Reactivity of Health-Related Quality of Life to Perceived Stress: The Buffering Role of Psychosocial Resources in a Longitudinal Study of Adults with and Without HIV.

People with HIV now have increased longevity; however, their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) still lags significantly compared to people without HIV. Perceived stress negatively impacts HRQoL, whereas psychosocial resources are linked to better HRQoL. This longitudinal analysis aims to explore the buffering role of psychosocial resources on the relationship between HRQoL and perceived stress. Participants (N = 240) included 142 persons with HIV (PwH) and 98 without HIV, M(SD) = 50.9(8.1) years. Multilevel models over four study years examined longitudinal relationships between HRQoL (outcome) and perceived stress (predictor) and potential moderation by psychosocial resources (personal mastery, social support, and resilience) by HIV serostatus. Among PwH only, personal mastery (p = 0.001), social support (p = 0.015), and resilience (p = 0.029) were associated with an attenuated effect of perceived stress (less negative slopes) for physical HRQoL over time. Bolstering personal mastery, social support, and resilience may have relevance for improving physical well-being among PwH.

High Psychosocial Burden Relates to Poorer Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence Among Black/African American People with HIV.

Black/African American communities continue to be disproportionately impacted by HIV with Black people with HIV (PWH) exhibiting poorer outcomes along the HIV treatment cascade. Psychosocial burden may, in part, explain these health disparities among PWH. We implemented a culturally adapted intervention [individualized Texting for Adherence Building (iTAB)] to improve ART adherence among 89 Black PWH in San Diego, CA. We aimed to (1) characterize psychosocial risk factors (depression, negative life events, discrimination, medical mistrust) hypothesized to be barriers to HIV outcomes among Black PWH and (2) determine if these factors influence intervention engagement, HIV outcomes, and self-reported physical and mental health. We identified three levels of psychosocial burden (low, moderate, high) through hierarchical cluster analysis. Participants in the high burden cluster (n = 25) experienced the highest levels of depression, negative life events, and discrimination, in addition to the poorest intervention outcomes, HIV outcomes, and physical and mental health compared to low and moderate burden clusters. Participants in the low (n = 29) burden cluster had less medical mistrust than the moderate (n = 34) and high burden clusters, but low and moderate clusters did not differ on any outcomes. Overall, self-reported ART adherence was 83%, which is above estimates of ART adherence in the Western region of the United States. The iTAB intervention shows promise in improving HIV-related outcomes among Black PWH with low to moderate psychosocial burden; however, additional supports may need to be identified for those with high psychosocial burden.

Characterizing Profiles of TBI Severity: Predictors of Functional Outcomes and Well-Being.

OBJECTIVE: To identify profiles of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity and relate profiles to functional and well-being outcomes. SETTING: Acute inpatient rehabilitation and general community settings. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and seventy-nine individuals with moderate-severe TBI participating in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. MAIN MEASURES: At discharge-length of stay, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Disability Rating Scale (DRS). One-year post-injury-Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), FIM, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups with similar patterns across 12 indicators of acute injury severity, including duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale, time to follow commands, and head CT variables. LPA identified 4 latent classes, least to most severe TBI (Class 1: n = 75, 20.3%; Class 2: n = 124, 33.5%; Class 3: n = 144, 38.9%; Class 4: n = 27, 7.3%); younger age, lower education, rural residence, injury in motor vehicle accidents, and earlier injury years were associated with worse acute severity. Latent classes were related to outcomes. Compared with Class 1, hospital stays were longer, FIM scores lower, and DRS scores larger at discharge among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 (all P s < .01). One-year post-injury, GOS-E and FIM scores were significantly lower among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 than those in Class 1 ( P s < .01). SWLS scores were lower only among individuals in Class 3 ( P = .036) compared with Class 1; other comparisons relative to Class 1 were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful profiles of TBI severity can be identified from acute injury characteristics and may suggest etiologies, like injury in motor vehicle accidents, and premorbid characteristics, including younger age, rural residence, and lower education, that heighten risk for worse injuries. Improving classification may help focus on those at elevated risk for severe injury and inform clinical management and prognosis.

SCiPad: evaluating telemedicine via iPad facetime for general spinal cord injury care.

STUDY DESIGN: Uncontrolled clinical pilot study. OBJECTIVES: To assess usage, perceived impact, and satisfaction with a telemedicine program among individuals with spinal cord injury (tele-SCI). SETTING: Community-based. METHODS: Participants (N = 83) were recruited from acute SCI inpatient rehabilitation and outpatient SCI care at a community hospital to participate in a 6-month tele-SCI intervention administered by SCI subspecialty board-certified physiatrists via iPad FaceTime. In addition to monthly follow up interview calls, psychosocial and Quality of Life (QoL) measures were collected at baseline and post-intervention. A program satisfaction survey was also collected post-intervention. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of participants engaged in tele-SCI visits (Median [IQR]: 2.5 [2.0, 4.0]) for a total of 198 tele-SCI visits. Bladder and bowel concerns were the leading topics discussed during tele-SCI visits, followed by neurological, pain, and functional concerns. Tele-SCI users resided further away (Median miles [IQR] - 114[73-177] vs. 81[46-116], p = 0.023) and reported seeking more clinical advice (Median [IQR] - 1.5[0-4.0] vs. 0[0-1.0], p = 0.002) compared to non-tele-SCI users. All other clinical utilization, baseline characteristics, psychosocial measures, and QoL did not differ among those who used tele-SCI and those who did not. The satisfaction survey suggested satisfaction with the tele-SCI intervention (89%), study equipment (89%), staff responsiveness (100%), and improved motivation for self-monitoring of health (71%). CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that tele-SCI is a feasible modality for providing general SCI care. Further research is required to examine longer-term efficacy of remotely-provided care among individuals living with SCI.

Fatigue After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a systematic review of published interventions for posttraumatic brain injury fatigue (PTBIF). METHODS: PubMed and OneSearch were systematically searched for PTBIF interventions published between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 2019. Search results were evaluated for inclusion based on an abstract and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) an investigation of an intervention, (2) participant sample including individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), (3) report of fatigue outcome data among individuals with TBI, and (4) articles available in English, Spanish, French, German, Afrikaans, or Dutch. A risk of bias assessment was conducted on all included publications. RESULTS: The search resulted in 2343 publications, with 37 meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Categories of PTBIF interventions were pharmacological ( n = 13), psychological ( n = 9), exercise-based ( n = 4), complementary alternative medicine ( n = 5), electrotherapeutic ( n = 3), and multimodal ( n = 3). Only methylphenidate, modafinil, and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions included multiple cohorts. Pharmacological and psychological interventions represented the groups with the lowest risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: This review includes 37 studies, with 21 studies published after 2014. Methylphenidate and melatonin were the only pharmacological agents found to reduce fatigue in randomized controlled trials. Creatine given to children prospectively at onset of injury reduced fatigue at follow-up. Walking and water aerobics were effective exercise interventions in isolated randomized controlled studies. One multimodal study of children after concussion was more effective at reducing fatigue and postconcussion symptoms than community standard of care. Other interventions had equivocal results. Overall, more work remains to understand and develop treatments for PTBIF.

"PrEP"ing for a PrEP demonstration project: understanding PrEP knowledge and attitudes among cisgender women.

BACKGROUND: Prior to implementing a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration study, we sought to explore cisgender women's experiences with HIV prevention, PrEP knowledge and attitudes, and anticipated barriers and facilitators for PrEP uptake and adherence in Southern California. METHODS: Three focus groups were held with cisgender women of mixed HIV serostatus in San Diego and Los Angeles between November 2015 and January 2016. Women were recruited through local testing sites, community-based organizations, and social media. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two women participated in focus groups, with median age 44 (IQR 30-53) and 6 identifying as non-Hispanic Black, 7 non-Hispanic White, 8 Latina and 1 mixed race. Despite limited prior PrEP knowledge and no PrEP experience, participants expressed interest in taking PrEP. Anticipated benefits were freedom from worry about HIV and control over sexual health; however, these were tempered by concerns including the possibility of increased HIV risk behaviors and potential side effects. Cisgender women reported potential barriers to PrEP uptake and adherence barriers, like competing priorities and poor PrEP access. Conversely, PrEP facilitators included utilizing practical tools such as phone apps and pill boxes as well as receiving encouragement from loved ones and support from other cisgender women on PrEP, women living with HIV and their medical providers. CONCLUSIONS: Although PrEP awareness was low, participants recognized the importance of PrEP and ways to facilitate adherence. Exploring perspectives of cisgender women is integral to developing effective interventions to support PrEP uptake and adherence for women at elevated risk for HIV.

Metabolic Risk Factors as Differential Predictors of Profiles of Neurocognitive Impairment Among Older HIV+ and HIV- Adults: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Neurocognitive performance among older persons, including those living with HIV (people living with HIV [PLWH]), exhibits significant heterogeneity, suggesting subpopulations with differing profiles of neurocognitive impairment (NCI). Metabolic factors are associated with NCI, but their relationships to cluster-derived NCI profiles are unknown. METHOD: Participants (144 PLWH and 102 HIV uninfected) aged 50+ years completed a neuropsychological battery assessing seven cognitive domains. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified NCI profiles separately by HIV serostatus and in a combined sample. Obtained classes were examined against the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and diagnoses of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Multinomial regression identified metabolic predictors of classification. RESULTS: LCA identified three latent classes in each participant sample: Class1Multidomain NCI (high probability of impairment across multiple domains), Class 2Learning & Recall NCI (high probability of impairment in learning and recall), and Class 3NC Unimpaired (low probability of NCI across all domains). Severity of NCI implied by classes corresponded with MoCA scores and HAND diagnoses. In analyses on the combined sample, compared to HIV-uninfected individuals, PLWH were more likely to be in Class1Multidomain NCI. Among PLWH, those with dyslipidemia and hypertension had greater odds of classification in Class 1Multidomain NCI while those with central obesity had higher odds of classification in Class 2Learning & Recall NCI; metabolic syndrome approached significance as a differential predictor. Regardless of HIV status, individuals with diabetes were more likely to be in Class 1Multidomain NCI. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic risk factors confer heightened risk of NCI in HIV infection. Interventions to reduce metabolic risk may improve neurocognitive outcomes among PLWH.

Cognitive Profiles Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries: Predictors and Relations With Psychological Well-being.

OBJECTIVES: To examine predictors of profiles of cognitive functioning among individuals receiving acute inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation, as well as associations between their cognitive functioning and psychological well-being (life satisfaction and depression) 6 months after the baseline assessment. DESIGN: Prospective observational study design, with 2 assessments approximately 6 months apart. SETTING: A rehabilitation unit at a level 1 trauma hospital during acute SCI hospitalization and outpatient setting after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=89) with SCI. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive functioning (assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status), life satisfaction (measured by the Life Satisfaction Index A), and depressive symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified 3 classes of individuals with similar patterns of cognitive functioning: class1 (average levels of cognitive performance across all assessed domains; n=48), class 2 (average cognitive performance, except in recall and memory; n=23), and class 3 (low cognitive functioning across multiple domains of cognition; n=18). Fewer years of education, history of smoking, history of substance use other than alcohol, and greater postconcussion symptoms were associated with higher odds of classification in class 3 (P<.05). Six months post baseline, individuals in class 3 reported significantly lower levels of life satisfaction than individuals in class 1 (χ2(1)=5.86; P=.045) and marginally higher depressive symptoms than individuals in class 2 (χ2(1)=5.48; P=.057). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of impaired cognition during acute rehabilitation may persist after discharge and influence the psychological well-being of individuals with SCI. Identifying individuals with cognitive dysfunction and attending to modifiable risk factors and may help ameliorate maladjustment after SCI.

A Culturally Adapted SMS Text Messaging Intervention to Promote Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among African Americans: Protocol for a Single-Arm Trial.

BACKGROUND: African Americans are disproportionally affected by HIV and have poorer rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence compared to other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. Factors associated with poor HIV disease outcomes are commonly associated with sociostructural barriers that prevent engagement with and retention in HIV care. SMS text messaging interventions to promote ART adherence among predominantly non-Hispanic White persons with HIV (PWH) have been shown to be efficacious; however, limited research has been devoted to culturally tailoring interventions for underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. Considering African Americans show poorer engagement along the HIV care continuum, we developed an individualized and culturally tailored two-way SMS text messaging intervention to improve ART adherence and associated virologic suppression among African American PWH. OBJECTIVE: In this paper we describe the protocol of a culturally tailored individualized Texting for Adherence Building (iTAB) intervention in a 24- to 48-week, single-arm study. METHODS: We developed a culturally tailored iTAB intervention, which we are implementing in a 24- to 48-week, single-arm study. Participants were recruited from the Family Health Centers of San Diego (FHCSD), a federally qualified health center. Patient inclusion criteria were (1) receiving care at the FHCSD, (2) living with HIV, (3) self-identification as Black, African American, or of African ancestry, (4) English speaking, (5) age 18 or older, (6) currently on ART, and (7) able to provide informed consent. Study enrollment began in November 2017 and closed in July 2019. A total of 90 participants from the FHCSD enrolled in the iTAB intervention, and we anticipate completing data collection in July 2020. Participants were assisted in individualizing and customizing their SMS text message preferences at the baseline study visit. Self-assessment measures are collected at baseline, interim, and final study visits. Problems related to sending/receiving SMS text messages and barriers to ART adherence are assessed at each interim study visit. The FHCSD staff monitors and tracks participants' daily SMS text message responses to ART adherence reminders using a clinical dashboard. RESULTS: We hypothesize that the proportion of individuals achieving HIV virologic suppression (viral load <40 copies/mL) will be greater at the end of the intervention period compared to the proportion prior to study implementation. Additionally, we anticipate that rates of virologic suppression at the end of the intervention among participants receiving iTAB will be comparable to those among the general FHCSD non-African American population who did not receive iTAB. Finally, we anticipate a high response rate to iTAB SMS text messages as well as positive participant feedback at the end of the intervention with regard to the acceptability of, satisfaction with, and perceived efficacy of iTAB. CONCLUSIONS: The iTAB intervention is a novel individualized two-way SMS text messaging intervention that has been culturally tailored for use among African Americans with HIV. We anticipate that iTAB will demonstrate efficacy in future randomized control trials and will be supportive of medication adherence among other populations facing health disparities. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/21592.

Provision of care through telemedicine during a natural disaster: a case study.

INTRODUCTION: As the frequency and intensity of natural disasters increases, disaster preparedness is necessary for individuals with disabilities, including those with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, despite vulnerability to poorer outcomes, disaster preparedness for individuals with SCI is inadequate. Telemedicine has been effectively used to mitigate the impact of natural disasters. In this case study, we describe the provision of clinical care, via telemedicine, to an individual with SCI who was affected by the California Valley Fire in 2015. CASE PRESENTATION: The individual described was an adult who sustained a SCI. Before discharge from acute inpatient rehabilitation, they enrolled in a research study, through which they received outpatient SCI-specific care via telemedicine (teleSCI). The participant attended several teleSCI visits prior to the start of the Valley Fire. In the midst and immediate aftermath of prolonged wildfire, and despite experiencing significant personal loss as a result of the fire, the participant continued to receive teleSCI services. TeleSCI was used to address emergent and extant medical concerns and to facilitate replacement of medical supplies and equipment destroyed by fire. DISCUSSION: TeleSCI was used to provide continuity of care and was responsive to the needs of an individual with SCI severely affected by wildfire. Emergency preparedness that meets the needs of persons with disabilities is critical during times of crisis. Telemedicine may be an effective tool that can be applied to meet the medical needs of individuals with SCI and to mitigate the impact of disasters.

Tailoring a mobile health text-messaging intervention to promote antiretroviral therapy adherence among African Americans: A qualitative study.

African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV and socio-structural barriers that impact antiretroviral (ART) adherence. Two-way text-messaging interventions have shown promise in supporting adherence in US studies of mostly White people living with HIV (PLWH). However, culturally-appropriate tailoring is necessary to maximize intervention effectiveness among other racial/ethnic groups. Thus, to refine an existing text-messaging intervention, we examined barriers and facilitators to ART adherence among African Americans and perspectives on features to integrate into the extant intervention. Three focus groups, two with African American PLWH (n = 5 and n = 7) and one with providers of care (n = 11) were conducted; transcripts of audio-recordings were thematically analyzed. Adherence supports operated at individual, interpersonal, and structural/environmental levels (e.g., using reminders and pill organizers, wanting to protect partners from HIV, and positive interactions with providers). Adherence barriers also operated at multiple ecological levels (e.g., poor mental health, fear of disclosure of HIV status, and unstable housing). Participant-suggested features for refinement included: i) matching content to participants' comfort with receiving messages referencing HIV or medication-taking, ii) culturally-tailoring content for African Americans, iii) tracking adherence, and iv) encouraging adherence interactions between patients and providers. Feedback from both patients and providers is foundational to designing effective ART interventions among African American PLWH.

Perceived risks and amelioration of harm in research using mobile technology to support antiretroviral therapy adherence in the context of methamphetamine use: a focus group study among minorities living with HIV.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine use poses a barrier to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men living with HIV (PLWH) shoulder much of the health burden resulting from the methamphetamine and HIV syndemic. Smartphones are nearly ubiquitous in the USA and may be promising vehicles for delivering interventions for ART adherence and drug use cessation. However, the acceptability of using applications to collect sensitive information and deliver feedback in this population has not been adequately explored. OBJECTIVE: This study examined minority PLWH's appraisals of the risks of participating in smartphone-based research to promote ART adherence in the context of methamphetamine use and explored their views on appropriate steps to mitigate perceived risks of participation. METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted among Black and Hispanic PLWH who use methamphetamine. Of the 13 participants, 5 had previously participated in a smartphone-based observational study of ART adherence and substance use. Discussants provided feedback on smartphone-based research, including receiving probes for HIV medication adherence, mood, and substance use as well as feedback on passive location-tracking for personalized messages. Transcribed audio-recordings were thematically coded and analyzed using the qualitative software MAXQDA. RESULTS: Participants expressed confidentiality concerns related to potential unintentional disclosure of their HIV status and methamphetamine use and to possible legal consequences. They additionally expressed concerns around the invasiveness of daily assessments and the potential of methamphetamine use questions to trigger cravings. To mitigate these concerns, they suggested maintaining participant privacy by indirectly asking sensitive questions, focusing on positive behaviors (e.g., number of days sober), allowing user-initiated reporting of location to tailor messages, and ensuring adequate data protections. In addition to financial compensation, participants cited altruism (specifically, continuing a tradition of volunteerism in HIV research) as a motivator for potentially engaging in such research. CONCLUSIONS: Minority PLWH have concerns regarding the use of smartphones for ART adherence and methamphetamine sobriety intervention research. However, minority PLWH are likely to participate if studies include appropriate protections against risks to confidentiality and experimental harm and are designed to offer future benefit to themselves and other PLWH.

Greater Levels of Self-Reported Adherence to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) are Associated with Increased Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex with Men.

The effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV acquisition depends on treatment adherence; however, within-person associations between levels of PrEP adherence and engagement in condomless sex have not been well studied. In the context of a demonstration project, 372 men who have sex with men received once-daily PrEP and completed six study visits over 48 weeks. Two-part growth mixture modeling was used to examine the longitudinal trajectory of condomless anal intercourse (CAI) and self-reports of PrEP adherence, controlling for relevant covariates. Over time, greater PrEP adherence was contemporaneously associated with both a higher likelihood of engaging in any CAI and with a greater number of CAI acts. Substance use was also associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in CAI. Contemporaneous associations between self-reported PrEP adherence and CAI suggest that adherence behaviors may be motivated by the desire to mitigate risk of HIV infection; however, exact directionality is unknown.

RESUMEN: La eficacia de la profilaxis Pre-exposición (PrEP) contra la adquisición del VIH depende de la adherencia al tratamiento; sin embargo, las asociaciones dentro de la persona entre los niveles de adherencia a PrEP y la participación en el sexo sin condón no han sido bien estudiadas. En un proyecto de demostración, 372 hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres recibieron PrEP diariamente y completaron seis visitas de estudio durante 48 semanas. El modelado de mezclas de crecimiento en dos partes se utilizó para examinar la trayectoria longitudinal de las relaciones sexuales anales sin condonación (CAI) y los autoinformes de adherencia a PrEP, controlando las covariables pertinentes. Con el tiempo, una mayor adherencia a PrEP se asoció a la misma vez con una mayor probabilidad de participar en cualquier CAI y tambien con un mayor número de CAI. El consumo de sustancias también se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de participar en CAI. Las asociaciones contemporáneas entre la adherencia a PrEP autoinformada y CAI sugieren que los comportamientos de adherencia pueden estar motivados por el deseo de mitigar el riesgo de infección por el VIH; sin embargo, se desconoce la direccionalidad exacta.

Cumulative Burden of Depression and Neurocognitive Decline Among Persons With HIV: A Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Higher cumulative burden of depression among people with HIV (PWH) is associated with poorer health outcomes; however, longitudinal relationships with neurocognition are unclear. This study examined hypotheses that among PWH, (1) higher cumulative burden of depression would relate to steeper declines in neurocognition, and (2) visit-to-visit depression severity would relate to fluctuations in neurocognition within persons. SETTING: Data were collected at a university-based research center from 2002 to 2016. METHODS: Participants included 448 PWH followed longitudinally. All participants had >1 visit (M = 4.97; SD = 3.53) capturing depression severity (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and neurocognition (comprehensive test battery). Cumulative burden of depression was calculated using an established method that derives weighted depression severity scores by time between visits and total time on study. Participants were categorized into low (67%), medium (15%), and high (18%) depression burden. Multilevel modeling examined between- and within-person associations between cumulative depression burden and neurocognition over time. RESULTS: The high depression burden group demonstrated steeper global neurocognitive decline compared with the low depression burden group (b = -0.100, P = 0.001); this was driven by declines in executive functioning, delayed recall, and verbal fluency. Within-person results showed that compared with visits when participants reported minimal depressive symptoms, their neurocognition was worse when they reported mild (b = -0.12, P = 0.04) or moderate-to-severe (b = -0.15, P = 0.03) symptoms; this was driven by worsened motor skills and processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: High cumulative burden of depression is associated with worsening neurocognition among PWH, which may relate to poor HIV-related treatment outcomes. Intensive interventions among severely depressed PWH may benefit physical, mental, and cognitive health.

Pre-frailty predicts cognitive decline at 2-year follow-up in persons living with HIV.

Both HIV disease and frailty syndrome are risk factors for neurocognitive impairment. Longitudinal research among individuals of the general population suggests that frailty predicts future cognitive decline; however, there is limited evidence for these longitudinal relationships among people living with HIV (PLWH). The current study evaluated and compared rates of cognitive decline over 2 years among HIV serostatus and frailty status groups. Participants included 50 PLWH and 60 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) participants who were evaluated at baseline and 2-year follow-up visits. Baseline frailty status (non-frail, pre-frail, and frail) was determined using fried frailty phenotype criteria. Neurocognitive functioning was measured using practice-effect corrected scaled scores derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery covering seven cognitive domains. Repeated measures analysis was used to estimate rates of global and domain-specific cognitive change from baseline to 2-year follow-up among each of six HIV/frailty status groups. Among PLWH, the pre-frail group demonstrated consistent declines in global cognitive functioning (B = - 0.029, p = 0.034), processing speed (B = - 0.047, p = 0.031), and motor functioning (B = - 0.048, p = 0.038). Among HIV- participants, pre-frail individuals also declined in global cognitive functioning and processing speed (ps ≤ 0.05). HIV- non-frail participants also declined in the cognitive domains of learning, delayed recall, and motor functioning; however, these declines appeared to be driven by relatively higher baseline scores among this group. Notably, 38% of PLWH changed in frailty status from baseline to follow-up, and those with stable pre-frailty demonstrated higher likelihood for cognitive decline; change in depressive symptoms did not relate to change in frailty status. Current findings highlight pre-frailty as an important clinical syndrome that may be predictive of cognitive decline among PLWH. Interventions to prevent or reduce frailty among vulnerable PLWH are needed to maintain optimal cognitive health.

The Prognosis of Axial vs. Extra-Axial Lesions on Functional Status After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Head computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used in acute head injury for medical triage and surgical decisions, yet there are contradictions on the prognostic value of different head CT classifications. The intra-axial (axial) lesion vs. extra-axial lesion is a well-known systemic classification but has not been applied into clinical practice since there is no evidence-based support for its prognostic value. Hypothesis: Axial injury is related to worse functional independence compared to extra-axial injury at admission to and discharge from acute rehabilitation hospitalization. Design: Observational retrospective study. Settings and participants: Data from 71 participants who were enrolled at an acute rehabilitation hospital in the Northern California Traumatic Brain Injury Model System of Care (NCTBIMS) between 2005 and 2018 were included in the analysis. Main outcome measure and statistical analysis: Results of non-contrast head CT within the first 7 days after injury were analyzed to determine those with axial vs. extra-axial lesions. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total scores were compared between the axial vs. extra-axial groups at admission and discharge using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: There were no statistically significant group differences in FIM total scores at rehabilitation admission and discharge between the axial group and extra-axial groups. Conclusion: In this cohort of patients there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that axial injury is related to worse functional independence compared to extra-axial injury at rehabilitation admission and discharge. Utilizing MRI findings or other outcome measures, such as the 10 meter ambulation test or cognitive tests, may provide better sensitivity to potential functional differences.

Frailty in Comorbid HIV and Lifetime Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Associations with Neurocognitive and Everyday Functioning.

HIV and methamphetamine (MA) use disorder are commonly comorbid and individually associated with adverse health consequences, including frailty; however, less is known about the combined effects of both conditions. The current cross-sectional study examined how HIV and lifetime MA use disorder relate to frailty and explored associations between frailty and relevant clinical outcomes (i.e., neurocognitive and everyday functioning). Participants were categorized into three groups based on HIV status and lifetime MA diagnosis: HIV+/MA+ (n = 43), HIV+/MA- (n = 75), and HIV-/MA- (n = 92). A frailty index score (representing proportion of accumulated multisystem deficits) was calculated from 27 medical and psychiatric deficits. Multiple regression was used to examine frailty index score by HIV/MA group. Additional multiple regression models examined the interaction between frailty and HIV/MA group on cognitive and everyday functioning. Comorbid HIV+/MA+ participants had higher frailty index scores than both HIV-/MA- (b = -0.13, p < .001) and HIV+/MA- participants (b = -0.06, p = .007). Additional models linked higher frailty index score to worse global neurocognition (b = -17.6, p = .018) and greater likelihood of everyday functioning dependence (odds ratio = 1.56, p = .021). Although these relationships did not significantly differ by HIV/MA status, group-stratified analyses showed that associations of frailty with neurocognitive and everyday functioning were strongest among the HIV+/MA+ group. Multimodal public health interventions aimed at reducing frailty may help to decrease the likelihood of neurocognitive and everyday functioning problems. Current findings additionally lay groundwork for future longitudinal research examining whether frailty predicts onset of neurocognitive and functional decline in individuals with comorbid HIV and MA use disorder.

Comparing Self-Report Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Questions to Pharmacologic Measures of Recent and Cumulative Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Exposure.

As pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectiveness is strongly linked to adherence, we sought to determine if certain self-report measures could be used to inform objective PrEP adherence. We studied participants from the TAPIR study (a multicenter randomized study of daily text messages to support adherence to PrEP In At-Risk), a 48-week randomized controlled trial of HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) randomized to receive text message to support adherence versus standard of care. Self-reported medication adherence was assessed using several validated measures modified for PrEP. Objective PrEP adherence was determined through dried blood spot (DBS) measurement of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP). A summary of adherence was estimated using responses to the seven adherence items at weeks 12 and 48 using confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between self-report questions and drug concentrations were estimated with Pearson's correlations for continuous outcomes and point-biserial correlations for dichotomous outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the performance of self-report measures in predicting protective or perfect TFV-DP concentrations. Of the 369 participants who completed week 12 or 48 visits, the mean age was 35 (standard deviation 9 years), with 79% White, 12% Black, and 29% Hispanic. Correlations between self-report measures of adherence (both individual items and the adherence factor) and quantifiable FTC-TP and continuous TFV-DP concentrations showed that all self-report measures were significantly associated with these objective measures. Compared to a summary measure of self-reported adherence, the 4-week percent taken question medication recall was the only self-report item similarly or more strongly associated with recent adherence and long-term protective and perfect adherence at weeks 12 and 48. ROC analysis also showed that 4-week percent taken question had a reasonable AUC (0.798 at week 12 and 0.758 at week 48) in predicting protective TFV-DP concentrations. All single-item self-report questions assessing PrEP adherence were significantly associated with biomarker quantification, with the 4-week percent taken question performing best. Therefore, in the absence of drug concentration measurements, a 4-week self-report percent taken question may be a good single-item measure of PrEP adherence.

Checking Behavior, Fear of Recurrence, and Daily Triggers in Breast Cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a top ongoing concern of breast cancer (BC) survivors and thus the focus of recent intervention development. The Self-Regulation Model of FCR (Lee-Jones C, Humphris G, Dixon R, Hatcher MB. Fear of cancer recurrence-a literature review and proposed cognitive formulation to explain exacerbation of recurrence fears. Psychooncology. 1997;6:95-105.) states that everyday cancer-related events trigger FCR, which, in turn, leads to specific behavioral responses, including checking the body for signs or symptoms of cancer. Links between triggering events, FCR, and checking behavior have not yet been studied in the context of daily life or at the within-person level. PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to examine whether FCR has a within-person link with daily checking behavior and whether FCR mediates the link between triggering events and checking behavior. METHODS: Seventy-two early-stage BC survivors completed daily diaries over a 21-day period approximately 5 months after BC surgery. FCR, checking behavior, and triggering events were assessed each evening. RESULTS: Multilevel modeling results indicated that FCR predicted greater odds of same-day, but not next-day, checking behavior. We found that daily FCR significantly mediated the same-day effect of triggering events on checking behavior. These average within-person effects varied substantially between patients and were not explained by momentary negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the within-person relationship between triggering events, FCR, and checking behavior posited by guiding theory, and can inform FCR intervention development.