Phytochemical Investigation on Volatile Compositions and Methoxylated Flavonoids of Agrostis gigantea Roth.

In this study, methoxylated flavonoids and volatile constitutions of Agrostis gigantea Roth (Poaceae) were investigated for the first time. The flavonoids were identified by spectroscopic methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOSEY, TCOSY, and HMBC). The volatile constitutions of aerial parts and seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Two methoxylated flavonoids, luteolin 5-methyl ether (1), and cirsilineol (2) were isolated from the aerial parts of this plant. According to the GC-MS data the main constitutions of these volatile oils belong to the simple phenolic category which include coniferyl alcohol (18.80%) and eugenol (12.19%) in aerial parts and seeds, respectively. By using the computer- aided molecular modeling approaches, the binding affinity of these compounds was predicted in the catalytic domains of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These two isolated flavonoids were investigated in-vitro for their inhibitory activity on 4T1 breast carcinoma cells. It was predicted that these compounds could be well-matched in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (3H82) active site, but based on the in-vitro assay, the IC50 values on cytotoxicity were 428.24 ±3.21 and 412.7±3.02 µg/mL for luteolin 5-methyl ether and cirsilineol, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that these flavonoids exhibit low cytotoxicity against 4T1 breast carcinoma cell line.

A trisaccharide phenylethanoid glycoside from Scrophularia flava Grau with potential anti-type 2 diabetic properties by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme and decreasing oxidative stress.

The Scrophularia genus is a rich source of phenylethanoid glycosides, with diverse biological activities including anti-diabetic properties. This study investigated anti-type 2 diabetic potential and active component of Scrophularia flava Grau. A new phenylethanoid glycoside was isolated from aerial parts of the plant and identified as 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) ethyl 6-deoxy-3-O-[(2E)-3-(3 hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoyl]-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 3)-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 6)]-4-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoyl]-ß-glucopyranoside. It was named flavaioside. The structure of flavaioside was identified based on 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-HSQC, COSY, HMBC, NOESY and LC-ESI-MS-MS. Total methanol extract, fractions (A-F) and specific main phenylethanoid glycoside (flavaioside), were assessed for inhibitory effects against the α-glucosidase enzyme (in vitro anti-type 2 diabetic assay). The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts, all fractions and isolated flavaioside were identified based on 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS+) scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum method, and metal chelating activity. In comparison to the other fractions, the best antioxidant result was observed in fraction E and its main compound, flavaioside, in DPPH (IC50 = 4.26, 2.57 µg/mL) and ABTS+ (EC50 = 55.45, 6.34 µg/mL) scavenging activities. Flavaioside showed significantly stronger activities than α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in DPPH and ABTS+ assays. Furthermore, flavaioside showed a potent inhibitory activity on the α-glucosidase enzyme which was comparable with the known anti-type 2 diabetic drug, acarbose (91.85%, and 92.87%, respectively). Fraction E and flavaioside showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values, 65.05 and 6.50 µg/mL. The plant and its isolated flavaioside can possess acceptable anti-type 2 diabetic potential and anti-oxidant activity.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Methanolic Extract of Scrophularia Oxysepala Boiss.

Isolated five known iridoids glycosides (Scrophuloside A, Harpagoside B, 5-hydroxyloganin, 8-O-acetylharpagide and 6-O-methyl,1-glucopyranosyl catalpol), one phenyl ethanoid glycoside (Verbascoside) and a phenyl ethanol amine (2-(4-Chlorobenzyl amino) ethanol) compound from the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Scrophularia oxysepala using by high performance liquid chromatographyare based on isocratic and liner gradients by C18 column. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were performed by spectroscopic methods including1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2 D NMR technique such as HMBC( in deuterated methanol as solvent), GC-MS and UV, also methanolic extract and fractions( fractionated on solid phase extraction on C18 cartridge(Spack-C18)) of this plant was tested for free radical scavenging properties toward the 1, 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), general toxicity (Brine shrimp toxicity assay) , insecticidal ( Contact toxicity insecticidal assay) and antimalarial activities (hemebiocrystallization inhibition assay).