Impact of Educational Level on Versions (Basic and Complete) of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

BACKGROUND: One of the most marked problems in the use of screening instruments for the diagnosis of dementia or cognitive impairment in the elderly is the influence of educational level on the results of psychometric tests. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire is one of the most widely used dementia screening instruments internationally and with greater proven validity. There is a version of this instrument called MoCA "Basic" which was developed to reduce education bias. The aim of the study was to compare the psychometric characteristics of the MoCA, full versus basic, versions in older adults. METHOD: Participants (N = 214) completed both versions of the MoCA, and screening measures to corroborate their health status. RESULTS: Internal consistency was satisfactory in both versions: MoCA full (0.79) and MoCA basic (0.76). The overall correlation between both tests was high (0.73). There was no relationship between the dimensions included in each version. Educational level and age explained 33.8% of the total variance in MoCA Full and 31.8% in MoCA Basic. Among educational levels, there are statistically significant differences in participants with <6 years of education. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that both versions are reliable instruments and also show that in both versions the educational level of <6 years of education continues to have an impact on performance. Therefore, it can be considered that the MoCA Basic version for the Ecuadorian population with <6 years of education continues to imply literacy competencies.

Fotografía y discapacidad intelectual: estudio sobre el reconocimiento emocional a través de talleres de fotografía en personas con discapacidad intelectual / Photography and intellectual disability: a study on emotional recognition through photography workshops for people with intellectual disabilities

El presente estudio busca explorar el reconocimiento de emociones en personas con discapacidad intelectual. El reconocimiento de emociones es importante para una correcta interacción social. Esto hace que la estimulación y desarrollo de estas habilidades sea in-dispensable para generar vínculos nuevos, comprender el medio en el cual se encuentra el sujeto y la adquisición de un conocimiento positivo gracias al aprendizaje social. En esta investigación se empleó la fotografía como un medio de expresión y de mejoramiento de habilidades cognitivas y sociales. La evaluación fue realizada mediante un test previamente creado para población ecuatoriana. Los objetivos de este estudio intentan comprobar si: a. Las personas con discapacidad intelectual presentan mayores problemas en el reconocimiento de emociones que la población general, y: b. Aprender fotografía mejora el reconocimiento de emociones en personas con discapacidad intelectual. En lo que respecta al método, esta investigación utiliza un diseño pre-experimental con medidas pre-post, contando con una intervención que fue realizada en un periodo de 4 meses y medio, mediante capacitaciones de dos horas de duración dirigidas a cincuenta personas con discapacidad leve y moderada. Se obtiene como principales resultados que: a. Existe diferencia significativa (X2= 37.29 P < 0,001) entre grupo control y personas con discapacidad intelectual para reconocer emociones. b. Hay una mejoría significativa en el factor de reconocimiento emocional, lo que a su vez permite concluir que la fotografía es una herramienta alternativa para estimular el reconocimiento de emociones en la discapacidad intelectual.

The present study aims to explore emotion recognition in people with intellectual disabilities. Emotion recognition is an important skill to generate adequate social interactions. Thus, the stimulation and development of these skills are essential to build new relations-hips, understand the environment in which the subject develops and acquire a positive knowledge through social learning. In this re-search, photography was used as a tool for expression and improvement of cognitive and social skills. The evaluation was carried out through a test previously created specifically for the Ecuadorian population. The purposes of this study attempt to confirm if: a. People with intellectual disabilities have more difficulties in recognizing emotions than the general population, and: b. Studying photography improves emotion recognition skills in people with intellectual disabilities. Regarding the method, this study uses a pre-experimental design with pre-post measurements, with an intervention of 4 months and a half through two-hour training aimed at fifty subjects with minor and moderate intellectual disabilities. The main results show that: a. There is a significant difference (X

Cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo: a propósito de un caso / Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis: a case report

Presentamos un caso de cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo (CPE) en un paciente varón de 44 años de edad con una masa palpable en el escroto derecho. La ecografía (US) y la resonancia magnética (RM) mostraron tres lesiones quísticas adyacentes extratesticulares de paredes gruesas, una con un fino septo parcial interno,de ubicación epididimaria y un diámetro en conjunto de 1 cm x 0,4 cm. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico realizado luego de su resección quirúrgica fue de cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo. Éste consiste en un tumor epitelial benigno, muy poco frecuente, que se origina del epitelio ductal eferente. Se presenta preferentemente en el adulto joven y puede ser uni o bilateral (un tercio de los casos), así como también esporádico o hereditario en relación con la enfermedad de von Hippel-Lindau, particularmente en el caso de las lesiones bilaterales.Se diagnostica por palpación y métodos por imágenes, incluyendo la ecografía y la resonanacia magnética. Histológicamente se caracteriza por la presencia de espacios quísticos con proyecciones papilares internas, revestidas por células claras, que remedan a las del carcinoma renal. La diferenciación entre éste y el cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo debe hacerse a través de marcadores inmunohistoquímicos. El tratamiento es la exéresis quirúrgica y un posterior seguimiento, ya que, si bien su pronóstico es excelente, se ha descritosu transformación maligna a cistoadenocarcinoma.

We report a case of papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis (PCE) in a 44-year-old male patient with a palpable right intrascrotal mass. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed three extratesticular intraepididymal thick wall-cystic lesions measuring 1.0 x 0.4 cm overall. After surgical resection, the pathological diagnosis was papillary cystadenoma of epididymis. This is a rare benign epithelial tumor that arises from the efferent duct epithelium. It usually occurs in young adult males and it may be unilateral or bilateral (one third of cases) as well as sporadic or hereditary related to von Hippel-Lindau disease (especially bilateral lesions). The diagnosis is made by physical examination and diagnostic imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging). Histologically, it is characterized by cystic spaces with internal papillary projections lined by clear cells similar to those of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Differentiation between papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis and renal cell carcinoma is made by immunohisto-chemical markers. Treatment consists in surgical excision and subsequent follow-up, since, and although, its excellent prognosis, malignant transformation have been reported.

Cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo: a propósito de un caso / Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis: a case report

Presentamos un caso de cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo (CPE) en un paciente varón de 44 años de edad con una masa palpable en el escroto derecho. La ecografía (US) y la resonancia magnética (RM) mostraron tres lesiones quísticas adyacentes extratesticulares de paredes gruesas, una con un fino septo parcial interno, de ubicación epididimaria y un diámetro en conjunto de 1 cm x 0,4 cm. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico realizado luego de su resección quirúrgica fue de cistoadenoma papilar de epidídimo. Este consiste en un tumor epitelial benigno, muy poco frecuente, que se origina del epitelio ductal eferente. Se presenta preferentemente en el adulto joven y puede ser uni o bilateral (un tercio de los casos), así como también esporádico o hereditario en relación con la enfermedad de von Hippel-Lindau, particularmente en el caso de las lesiones bilaterales. Se diagnostica por palpación y métodos por imágenes, incluyendo la ecografía y la resonanacia magnética. Histológicamente se caracteriza por la presencia de espacios quísticos con proyecciones papilares internas, revestidas por células claras, que remedan a las del carcinoma renal. La diferenciación entre éste y el cisto-adenoma papilar de epidídimo debe hacerse a través de marcadores inmunohistoquímicos. El tratamiento es la exéresis quirúrgica y un posterior seguimiento, ya que, si bien su pronóstico es excelente, se ha descrito su transformación maligna a cistoadenocarcinoma.(AU)

We report a case of papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis (PCE) in a 44-year-old male patient with a palpable right intrascrotal mass. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed three extratesticular intraepididymal thick wall-cystic lesions measuring 1.0 x 0.4 cm overall. After surgical resection, the pathological diagnosis was papillary cystadenoma of epididymis. This is a rare benign epithelial tumor that arises from the efferent duct epithelium. It usually occurs in young adult males and it may be unilateral or bilateral (one third of cases) as well as sporadic or hereditary related to von Hippel-Lindau disease (especially bilateral lesions). The diagnosis is made by physical examination and diagnostic imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging). Histologically, it is characterized by cystic spaces with internal papillary projections lined by clear cells similar to those of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Differentiation between papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis and renal cell carcinoma is made by immunohisto-chemical markers. Treatment consists in surgical excision and subsequent follow-up, since, and although, its excellent prognosis, malignant transformation have been reported.(AU)

A single dose of vitamin A improves haemoglobin concentration, retinol status and phagocytic function of neutrophils in preschool children.

Since there is a reported interrelationship between vitamin A and Fe metabolism, and with immunological response, the objective was to evaluate the effect of a single dose of vitamin A administered to preschool children, on Fe and vitamin A nutritional status, anaemia and phagocytic function of neutrophils, 30 d after supplementation. A total of eighty children (sixty-eight supplemented and twelve controls) were supplemented orally with 200,000 IU (60 mg) vitamin A, and evaluated for nutritional, haematological and immunological responses at the beginning of the study and 30 d after supplementation. Parameters studied included Hb, serum ferritin, retinol and Fe concentrations, transferrin saturation, IL-4, interferon-gamma and phagocityc capacity of neutrophils using non-fluorescent latex microbeads. After supplementation there was a significant increase in Hb concentration (P = 0.03), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (P = 0.001) and serum retinol (P = 0.0078). Prevalences of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency decreased significantly from 17.6 % to 13.2 % and from 25 % to 13.2 %, respectively. Regarding phagocytic function, there was a significant increase in the number of microbeads engulfed by neutrophils (P < 0.05) and no significant changes in cytokine concentrations at 1 month after treatment. A single dose of 200,000 IU (60 mg) vitamin A administered orally to a group of preschool children with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency enhanced serum retinol and Hb concentrations, decreased the prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency and improved the constitutive phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Vitamin A supplementation could help to decrease vitamin A deficiency, anaemia prevalence and to improve the innate immunity response in preschool children. The effects were obtained without Fe supplementation.