Colonization and Infection With Extensively Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Infections due to extensively drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) after solid organ transplantation are increasing in prevalence and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Surveillance culture (SC) seems to be an important tool for extensively drug resistant GNB control. The aim of this study was to evaluate colonization rates and subsequent infections by XDR-GNB in liver transplant recipients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) between January 2016 and January 2018. Data on demographics, extensively drug resistant colonization, and 3-month clinical outcomes were obtained. Colonization was defined as a positive surveillance culture (SC-perirectal) immediately before transplantation, once weekly after LT, and after intensive care unit discharge, with emphasis to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). RESULTS: Forty-four patients who underwent LT were included in the study. Ten patients (22.72%) were colonized with CR-GNB prior to transplantation, and 7/10 (70%) developed infection due to the same pathogen (5 patients bloodstream infections, 2 patients pneumonia) during the study period. Intensive care unit length of stay was significantly longer in colonized with CR-GNB patients (P < .05). Mortality rate was higher in colonized patients (30%) than in noncolonized (11.76%) (P = .2). CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest an overall 70% risk of CR-GNB infection among colonized patients. Given the high mortality rate and the difficulty in treating these infections, further research to investigate and develop strategies to eliminate the colonization is needed.

Bloodstream infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among intensive care unit patients after orthotopic liver transplantation: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has emerged as an important cause of bloodstream infections in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for bloodstream infections caused by CRKP as well as risk factors for CRKP-associated mortality among ICU patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: The study cohort of this observational study comprised 17 ICU patients after LT with CRKP bloodstream infections. The data from these patients were matched with 34 ICU patients (1:2) after LT without CRKP infections. The 2 groups were compared to identify risk factors for development of CRKP infection and risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: Seventeen CRKP bloodstream infections occurred in ICU patients after LT from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2011. In univariate analysis, primary liver disease and especially hepatitis C virus infection or hepatocellular cancer were significant factors for development of CRKP. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score as well as CRKP bloodstream infection were predictors for ICU death (P < .05) in univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CRKP bloodstream infections affect immunocompromised post-transplantation patients more. Bloodstream infections with CRKP along with APACHE and SOFA scores were predictors of death in ICU patients after LT.

The effect of hyponatremia on the outcome of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Predicting the prognosis of cirrhotic patients is considered to achieve a fair allocation among patients awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Serum sodium (Na) concentrations are associated with reduced survival among patients with cirrhosis. The mortality risk of cirrhotic patients, as defined by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, is considered to be higher in hyponatremic patients. The aim of this study was to record complications and outcomes of severely hyponatremic patients after OLT. We retrospectively studied 75 recipients of OLT over the last 3 years. Hyponatremic patients showed lower 30-day and intensive care unit (ICU) survivals (P = .022 and .028, respectively), higher rates of neurological complications (P = .038), renal failure (P = .001), and prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .000) and ICU stay (P = .000). Severe hyponatremia was related to a greater risk for neurological and renal complications after OLT.