Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Specific respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, may cause smell and/or taste disorders (STDs) with increased frequency. The aim was to determine whether new-onset STDs are more frequent amongst COVID-19 patients than influenza patients. METHOD: This was a case-control study including hospitalized patients of two tertiary care centres. Consecutive patients positive for COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (cases) and patients positive for influenza polymerase chain reaction (historical control sample) were assessed during specific periods, employing a self-reported STD questionnaire. RESULTS: Seventy-nine cases and 40 controls were included. No significant differences were found in basal features between the two groups. New-onset STDs were significantly more frequent amongst cases (31, 39.2%) than in the control group (5, 12.5 %) [adjusted odds ratio 21.4 (2.77-165.4, P = 0.003)]. COVID-19 patients with new-onset STDs were significantly younger than COVID-19 patients without STDs (52.6 ± 17.2 vs. 67.4 ± 15.1, P < 0.001). Amongst COVID-19 patients who presented STDs, 22 (70.9%) recalled an acute onset and it was an initial manifestation in 11 (35.5%). Twenty-five (80.6%) presented smell disorders (mostly anosmia, 14, 45.2%) and 28 (90.3%) taste disorders (mostly ageusia, 14, 45.2%). Only four (12.9 %) reported concomitant nasal obstruction. The mean duration of STD was 7.5 ± 3.2 days and 12 patients (40%) manifested complete recovery after 7.4 ± 2.3 days of onset. CONCLUSION: New-onset STDs were significantly more frequent amongst COVID-19 patients than influenza patients; they usually had an acute onset and were commonly an initial manifestation. The use of STD assessment in anamnesis as a hint for COVID-19 and to support individuals' self-isolation in the current epidemic context is suggested.

Evaluación de la memoria en la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal para predecir sus cambios tras la cirugía. Una revisión sistemática / Memory assessment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy to predict memory impairment after surgery: A systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento quirúrgico de los pacientes con epilepsia mesial del lóbulo temporal refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico conlleva el riesgo de deterioro de la memoria, siendo así importante una correcta selección de los pacientes. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso claro en cuanto a qué métodos de la evaluación prequirúrgica de la memoria permitirían predecir mejor sus cambios tras la cirugía para identificar a aquellos pacientes con mayor riesgo de deterioro. OBJETIVOS: Identificar qué métodos de evaluación de la memoria podrían ser más útiles en la predicción de sus posibles cambios tras la cirugía, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de los estudios publicados entre los años 2005 y 2015 en la base de datos Pubmed, incorporando aquellos en los que se evaluaba la memoria, mediante test neuropsicológicos, neuroimagen funcional, y otras, antes y después de la intervención neuroquirúrgica en pacientes con epilepsia mesial del lóbulo temporal, con objeto de predecir sus cambios. Se identificaron 178 artículos, de los cuales 31 fueron finalmente incluidos en la revisión. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los estudios utilizan test neuropsicológicos y RM funcional, con una amplia variedad de técnicas diferentes, que son los métodos con mayor utilidad predictiva. Otras técnicas, como el test de Wada o el FDG-PET, son menos utilizadas. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia actual apoya que una evaluación prequirúrgica adecuada de la memoria mediante test neuropsicológicos y RM funcional constituye el mejor modo de predicción de sus cambios tras la cirugía

INTRODUCTION: Given that surgical treatment of refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy may cause memory impairment, determining which patients are eligible for surgery is essential. However, there is little agreement on which presurgical memory assessment methods are best able to predict memory outcome after surgery and identify those patients with a greater risk of surgery-induced memory decline. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic literature review to determine which presurgical memory assessment methods best predict memory outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature search of PubMed gathered articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 addressing pre- and postsurgical memory assessment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients by means of neuropsychological testing, functional MRI, and other neuroimaging techniques. We obtained 178 articles, 31 of which were included in our review. RESULTS: Most of the studies used neuropsychological tests and fMRI; these methods are considered to have the greatest predictive ability for memory impairment. Other less frequently used techniques included the Wada test and FDG-PET. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports performing a presurgical assessment of memory function using both neuropsychological tests and functional MRI to predict memory outcome after surgery

Memory assessment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy to predict memory impairment after surgery: A systematic review. / Evaluación de la memoria en la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal para predecir sus cambios tras la cirugía. Una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Given that surgical treatment of refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy may cause memory impairment, determining which patients are eligible for surgery is essential. However, there is little agreement on which presurgical memory assessment methods are best able to predict memory outcome after surgery and identify those patients with a greater risk of surgery-induced memory decline. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic literature review to determine which presurgical memory assessment methods best predict memory outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature search of PubMed gathered articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 addressing pre- and postsurgical memory assessment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients by means of neuropsychological testing, functional MRI, and other neuroimaging techniques. We obtained 178 articles, 31 of which were included in our review. RESULTS: Most of the studies used neuropsychological tests and fMRI; these methods are considered to have the greatest predictive ability for memory impairment. Other less frequently used techniques included the Wada test and FDG-PET. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports performing a presurgical assessment of memory function using both neuropsychological tests and functional MRI to predict memory outcome after surgery.