disorders in susceptible people. We aim to investigate if the TDR programme is non-inferior to standard care in terms of disordered eating in susceptible individuals. METHODS: Fifty six people with newly diagnosed T2D, BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2, and medium to high scores of disordered eating based on the Eating Disorders Examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) will be randomised 1:1 to TDR receiving remote weekly/bi-weekly dietetic support or standard care. Participants will be re-assessed remotely at 1, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome will be the between-group difference in the score of the EDE-Q. If the sample size can be expanded to 150, we will reduce the non-inferiority boundary. Weight, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), impairment from disordered eating, and distress will be secondary outcomes. Using the recorded consultations, we will evaluate the process in observed changes in eating behaviour and disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS: If TDR for T2D remission is deemed non-inferior to standard care, more people may enrol and benefit from T2D remission. If TDR exacerbates disordered eating, screening may reduce unintended harm. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05744232 (ClinicalTrials.gov, prospectively registered).

The effect of natural disasters on human capital in the United States.

Although natural disasters are commonplace, they leave in their wake an enormous amount of damage. The physical damage they cause is immediately apparent, but less obvious is the potential magnitude of disruptions to learning and resulting damage to human capital. Using the universe of Presidential Disaster Declarations in the United States, we show that natural disasters impact a region's human capital both via reductions in learning for students who remain in school as well as a reduction in the years of schooling completed. These effects appear to be scarring and persistent. Quantifying these losses using the implied reduction of lifetime earnings suggests that natural disasters reduce a region's human capital by a similar magnitude as the assessed property damage.

Efficacy of a hybrid technique of simultaneous videolaryngoscopy with flexible bronchoscopy in children with difficult direct laryngoscopy in the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry.

Children with difficult tracheal intubation are at increased risk of severe complications, including hypoxaemia and cardiac arrest. Increasing experience with the simultaneous use of videolaryngoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy (hybrid) in adults led us to hypothesise that this hybrid technique could be used safely and effectively in children under general anaesthesia. We reviewed observational data from the international Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry from 2017 to 2021 to assess the safety and efficacy of hybrid tracheal intubation approaches in paediatric patients. In total, 140 patients who underwent 180 attempts at tracheal intubation with the hybrid technique were propensity score-matched 4:1 with 560 patients who underwent 800 attempts with a flexible bronchoscope. In the hybrid group, first attempt success was 70% (98/140) compared with 63% (352/560) in the flexible bronchoscope group (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.4 (0.9-2.1), p = 0.1). Eventual success rates in the matched groups were 90% (126/140) for hybrid vs. 89% (499/560) for flexible bronchoscope (1.1 (0.6-2.1), p = 0.8). Complication rates were similar in both groups (15% (28 complications in 182 attempts) hybrid; 13% (102 complications in 800 attempts) flexible bronchoscope, p = 0.3). The hybrid technique was more likely than flexible bronchoscopy to be used as a rescue technique following the failure of another technique (39% (55/140) vs. 25% (138/560), 2.1 (1.4-3.2) p < 0.001). While technically challenging, the hybrid technique has success rates similar to other advanced airway techniques, few complications and may be considered an alternative technique when developing an airway plan for paediatric patients whose tracheas are difficult to intubate under general anaesthesia.

Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae: achievements and prospects.

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca), is a significant impediment to global oat production. Some 98 alleles at 92 loci conferring resistance to Pca in Avena have been designated; however, allelic relationships and chromosomal locations of many of these are unknown. Long-term monitoring of Pca in Australia, North America and elsewhere has shown that it is highly variable even in the absence of sexual recombination, likely due to large pathogen populations that cycle between wild oat communities and oat crops. Efforts to develop cultivars with genetic resistance to Pca began in the 1950s. Based almost solely on all all-stage resistance, this has had temporary benefits but very limited success. The inability to eradicate wild oats, and their common occurrence in many oat growing regions, means that future strategies to control Pca must be based on the assumption of a large and variable prevailing pathogen population with high evolutionary potential, even if cultivars with durable resistance are deployed and grown widely. The presence of minor gene, additive APR to Pca in hexaploid oat germplasm opens the possibility of pyramiding several such genes to give high levels of resistance. The recent availability of reference genomes for diploid and hexaploid oat will undoubtedly accelerate efforts to discover, characterise and develop high throughput diagnostic markers to introgress and pyramid resistance to Pca in high yielding adapted oat germplasm.

Abnormal P-wave terminal force in lead V1 is associated with low left atrial appendage ejection velocity.

BACKGROUND: Sinus P-wave abnormalities have been associated stroke in people with atrial fibrillation (AF). The majority of AF-related strokes occur from left atrial appendage (LAA) thromboembolism. Dysfunction of the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA) can increase rates of thromboembolic stroke. We studied whether abnormal P wave terminal force in V1 (aPTFV1) is associated with decreased LAA ejection velocity (LAAV) on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study reviewing patients at a tertiary care medical center who underwent TEE in sinus rhythm and had an interpretable sinus ECG within 12 months of TEE. Participants were excluded for complex congenital heart disease, age <18, cardiac transplantation, and chronic atrial pacing. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios of LAAV<40 cm/s for aPTFV1. RESULTS: In our final cohort of 169 patients (28% of which had LAAV <40), the multivariate odds ratio of aPTFV1 for LAAV<40 cm/s after adjustment for CHA2DS2VASc variables, heart rate during TEE, history of atrial arrhythmias, and left atrial volume index was 2.24 (95% CI of 1.13-6.00). CONCLUSION: Abnromal P-wave terminal force in lead V1 is associated with low LAAV after adjustment for potential confounders. Future research is needed for validation of our findings and determination of clinical utility.

Role for colorectal teams to support non-colorectal teams to improve clinical outcomes and adherence to ERAS guidelines for segmental colectomy: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To identify whether compliance with Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations is associated with length of stay (LOS) in a New Zealand hospital for patients undergoing segmental colectomy in mixed acute and elective general surgery wards. METHODS: Consecutive elective colorectal surgeries (n = 770) between October 2012 and February 2019 were audited. Patients with non-segmental colectomies, multi-organ surgeries, LOS > 14 days, and those who died were excluded. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between patient demographics, compliance with ERAS guidelines, and suboptimal LOS (> 4 days). RESULTS: Analysis included 376 patients. Age, surgery prior to 2014, surgical approach, non-colorectal surgical team, operation type, and complications were significantly associated with suboptimal LOS. Non-compliance with ERAS recommendations for laparoscopy [OR 8.9, 95% CI (4.52, 19.67)], removal of indwelling catheters (IDC) [OR 3.14, 95% CI (1.85, 5.51)], use of abdominal drains [OR 4.27, 95% CI (0.99, 18.35)], and removal of PCA [OR 8.71, 95% CI (1.78, 157.27)], were associated with suboptimal LOS (univariable analysis). Multivariable analysis showed that age, surgical team, late removal of IDC, and open approach were independent predictors of suboptimal LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Non-compliance with ERAS guidelines for laparoscopic approach and early removal of IDC was higher among procedures performed by non-colorectal surgery teams, and was also associated with adverse postoperative events and suboptimal LOS. This study demonstrates the importance of the surgical team's expertise in affecting surgical outcomes, and did not find significant independent associations between most individual ERAS guidelines and suboptimal LOS once adjusting for other factors.

Discovery and fine mapping of Rph28: a new gene conferring resistance to Puccinia hordei from wild barley.

KEY MESSAGE: A new gene Rph28 conferring resistance to barley leaf rust was discovered and fine-mapped on chromosome 5H from wild barley. Leaf rust is a highly destructive disease of barley caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia hordei. Genetic resistance is considered to be the most effective, economical and eco-friendly approach to minimize losses caused by this disease. A study was undertaken to characterize and fine map a seedling resistance gene identified in a Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum-derived barley line, HEB-04-101, that is broadly effective against a diverse set of Australian P. hordei pathotypes. Genetic analysis of an F3 population derived from a cross between HEB-04-101 and the H. vulgare cultivar Flagship (seedling susceptible) confirmed the presence of a single dominant gene for resistance in HEB-04-101. Selective genotyping was performed on representative plants from non-segregating homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible F3 families using the targeted genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) assay. Putatively linked SNP markers with complete fixation were identified on the long arm of chromosome 5H spanning a physical interval between 622 and 669 Mb based on the 2017 Morex barley reference genome assembly. Several CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) markers were designed from the pseudomolecule sequence of the Morex assembly (v1.0 and v2.0), and 16 polymorphic markers were able to delineate the RphHEB locus to a 0.05 cM genetic interval spanning 98.6 kb. Based on its effectiveness and wild origin, RphHEB is distinct from all other designated Rph genes located on chromosome 5H and therefore the new locus symbol Rph28 is recommended for RphHEB in accordance with the rules and cataloguing system of barley gene nomenclature.

Anti-PD-1/L1-associated immune-related adverse events as harbinger of favorable clinical outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Recent studies have observed an association between immune-related adverse events (irAE) and favorable clinical outcomes in the setting of cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, results have been variable and inconclusive. Therefore, we have conducted a pan-cancer meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between irAEs and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods The search included studies published in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from conception to 12.28.2019 as well as abstracts published in the ASCO and ESMO meetings from 2015 to 2019. Studies were included if ICI was used in advanced or metastatic cancer settings and excluded if data contained only combination therapy regimens or contained anti-CTLA-4. Raw data for overall response rate (ORR), hazard ratios (HR), number of patients (n), and p values for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were extracted. Pooled sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using the 2 × 2 table and logit transformed proportions; and summary receiver operating curve (sROC) was generated using the bivariate approach for ORR. Pooled HRs were calculated using the means weighted by inverse of the variance for OS and PFS. Heterogeneity was assumed and random effects model was used throughout the analyses. Results Final analysis included 32 studies, among which ORR data were available in 15 studies, OS in 17, and PFS in 16. 17 studies evaluated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), two studies melanoma, one study gastric cancer, three studies renal cell carcinoma (RCC), seven studies various cancer types, two studies urothelial carcinoma, and one study head and neck cancer (HNSCC). With respect to ORR, pooled SN, SP, PPV and NPV, and OR were 0.522 [0.423–0.619], 0.810 [0.771–0.844], 0.516 [0.413–0.618], 0.819 [0.764–0.864], and 4.59 [3.24–6.50], respectively (AU)

Characterizing the Genetic Architecture of Nonhost Resistance in Barley Using Pathogenically Diverse Puccinia Isolates.

Barley is an intermediate or near nonhost to many cereal rust pathogens that infect grasses, making it a highly suitable model to understand the evolution and genetic basis of nonhost resistance (NHR) in plants. To characterize the genetic architecture of NHR in barley, we used the Oregon Wolfe Barley doubled haploid and Morex × SusPtrit recombinant inbred line mapping populations. To elicit a wide array of NHR responses, we tested 492 barley accessions and both mapping populations with pathogenically diverse cereal rust isolates representing distinct formae speciales adapted to Avena, Hordeum, Triticum, and Lolium spp.: P. coronata f. sp. avenae (oat crown rust pathogen) and P. coronata f. sp. lolii (ryegrass crown rust pathogen), P. graminis f. sp. avenae (oat stem rust pathogen) and P. graminis f. sp. lolii (the ryegrass stem rust pathogen), and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (wheat stripe rust pathogen) and P. striiformis f. sp. pseudo-hordei (barley grass stripe rust pathogen). With the exception of P. coronata f. sp. lolii and P. coronata f. sp. avenae, susceptibility and segregation for NHR was observed in the barley accessions and both mapping populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for NHR were mapped on all seven chromosomes. NHR in barley to the heterologous rusts tested was attributable to a combination of QTLs with either or both overlapping and distinct specificities. Across both mapping populations, broadly effective NHR loci were also identified that likely play a role in host specialization.

Anti-PD-1/L1-associated immune-related adverse events as harbinger of favorable clinical outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have observed an association between immune-related adverse events (irAE) and favorable clinical outcomes in the setting of cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, results have been variable and inconclusive. Therefore, we have conducted a pan-cancer meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between irAEs and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search included studies published in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from conception to 12.28.2019 as well as abstracts published in the ASCO and ESMO meetings from 2015 to 2019. Studies were included if ICI was used in advanced or metastatic cancer settings and excluded if data contained only combination therapy regimens or contained anti-CTLA-4. Raw data for overall response rate (ORR), hazard ratios (HR), number of patients (n), and p values for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were extracted. Pooled sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using the 2 × 2 table and logit transformed proportions; and summary receiver operating curve (sROC) was generated using the bivariate approach for ORR. Pooled HRs were calculated using the means weighted by inverse of the variance for OS and PFS. Heterogeneity was assumed and random effects model was used throughout the analyses. RESULTS: Final analysis included 32 studies, among which ORR data were available in 15 studies, OS in 17, and PFS in 16. 17 studies evaluated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), two studies melanoma, one study gastric cancer, three studies renal cell carcinoma (RCC), seven studies various cancer types, two studies urothelial carcinoma, and one study head and neck cancer (HNSCC). With respect to ORR, pooled SN, SP, PPV and NPV, and OR were 0.522 [0.423-0.619], 0.810 [0.771-0.844], 0.516 [0.413-0.618], 0.819 [0.764-0.864], and 4.59 [3.24-6.50], respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) derived from the sROC was 0.773. HR for OS and PFS were 0.47 [95% CI 0.37-0.60] and 0.46 [95% CI 0.37-0.56], respectively. Between-study publication bias was present for ORR, OS, and PFS; however, results remained significant after trim-fill analysis. CONCLUSION: irAEs predict OR, OS, and PFS across different types of cancer and may represent useful biomarkers in the clinical setting.

Learning is inhibited by heat exposure, both internationally and within the United States.

Human capital generally, and cognitive skills specifically, play a crucial role in determining economic mobility and macroeconomic growth. While elevated temperatures have been shown to impair short-run cognitive performance, much less is known about whether heat exposure affects the rate of skill formation. We combine standardized achievement data for 58 countries and 12,000 US school districts with detailed weather and academic calendar information to show that the rate of learning decreases with an increase in the number of hot school days. These results provide evidence that climatic differences may contribute to differences in educational achievement both across countries and within countries by socioeconomic status and that may have important implications for the magnitude and functional form of climate damages in coupled human-natural systems.

Validating Molecular Markers for Barley Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Rph20 and Rph24.

Improving resistance to barley leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei) is an important breeding objective in most barley growing regions worldwide. The development and subsequent utilization of high-throughput PCR-based codominant molecular markers remains an effective approach to select genotypes with multiple effective resistance genes, permitting efficient gene deployment and stewardship. The genes Rph20 and Rph24 confer widely effective adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust, are common in European and Australian barley germplasm (often in combination), and act interactively to confer high levels of resistance. Here we report on the development and validation of codominant insertion-deletion (indel) based PCR markers that are highly predictive for the resistance alleles Rph20.ai and Rph24.an (both referred to as Rph20 and Rph24).

Heterogeneous mass distribution of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu.

The gravity field of a small body provides insight into its internal mass distribution. We used two approaches to measure the gravity field of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu: (i) tracking and modeling the spacecraft in orbit about the asteroid and (ii) tracking and modeling pebble-sized particles naturally ejected from Bennu's surface into sustained orbits. These approaches yield statistically consistent results up to degree and order 3, with the particle-based field being statistically significant up to degree and order 9. Comparisons with a constant-density shape model show that Bennu has a heterogeneous mass distribution. These deviations can be modeled with lower densities at Bennu's equatorial bulge and center. The lower-density equator is consistent with recent migration and redistribution of material. The lower-density center is consistent with a past period of rapid rotation, either from a previous Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack cycle or arising during Bennu's accretion following the disruption of its parent body.

Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome associated with anal squamous cell carcinoma: a rare presentation of an uncommon cancer.

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with anal squamous cell carcinoma (scc) are rare. Erythema gyratum repens (egr) is a cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome with distinctive characteristics. Here, we report the rare case of a 73-year-old woman with a chronic erythematous rash for 11 months associated with intense pruritus. She was treated with prednisone and antihistamines by dermatologists, but did not respond. The patient was subsequently seen in our clinic for unintentional weight loss and anorexia with intermittent nausea and vomiting. During further evaluation with imaging studies, upper endoscopy, and colonoscopy with biopsy, poorly differentiated anal scc was identified. Biopsies of the skin rash were characteristic of egr. She was treated using concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C and pelvic radiation (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) for anal scc. She tolerated the treatment, and her rash faded, with resolution of the pruritus.

Observations, Meteorites, and Models: A Preflight Assessment of the Composition and Formation of (16) Psyche.

Some years ago, the consensus was that asteroid (16) Psyche was almost entirely metal. New data on density, radar properties, and spectral signatures indicate that the asteroid is something perhaps even more enigmatic: a mixed metal and silicate world. Here we combine observations of Psyche with data from meteorites and models for planetesimal formation to produce the best current hypotheses for Psyche's properties and provenance. Psyche's bulk density appears to be between 3,400 and 4,100 kg m-3. Psyche is thus predicted to have between ~30 and ~60 vol% metal, with the remainder likely low-iron silicate rock and not more than ~20% porosity. Though their density is similar, mesosiderites are an unlikely analog to bulk Psyche because mesosiderites have far more iron-rich silicates than Psyche appears to have. CB chondrites match both Psyche's density and spectral properties, as can some pallasites, although typical pallasitic olivine contains too much iron to be consistent with the reflectance spectra. Final answers, as well as resolution of contradictions in the data set of Psyche physical properties, for example, the thermal inertia measurements, may not be resolved until the NASA Psyche mission arrives in orbit at the asteroid. Despite the range of compositions and formation processes for Psyche allowed by the current data, the science payload of the Psyche mission (magnetometers, multispectral imagers, neutron spectrometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer) will produce data sets that distinguish among the models.

Airflow limitation as a risk factor for vascular stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and atherosclerosis is a cause of cardiac comorbidities in COPD. However, it is not clear whether airflow limitation is associated with atherosclerosis irrespective of smoking.OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether airflow limitation is independently associated with vascular stiffness.METHODS: We enrolled 18 893 participants (male 70.5%; mean age 47.5 ± 9.8 years; never smokers 44.2%) who underwent spirometry and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as part of a standard health examination at Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea, from January 2010 to December 2015.We defined vascular peripheral atherosclerosis as baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s and airflow limitation as pre-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%.RESULTS: Mean baPWV was higher in subjects with airflow limitation (1477.6 ± 331.7 cm/sec, n = 638) than in those without airflow limitation (1344.1 ± 231.8 cm/sec, n = 18255, P < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following were independent predictors associated with peripheral atherosclerosis (P < 0.05): age, male sex, fasting serum glucose, mean blood pressure, serum leukocyte count, serum low density lipoprotein level and FEV1.CONCLUSION: Airflow limitation was an independent predictor of vascular stiffness irrespective of smoking history, which suggests that airflow limitation is linked with atherosclerosis.

Effects of Oral Meloxicam and Topical Lidocaine on Pain associated Behaviors of Piglets Undergoing Surgical Castration.

The objective of this study was to find a practical means of reducing pain associated with surgical castration by evaluating the effects of oral meloxicam and topical lidocaine, separately and in combination, on behavioral indicators of pain in piglets. Two hundred thirty-five piglets were surgically castrated between three and seven days of age. Immediately following castration, piglets received one of four treatments: (1) No pain mitigation (C; control; n = 58); (2) NSAID only (M; meloxicam; n = 59); (3) Topical anesthetic (L; lidocaine spray; n = 60); or (4) NSAID and topical anesthetic (X; meloxicam and lidocaine spray; n = 59). Behaviors were recorded by direct observation of individual piglets using five-minute scan samples over a five-hour period, for three days post-castration. Results of the experiment demonstrate the administration of oral meloxicam and topical lidocaine spray at the time of castration under the current methods did not mitigate pain associated with the procedure (P = 0.09; C: 2.1 ± 0.1, L: 2.4 ± 0.1, M: 2.1 ± 0.1 and X: 2.1 ± 0.1).

Optimization of a Neutron Long Counter Design by Monte Carlo Simulation.

In a search to optimize neutron long counter design for overall efficiency and flat energy response, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for a variety of detector design parameters using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended code. Based on the standard long counter design by McTaggart, moderator diameter, moderator back length, and longitudinal hole diameter were sequentially varied, and the sensitivity of each parameter to the long counter response was systematically analyzed. For each design, simulations were done in the neutron energy range of 1 keV to 10 MeV. From the simulation results, it turned out that out of the three moderator parameters, the moderator diameter is most sensitive for optimizing the long counter response. As the last design parameter, the effect of the central slow-neutron counter was investigated, which showed a significant difference in the response. The investigation of each design parameter gave clear insight on its effect on the long counter response and enabled one to determine the optimum condition.

Measurement of Jupiter's asymmetric gravity field.

The gravity harmonics of a fluid, rotating planet can be decomposed into static components arising from solid-body rotation and dynamic components arising from flows. In the absence of internal dynamics, the gravity field is axially and hemispherically symmetric and is dominated by even zonal gravity harmonics J2n that are approximately proportional to qn, where q is the ratio between centrifugal acceleration and gravity at the planet's equator. Any asymmetry in the gravity field is attributed to differential rotation and deep atmospheric flows. The odd harmonics, J3, J5, J7, J9 and higher, are a measure of the depth of the winds in the different zones of the atmosphere. Here we report measurements of Jupiter's gravity harmonics (both even and odd) through precise Doppler tracking of the Juno spacecraft in its polar orbit around Jupiter. We find a north-south asymmetry, which is a signature of atmospheric and interior flows. Analysis of the harmonics, described in two accompanying papers, provides the vertical profile of the winds and precise constraints for the depth of Jupiter's dynamical atmosphere.