New Bipolar Host Materials Based on Indolocarbazole for Red Phosphorescent OLEDs.

We designed and synthesized new indolocarbazole-triazine derivatives, 9-di-tert-butyl-5,7-bis(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole (2TRZ-P-ICz) and 3,9-di-tert-butyl-5,7-bis(5'-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-[1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-2'-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole (2TRZ-TP-ICz), as new bipolar host materials for red phosphorescent OLEDs. In the film state, 2TRZ-P-ICz and 2TRZ-TP-ICz exhibited photoluminescence maxima at 480 nm and 488 nm, respectively. The dipole moment characteristics of the new compounds under various solvent conditions were investigated using the Lippert-Mataga equation. The results showed that the dipole moment of 2TRZ-P-ICz is 26.9D, while that of 2TRZ-TP-ICz is 21.3D. The delayed fluorescence lifetimes were 0.188 µs for 2TRZ-P-ICz and 2.080 µs for 2TRZ-TP-ICz, with 2TRZ-TP-ICz showing TADF characteristics. Additionally, 2TRZ-TP-ICz was found to have a ΔEST of less than 0.2 eV. The triplet energy levels of the newly synthesized bipolar host materials were found to be 2.72 and 2.75 eV, confirming their suitability for use in red phosphorescent OLEDs. To investigate the carrier mobility of the synthesized materials, hole-only devices and electron-only devices were fabricated and tested. The hole mobility value at 1V was found to be 3.43 × 10-3 cm2/Vs for 2TRZ-P-ICz and 2.16 × 10-3 cm2/Vs for 2TRZ-TP-ICz. For electron mobility at 1V, 2TRZ-P-ICz showed a value of 4.41 × 10-9 cm2/Vs, while 2TRZ-TP-ICz exhibited a value of 9.13 × 10-9 cm2/Vs. As a result, when the new material was used as a host in red phosphorescent OLEDs, 2TRZ-TP-ICz achieved a current efficiency of 9.92 cd/A, an external quantum efficiency of 13.7%, CIE coordinates of (0.679, 0.319), and an electroluminescence maximum wavelength of 626 nm.

Novel halogenated cyclopentadienyl hafnium precursor for atomic layer deposition of high-performance HfO2 thin film.

High dielectric constant (high-k) materials play a crucial role in modern electronics, particularly in semiconductor applications such as transistor gate insulators and dielectrics in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. However, achieving optimal crystallinity and suppressing interfacial layer formation during deposition processes remain key challenges. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel approach using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with a new Hf precursor incorporating an iodo ligand. The synthesized precursor, IHf, demonstrates enhanced thermal stability and reactivity, leading to superior film properties. ALD deposition of HfO2 thin films using IHf yields excellent crystallinity and effectively inhibits interfacial layer formation, resulting in enhanced capacitance density and improved leakage current characteristics in MIM capacitors. Notably, IHf-deposited HfO2 films exhibit a significant reduction in leakage current, achieving an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.73 nm at a leakage current density of 7.02 × 10-8 A cm-2 @ +0.8 V. These findings highlight the potential of IHf as a promising precursor for high-performance electronic device fabrication, paving the way for advancements in semiconductor technology.

User-Centric Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Low-Resolution ADCs for Massive Access.

This paper proposes a heuristic association algorithm between access points (APs) and user equipment (UE) in user-centric cell-free massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, specifically targeting scenarios where UEs share the same frequency and time resources. The proposed algorithm prevents overserving APs and ensures the connectivity of all UEs, even when the number of UEs is significantly greater than the number of APs. Additionally, we assume the use of low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to reduce fronthaul capacity. While realistic massive access scenarios, such as those in Internet-of-Things (IoT) environments, often involve hundreds or thousands of UEs per AP using multiple access techniques to allocate different frequency and time resources, our study focuses on scenarios where UEs within each AP cluster share the same frequency and time resources to highlight the impact of pilot contamination in dense network environments. The proposed algorithm is validated through simulations, confirming that it guarantees the connection of all UEs and prevents overserving APs. Furthermore, we analyze the required fronthaul capacity based on quantization bits and confirm that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of SE and average SE performance for UEs.

Effectiveness of the Korean-Patient Placement Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorders: A Prospective Exploratory Study.

OBJECTIVE: Various patient placement criteria (PPC) have been developed to address alcohol use disorder (AUD), which has a high relapse rate and imposes substantial socioeconomic costs. Although research has shown PPC to be an effective tool, evidence supporting the Korean-PPC (K-PPC) is insufficient. This paper investigated whether treatment matching with the K-PPC was effective, based on variables related to AUD. METHODS: In total, 524 participants were evaluated using the 6 dimensions of the K-PPC and levels of care (LoC) were recommended based on the results. Participants whose treatment matched with the recommended LoC were classified into the matched group, and those whose treatment did not match were classified into the mismatched group. Subsequently, treatment was planned according to the determined LoC, and a total of 3 follow-up evaluations were conducted at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the follow-up rate between the K-PPC matched group and the mismatched group. Of the variables measured by the 6 dimensions of the K-PPC, alcohol-related variables, depression, insight, and biomedical outcomes showed the most significant results (especially alcohol-related variables) from the baseline evaluation to the 6-month follow-up. In addition, the average adherence to the treatment program in the 6-month period was found to be higher in the matched group than in the mismatched group. CONCLUSION: The K-PPC could be effective for placing patients and providing treatment by matching patient characteristics. Enhancing treatment program retention can also have a positive effect on clinical outcomes.

Multi-Load Topology Optimization Design for the Structural Safety Maintenance of Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste Packaging Containers in the Case of a Collision.

This paper presents an optimized design approach using nonlinear dynamic analysis and finite element methods to ensure the structural integrity of square-shaped containers made from ductile cast iron for intermediate- and low-level radioactive waste packaging. Ductile cast iron, with its spherical graphite structure, effectively distributes stress throughout the material, leading to a storage capacity increase of approximately 18%. Considering the critical need for containers that maintain integrity under extreme conditions like earthquakes, the design focuses on mitigating stress concentrations at the corners of square structures. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted in five drop directions: three specified by ASTM-D5276 standards and two additional directions to account for different load patterns. Fractures were observed in four out of the five scenarios. For each direction where fractures occurred, equivalent loads causing similar displacement fields were applied to linear static models, which were then used for multi-load topology optimization. Three optimized models were derived, each increasing the volume by 1.4% to 1.6% compared to the original model, and the design that best met the structural integrity requirements during drop scenarios was selected. To further enhance the optimization process, weights were assigned to different load conditions based on numerical analysis results, balancing the impact of maximum stress, average stress, and plastic deformation energy. The final model, with its increased storage capacity and enhanced structural integrity, offers a practical solution for radioactive waste management, overcoming limitations in previous designs by effectively addressing complex load conditions.

Novel Inhibitor of Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Interaction Attenuates Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Prevents OVX-Induced Bone Loss In Vivo.

Keap1 interacts with Nrf2 by assisting in its ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis. By preventing ROS accumulation during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, Nrf2 activation can prevent the differentiation of osteoclasts. Additionally, inhibiting the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI can be an effective strategy for triggering Nrf2 to regulate oxidative stress. Structure-based virtual screening was performed to discover a potentially novel Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitor wherein KCB-F06 was identified. The inhibitory effects of KCB-F06 on osteoclastogenesis were investigated in vitro through TRAP staining and bone resorption assays. An ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis mouse model was applied to evaluate KCB-F06's therapeutic effects in vivo. Lastly, the underlying mechanisms were explored using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and co-IP assays. KCB-F06 was discovered as a novel Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitor. As a result, the expression of antioxidants (HO-1 and NQO1) was suppressed, hence reducing ROS accumulation during osteoclastogenesis. Subsequently, this caused the inactivation of RANKL-induced IKB/NF-kB signaling. This eventually led to the downregulation of osteoclast-specific proteins including NFATc1, which is an essential transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. These results demonstrated that Nrf2 activation in osteoclasts is a valuable tool for osteoclastic bone loss management. In addition, KCB-F06 presents as an alternative candidate for treating osteoclast-related bone diseases and as a novel small molecule that can serve as a model for further Keap1-NRF2 PPI inhibitor development.

Advancing Cardiovascular Drug Screening Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) have emerged as a promising tool for studying cardiac physiology and drug responses. However, their use is largely limited by an immature phenotype and lack of high-throughput analytical methodology. In this study, we developed a high-throughput testing platform utilizing hPSC-CMs to assess the cardiotoxicity and effectiveness of drugs. Following an optimized differentiation and maturation protocol, hPSC-CMs exhibited mature CM morphology, phenotype, and functionality, making them suitable for drug testing applications. We monitored intracellular calcium dynamics using calcium imaging techniques to measure spontaneous calcium oscillations in hPSC-CMs in the presence or absence of test compounds. For the cardiotoxicity test, hPSC-CMs were treated with various compounds, and calcium flux was measured to evaluate their effects on calcium dynamics. We found that cardiotoxic drugs withdrawn due to adverse drug reactions, including encainide, mibefradil, and cetirizine, exhibited toxicity in hPSC-CMs but not in HEK293-hERG cells. Additionally, in the effectiveness test, hPSC-CMs were exposed to ATX-II, a sodium current inducer for mimicking long QT syndrome type 3, followed by exposure to test compounds. The observed changes in calcium dynamics following drug exposure demonstrated the utility of hPSC-CMs as a versatile model system for assessing both cardiotoxicity and drug efficacy. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of hPSC-CMs in advancing drug discovery and development, which offer a physiologically relevant platform for the preclinical screening of novel therapeutics.

Discovery of TCP-(MP)-caffeic acid analogs as a new class of agents for treatment of osteoclastic bone loss.

Inhibition of LSD1 was proposed as promising and attractive therapies for treating osteoporosis. Here, we synthesized a series of novel TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs as potential LSD1 inhibitors to assess their inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis by using TRAP-staining assay and try to explore the preliminary SAR. Among them, TCP-MP-CA (11a) demonstrated osteoclastic bone loss both in vitro and in vivo, showing a significant improvement in the in vivo effects compared to the LSD1 inhibitor GSK-LSD1. Additionally, we elucidated a mechanism that 11a and its precursor that 11e directly bind to LSD1/CoREST complex through FAD to inhibit LSD1 demethylation activity and influence its downstream IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus regulate osteoclastic bone loss. These findings suggested 11a or 11e as potential novel candidates for treating osteoclastic bone loss, and a concept for further development of TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs for therapeutic use in osteoporosis clinics.

Influence of Sleep Stage on the Determination of Positional Dependency in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVES: The supine sleep position and the rapid eye movement (REM) stage are widely recognized to exacerbate the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Position-dependent OSA is generally characterized by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) that is at least twice as high in the supine position compared to other sleep positions. However, this condition can be misdiagnosed if a particular sleep stage-REM or non-REM (NREM)-predominates in a specific position. We explored the impact of the sleep stage on positional dependency in OSA. METHODS: Polysomnographic data were retrospectively analyzed from 111 patients with OSA aged 18 years or older, all of whom had an AHI exceeding five events per hour and slept in both supine and non-supine positions for at least 5% of the total sleep time. The overall ratio of non-supine AHI to supine AHI (NS/S-AHI ratio) was compared between total, REM, and NREM sleep. Additionally, a weighted NS/S-AHI ratio, reflecting the proportion of time spent in each sleep stage, was calculated and compared to the original ratio. RESULTS: The mean NS/S-AHI ratio was consistent between the entire sleep period and the specific sleep stages. However, the NS/S-AHI ratios for individual patients displayed poor agreement between total sleep and the specific stages. Additionally, the weighted NS/S-AHI ratio displayed poor agreement with the original NS/S-AHI ratio, primarily due to discrepancies in patients with mild to moderate OSA. CONCLUSION: The weighted NS/S-AHI ratio may help precisely assess positional dependency.

Enhancement of Exfoliating Effects through the Novel Cosmetic Ingredient Mandelic acid_Carnitine Ion-Pairing Complex.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a novel exfoliating material with high efficacy and low irritation by synthesizing the Mandelic acid_Carnitine ion pairing complex (M_C complex) and evaluating its exfoliating properties. Additionally, the study assessed the skin improvement effects of the M_C complex through clinical evaluations. METHODS: The M_C complex was synthesized in a 1:1 molar ratio of Mandelic acid and Carnitine. Structural characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Exfoliating efficacy was evaluated on porcine skin, and clinical assessments were conducted on human subjects to measure various skin improvement parameters. RESULTS: The formation of the M_C complex was confirmed through particle size analysis, zeta-potential measurements, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The M_C complex demonstrated superior exfoliating efficacy compared to Mandelic acid alone, especially at pH 4.5. Clinical evaluations showed significant improvements in blackheads, whiteheads, pore volume, depth, density, count, and affected area, as well as skin texture. No adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSION: The M_C complex exhibits high exfoliating efficacy and minimal irritation, making it a promising cosmetic ingredient for improving skin health. These findings support its potential as a low-irritation exfoliating material under mildly acidic conditions, contributing to overall skin health enhancement.

A Methodological Approach for Motor Selection in Dental Impression Material Dispensers Using Experimental and Image Analysis Techniques.

This study presents a methodology to prevent the overdesign of electric dispensers for dental impression materials by analyzing the necessary load and determining the appropriate pressurization speed and drive motor capacity. We derived an equation to calculate the required torque and rotational speed of the motor based on the extrusion load and the speed of the impression material. A specialized load measurement system was developed to measure the load necessary to extrude the impression material. Through experiments and image processing, we measured the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the impression material and correlated it with the pressurization speed. Techniques such as position coordinate plotting, curve fitting, and circle fitting were employed to determine the pressurization speed that aligns with the manufacturer's recommended curvature radius. These findings led to a substantial decrease in the necessary motor torque and rotational speed compared with the current standards. This research provides a systematic approach to sizing drive motors using extrusion load and pressurization speed, aiming to reduce overdesign, power consumption, and the weight and size of the motor and battery, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and compact dental impression material dispensers.

Improving the Electroluminescence Properties of New Chrysene Derivatives with High Color Purity for Deep-Blue OLEDs.

Two blue-emitting materials, 4-(12-([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-5'-yl)chrysen-6-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (TPA-C-TP) and 6-([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-12-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)chrysene (TPE-C-TP), were prepared with the composition of a chrysene core moiety and terphenyl (TP), triphenyl amine (TPA), and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) moieties as side groups. The maximum photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelengths of TPA-C-TP and TPE-C-TP were 435 and 369 nm in the solution state and 444 and 471 nm in the film state. TPA-C-TP effectively prevented intermolecular packing through the introduction of TPA, a bulky aromatic amine group, and it showed an excellent photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 86% in the film state. TPE-C-TP exhibited aggregation-induced emission; the PLQY increased dramatically from 0.1% to 78% from the solution state to the film state. The two synthesized materials had excellent thermal stability, with a high decomposition temperature exceeding 460 °C. The two compounds were used as emitting layers in a non-doped device. The TPA-C-TP device achieved excellent electroluminescence (EL) performance, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage co-ordinates of (0.15, 0.07) and an external quantum efficiency of 4.13%, corresponding to an EL peak wavelength of 439 nm.

Understanding the Electron Beam Resilience of Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Knowledge of the atomic structure of layer-stacked two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) is an essential prerequisite for establishing their structure-property correlation. For this, atomic resolution imaging is often the method of choice. In this paper, we gain a better understanding of the main properties contributing to the electron beam resilience and the achievable resolution in the high-resolution TEM images of 2D c-MOFs, which include chemical composition, density, and conductivity of the c-MOF structures. As a result, sub-angstrom resolution of 0.95 Å has been achieved for the most stable 2D c-MOF of the considered structures, Cu3(BHT) (BHT = benzenehexathiol), at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV in a spherical and chromatic aberration-corrected TEM. Complex damage mechanisms induced in Cu3(BHT) by the elastic interactions with the e-beam have been explained using detailed ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. Experimental and calculated knock-on damage thresholds are in good agreement.

Enhancing OLED emitter efficiency through increased rigidity.

Three new blue materials, TPI-InCz, PAI-InCz, and CN-PAI-InCz, have been developed. In the film state, TPI-InCz and PAI-InCz exhibited emission peaks at 411 and 431 nm indicating deep blue emission. CN-PAI-InCz showed a peak emission at 452 nm, within the real blue region. When these three materials were used as the emissive layer to fabricate non-doped devices, CN-PAI-InCz showed the highest current efficiency of 2.91 cd A-1, power efficiency of 1.93 lm W-1, and external quantum efficiency of 3.31%. Among the synthesized materials, CN-PAI-InCz exhibited superior charge balance due to the introduction of CN groups, as confirmed by hole-only devices and electron-only devices. PAI-InCz demonstrated fast hole mobility with a value of 1.50 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1, attributed to its planar and highly rigid structure. In the resulting devices, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates for TPI-InCz, PAI-InCz, and CN-PAI-InCz were (0.162, 0.048), (0.0161, 0.067), and (0.155, 0.099), all indicating emission in the blue region.

Enhancement of Optical and Chemical Resistance Properties with a Novel Yellow Quinophthalone Derivative for Image Sensor Colorants.

A novel quinophthalone derivative, 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-(2-(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-2-yl)quinolin-4-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (TCHCQ), was designed and synthesized as a yellow colorant additive for green color filters in image sensors. The characteristics of the new material were evaluated in terms of optical, thermal, and chemical properties under solution and color filter film conditions. TCHCQ exhibited a significantly enhanced molar extinction coefficient in solution, being 1.21 times higher than that of the commercially used yellow colorant Y138. It also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with a decomposition temperature (Td) exceeding 450 °C. Utilizing the nano-pigmentation process, TCHCQ was used to prepare nano-sized particles with an excellent average size of 35 nm. This enabled the fabrication of a color filter film with outstanding properties. The optical properties of the produced film revealed outstanding yellow colorant transmittance of 0.97% at 435 nm and 91.2% at 530 nm. The color filter film exhibited similar optical and thermal stability to Y138, with an improved chemical stability, as evidenced by a ΔEab value of 0.52. The newly synthesized TCHCQ is considered a promising candidate for use as a yellow colorant additive in image sensor color filters, demonstrating superior optical, thermal, and chemical stability.

Recent Progress on Quantum Dot Patterning Technologies for Commercialization of QD-LEDs: Current Status, Future Prospects, and Exploratory Approaches.

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are widely regarded as advanced emissive materials with significant potential for display applications owing to their excellent optical properties such as high color purity, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and size-tunable emission color. Building upon these attractive attributes, QDs have successfully garnered attention in the display market as down-conversion luminophores and now venturing into the realm of self-emissive displays, exemplified by QD light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). However, despite these advancements, there remains a relatively limited body of research on QD patterning technologies, which are crucial prerequisites for the successful commercialization of QD-LEDs. Thus, in this review, an overview of the current status and prospects of QD patterning technologies to accelerate the commercialization of QD-LEDs is provided. Within this review, a comprehensive investigation of three prevailing patterning methods: optical lithography, transfer printing, and inkjet printing are conducted. Furthermore, several exploratory QD patterning techniques that offer distinct advantages are introduced. This study not only paves the way for successful commercialization but also extends the potential application of QD-LEDs into uncharted frontiers.

Predicting Receiver Characteristics without Sensors in an LC-LC Tuned Wireless Power Transfer System Using Machine Learning.

Improvement of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems is necessary to tackle issues of power transfer efficiency, high costs due to sensor and communication requirements between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx), and maintenance problems. Analytical techniques and hardware-based synchronization research for Rx-sensorless WPT may not always have been available or accurate. To address these limitations, researchers have recently employed machine learning (ML) to improve efficiency and accuracy. The objective of this work was to replace Tx-Rx communication with ML, utilizing Tx-side parameters to predict the load and coupling coefficients on an LC-LC tuned WPT system. Based on current and voltage features collected on the Tx-side for various load and coupling coefficient values, we developed two models for each load and coupling prediction. This study demonstrated that the extra trees regressor effectively predicted the characteristics of LC-LC tuned WPT systems, with coefficients of determination of 0.967 and 0.996 for load and coupling, respectively. Additionally, the mean absolute percentage errors were 0.11% and 0.017%.

Ultralow-Overpotential Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Over Bismuth Telluride-Carbon Nanotube Heterostructure with Organic Framework.

The state-of-the-art iridium and ruthenium oxides-based materials are best known for high efficiency and stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the development of economically feasible catalysts for water-splitting technologies is challenging by the requirements of low overpotential, high stability, and resistance of catalysts to dissolution during the acidic oxygen evolution reaction . Herein, an organometallic core-shell heterostructure composed of a carbon nanotube core (CNT) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) shell (denoted as nC-Bi2Te3) is designed and use it as a catalyst for the acidic OER. The proposed catalyst achieves an ultralow overpotential of 160 mV at 10 mA cm-2 (geometrical), thereby outperforming most of the state-of-the-art precious-metal-based catalysts. The low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec-1 and charge transfer resistance (RCT) of 1.5 Ω demonstrate its excellent electrocatalytic activity. The morphological and chemical compositions of nC-Bi2Te3 enable the generation of ─OH functional group in the Bi─Te sections formed via a ligand support, which enhances the absorption capacity of H+ ions and increases the intrinsic catalytic activity. The presented insights regarding the material composition-structure relationship can help expand the application scope of high-performance catalysts.

Cross-Referencing Self-Training Network for Sound Event Detection in Audio Mixtures.

Sound event detection is an important facet of audio tagging that aims to identify sounds of interest and define both the sound category and time boundaries for each sound event in a continuous recording. With advances in deep neural networks, there has been tremendous improvement in the performance of sound event detection systems, although at the expense of costly data collection and labeling efforts. In fact, current state-of-the-art methods employ supervised training methods that leverage large amounts of data samples and corresponding labels in order to facilitate identification of sound category and time stamps of events. As an alternative, the current study proposes a semi-supervised method for generating pseudo-labels from unsupervised data using a student-teacher scheme that balances self-training and cross-training. Additionally, this paper explores post-processing which extracts sound intervals from network prediction, for further improvement in sound event detection performance. The proposed approach is evaluated on sound event detection task for the DCASE2020 challenge. The results of these methods on both "validation" and "public evaluation" sets of DESED database show significant improvement compared to the state-of-the art systems in semi-supervised learning.

A High-Efficiency Deep Blue Emitter for OLEDs with a New Dual-Core Structure Incorporating ETL Characteristics.

In this study, we introduced the weak electron-accepting oxazole derivative 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO) into both anthracene and pyrene moieties of a dual core structure. Ultimately, we developed 2-(4-(6-(anthracen-9-yl)pyren-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole (AP-TPO) as the substitution on the second core, pyrene, and 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(10-(pyren-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO-AP) as the substitution on the first core, anthracene. Both materials exhibited maximum photoluminescence wavelengths at 433 and 443 nm in solution and emitted deep blue light with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 82% and 88%, respectively. When used as the emitting layer in non-doped devices, TPO-AP outperformed AP-TPO, achieving a current efficiency of 5.49 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of 4.26% in electroluminescence. These materials introduce a new category of deep blue emitters in the organic light-emitting diodes field, combining characteristics related to the electron transport layer.