Overall survival and oncological outcomes after partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy for cT2a renal tumors: A collaborative international study from the French kidney cancer research network UroCCR.

BACKGROUND: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is recommended as first-line treatment for cT1 stage kidney tumors because of a better renal function and probably a better overall survival than radical nephrectomy (RN). For larger tumors, PN has a controversial position due to lack of evidence showing good cancer control. The aim of this study was to compare the results of PN and RN in cT2a stage on overall survival and oncological results. METHOD: A retrospective international multicenter study was conducted in the frame of the French kidney cancer research network (UroCCR). We considered all patients aged≥18 years who underwent surgical treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stage cT2a (7.1-10cm) between 2000 and 2014. Cox and Fine-Gray models were performed to analyze overall survival (OS), cancer specific survival (CSS) and cancer-free survival (CFS). Comparison between PN and RN was realized after an adjustment by propensity score considering predefined confounding factors: age, sex, tumor size, pT stage of the TNM classification, histological type, ISUP grade, ASA score. RESULTS: A total of 267 patients were included. OS at 3 and 5 years was 93.6% and 78.7% after PN and 88.0% and 76.2% after RN, respectively. CSS at 3 and 5 years was 95.4% and 80.2% after PN and 91.0% and 85.0% after RN. No significant difference between groups was found after propensity score adjustment for OS (HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.37-2.05, P=0.75), CSS (HR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.18-1.54, P=0.24) and CFS (HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.50-2.09, P=0.96). CONCLUSION: PN seems equivalent to RN for OS, CSS and CFS in cT2a stage kidney tumors. The risk of recurrence is probably more related to prognostic factors than the surgical technique. The decision to perform a PN should depend on technical feasibility rather than tumor size, both to imperative and elective situation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Neoadjuvant targeted therapies in renal cell carcinoma]. / Thérapies ciblées néo-adjuvantes dans le cancer du rein.

INTRODUCTION: Targeted molecules are used in the treatment of metastatic kidney cancer. Their use before surgery could reduce tumor volume, facilitate surgical resection and treat micrometastases. In this literature review, we present the main results of studies that evaluated the benefit of targeted therapies in kidney cancer. METHODS: This article is based on a systematic literature search by using Pubmed database. RESULTS: In prospective studies, a decrease in the size of the primary tumor has been reported to be 9.6 to 28.3%. In case of metastatic kidney cancer, cytoreductive nephrectomy could be possible after targeted therapies in tumors that initially were not available for surgery. In localized kidney cancer, a reduction of tumor volume of more than 30% is obtained in 5 to 45% of cases after neoadjuvant targeted therapies. Their use is associated with the occurrence of the usual side effects of targeted therapies plus a specific risk of delayed healing and metastatic progression during the perioperative period. The study of tumors after surgery shows a lower efficiency of the production of tumor necrosis in non-clear cell carcinomas. CONCLUSION: Data from the literature are not currently in favor of neoadjuvant use of targeted therapies in the treatment of kidney cancer. Prospective studies will be required to determine their interest in the prevention of metastatic recurrence after surgery.

[Impact of robotic assistance on the use and the outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery: A single center experience]. / Impact de l'assistance robotique sur la pratique et les résultats de la chirurgie rénale conservatrice : une expérience monocentrique.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the acquisition of a Da Vinci® robot on the use and outcomes of partial nephrectomy (PN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was a single center retrospective study including 280 patients who underwent PN from January 2006 to May 2013. The number of PN, tumors and patients' characteristics and perioperative outcomes have been assessed over 3 periods defined according to the main surgical approach: 2006-2008 (open PN), 2008-2010 (laparoscopic PN) and 2010-2013 (robotic PN). RESULTS: Over the study period, the surgical approach has changed significantly in favor of minimally-invasive surgery and especially robotic approach. The PN/nephrectomy rate has also evolved to a higher proportion of PN over radical nephrectomy (P=0.002). No significant difference was noted between the three periods in terms of tumor size but there was a higher rate of highly complex tumors (RENAL score≥10) during the last period (10.7%; 18.6% and 33.2%; P=0.04). Warm ischemia time increased from 2006-2008 to 2008-2010 (26 vs. 23minutes) but decreased thereafter during the robotic era (14.5minutes; P<0.001). Regarding postoperative outcomes, the only change was a decreased length of stay over time (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: In this single center series, the robotic approach was associated with a spread of PN and with an improvement of nephron-sparing surgery outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

RANK/OPG ratio of expression in primary clear-cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with bone metastasis and prognosis in patients treated with anti-VEGFR-TKIs.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastases (BMs) are associated with poor outcome in metastatic clear-cell renal carcinoma (m-ccRCC) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (anti-VEGFR-TKIs). We aimed to investigate whether expression in the primary tumour of genes involved in the development of BM is associated with outcome in m-ccRCC patients treated with anti-VEGFR-TKIs. METHODS: Metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma patients with available fresh-frozen tumour and treated with anti-VEGFR-TKIs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK), RANK-ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), the proto-oncogene SRC and DKK1 (Dickkopf WNT signalling pathway inhibitor-1). Time-to-event analysis by Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression. RESULTS: We included 129 m-ccRCC patients treated between 2005 and 2013. An elevated RANK/OPG ratio was associated with shorter median time to metastasis (HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.29-0.87); P=0.014), shorter time to BM (HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.31-0.97); P=0.037), shorter median overall survival (mOS) since initial diagnosis (HR 2.27 (95% CI 1.44-3.60); P=0.0001), shorter median progression-free survival (HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.28-0.71); P=0.001) and mOS (HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.19-0.52); P<0.0001) on first-line anti-VEGFR-TKIs in the metastatic setting. Higher RANK expression was associated with shorter mOS on first-line anti-VEGFR-TKIs (HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.73); P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RANK/OPG ratio of expression in primary ccRCC is associated with BM and prognosis in patients treated with anti-VEGFR-TKIs. Prospective validation is warranted.

[Renal angiomyolipoma with inferior vena cava thrombosis during pregnancy]. / Angiomyolipome avec thrombus de la veine cave inférieure et grossesse: enjeux de la prise en charge urologique.

The diagnosis of angiomyolipoma with tumor thrombus from the renal vein into the inferior vena cava is rare, especially during pregnancy. We report the case of a 31-year-old pregnant woman who was diagnosed with a 9 cm angiomyolipoma of the right kidney with inferior vena cava thrombosis, managed by active surveillance during pregnancy and delayed surgery after childbirth.

[Ischemia is not an independent predictive factor of chronic renal failure after partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney in patients without pre-operative renal insufficiency]. / L'ischémie a un impact limité sur la fonction rénale après néphrectomie partielle sur rein unique chez les patients sans insuffisance rénale préopératoire.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of vascular clamping and ischemia time on long-term post-operative renal function following partial nephrectomy (PN) for cancer in a solitary kidney. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study including 259 patients managed by PN between 1979 and 2010 in 13 centers. Clamping use, technique choice (pedicular or parenchymal clamping), ischemia time, and peri-operative data were collected. Pre-operative and last follow-up glomerular filtration rates were compared. A multivariate analysis using a Cox model was performed to assess the impact of ischemia on post-operative chronic renal failure risk. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 4.0±2.3cm and mean pre-operative glomerular filtration rate was 60.8±18.9mL/min. One hundred and six patients were managed with warm ischemia (40.9%) and 53 patients with cold ischemia (20.5%). Thirty patients (11.6%) have had a chronic kidney disease. In multivariate analysis, neither vascular clamping (P=0.44) nor warm ischemia time (P=0.1) were associated with a pejorative evolution of renal function. Pre-operative glomerular filtration rate (P<0.0001) and blood loss volume (P=0.02) were significant independent predictive factors of long-term renal failure. CONCLUSION: Renal function following PN in a solitary kidney seems to depend on non-reversible factors such as pre-operative glomerular filtration rate. Our findings minimize the role of vascular clamping and ischemia time, which were not significantly associated with chronic renal failure risk in our study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

The accuracy of renal tumor biopsy: analysis from a national prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess preoperative renal tumor biopsy (RTB) accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of the prospective NEPHRON study, data from 1,237 renal tumors were collected, including the use and results of RTB and final histology following nephrectomy. During the 6 months period of inclusion, 130 preoperative biopsies were performed. We used the kappa coefficient of the McNemar test to determine the concordance between the biopsy and the nephrectomy specimen (NS) regarding four parameters: malignant/benign status, histological subtype, Fuhrman grade and microscopic necrosis. RESULTS: Preoperative biopsies were performed in 9.7 and 11.4 % of the 667 radical and 570 partial nephrectomies, respectively. Tumor biopsy was inconclusive in 7.7 % of the cases. In 117 cases, a comparison between RTB and NS was available. Benign tumors accounted for three (2.6 %) and five (4.3 %) of the RTB and NS, respectively (κ = 0.769, good). With seven (6 %) discordant results in terms of histological subtype characterization between RTB and final pathology, RTB accuracy was considered excellent (κ = 0.882). In 33 cases (31.7 %), Fuhrman grade was underestimated at biopsy resulting in an intermediate concordance level (κ = 0.498). Tumor microscopic necrosis was identified in 12 RTB (10.4 %) versus 33 NS (28.4 %) (κ = 0.357, poor). CONCLUSIONS: RTB provides good to excellent diagnostic performance for discriminating malignancy and tumor histological subtype. However, its performance is intermediate or even poor when considering prognostic criteria like Fuhrman grade or microscopic necrosis. Thus, this possible inaccuracy should be taken into consideration when using RTB for accurate guidance of treatment strategy.

[Should we propose a systematic second transurethral resection of the bladder for all high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancers?]. / Faut-il proposer une seconde résection systématique pour toutes les tumeurs de vessie n'infiltrant pas le muscle vésical à risque élevé ?

OBJECTIVE: Quantify the rate of residual bladder tumor following systematic second look resection of pTa high-grade versus pT1 high-grade patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2010 to July 2013, 53 patients with a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with high-risk of recurrence and progression underwent a second systematic resection in accordance with the current guidelines of the French Association of Urology (AFU). RESULTS: Among the 53 patients with a high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, histological examination of the initial resection identified: 17 pTa high-grade (32.1%) and 36 pT1 high-grade (67.9%). There was a significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (Ta high-grade versus T1 high-grade) concerning the rate of residual tumor on second look resection (11.8% versus 66.7%, P=0.0002). The predictive factors of residual tumor after second resection were the pT1 stage (P=0.0002), tumor multifocality (P=0.02) and presence of associated Cis (P=0.0005). CONCLUSION: The high rate of residual tumor in our series confirmed the importance of a systematic second look resection for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers. However, for the pTa tumors without associated Cis, the interest of this second look seemed of less concern. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Pronostic value of parenchyma renal invasion of pT3 upper tract urinary carcinoma]. / Impact pronostique de l'envahissement du parenchyme rénal dans la population des tumeurs de la voie excrétrice urinaire supérieure de stade pT3.

INTRODUCTION: Upper tract urinary carcinoma (UTUC) pT3 tumors are a heterogeneous entity including tumors invading the renal parenchyma, tumors with peripelvic fat invasion or peri-ureteral fat invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of these three different groups of pT3 tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2012, 205 patients with UTUC were operated in two centers, including 52 patients with pT3 tumor stage. pT3 tumors were divided into three groups: peri-ureteral fat invasion (pT3U, n = 16), peripelvic fat invasion (pT3G, n = 21), and renal parenchyma invasion (pT3P, n = 15). The prognostic significance of the type of tumor infiltration was evaluated on specific and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 18.9 months [6-133.4]. In univariate analysis, renal parenchyma invasion was associated with a better prognostic in both specific (P = 0.026) and disease-free survival (P = 0.031) compared with peripelvic or peri-ureteral fat invasion. Mutivariate analysis retained the pT3 subgroup as an independant prognostic factor in both specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: pT3 tumors with renal parenchyma invasion had a better prognosis than those with peripelvic or peri-ureteral fat invasion. The heterogeneity of the pT3 group should be taken into account to improve the care of patients.

[Laparoscopic nephrectomy for polycystic kidneys: principles and results]. / Néphrectomie laparoscopique pour reins polykystiques: principes et résultats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and morbidity of laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPK). PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective multi-centre study (University Hospitals of Lyons, Toulouse, Nantes and Rennes). Sixty-eight patients who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy for polycystic kidney disease between November 1999 and May 2009 were included. This involved unilateral nephrectomy 64 cases, one-stage bilateral in one case and two-stage bilateral in three cases. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 218±74min (100-420) Conversion was necessary in 7 cases. The mean weight of the removed kidney was 1291±646g (240-3400). We regret to report 20 postoperative complications, including one death on postoperative day 50, following an abscess in the renal pelvis, 6 retroperitoneal haemoatomas and 5 arteriovenous fistula thromboses. Postoperative analgesia involved PCA treatment with morphine for a mean period of 1.59±0.8 days (0.5-4). The mean length of hospital stay was 8.3±6.1 days (3-50). CONCLUSION: This study shows the feasibility of the laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy in ADPK. This procedure should be performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons. Indeed, the complication rate is moderate but there is still a risk of severe complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

Surgical management of locally advanced and metastatic renal cancer: neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies.

Surgery remains the treatment of choice for locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. However, the contribution of targeted therapies has recently significantly impacted recurrence-free survival in metastatic patients, challenging in some cases the real interest of nephrectomy. Waiting for the results of CARMENA trial, assessing the impact of cytoreductive nephrectomy on survival, neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies are emerging. In locally advanced disease, adjuvant therapy should be considered if the patient is considered at high risk of progression, and therefore require its inclusion in a prospective randomized trial. Neo-adjuvant anti-angiogenic strategies show a quite modest improvement in resectability of primary tumor, while allowing performing translational research. However, many questions remain on hold in terms of precise indications, choice of drugs, toxicity and optimal dosing schedule. All these questions explain the current development of phase III trials.

Tumoral CD105 is a novel independent prognostic marker for prognosis in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and metastasis. There are conflicting reports as to whether microvessel density (MVD) using the endothelial marker CD105 (cluster of differentiation molecule 105) in clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) is associated with prognosis. Recently, CD105 has been described as a RCC cancer stem cell marker. METHODS: A total of 102 ccRCC were analysed. Representative tumour sections were stained for CD105. Vascularity (endothelial CD105) was quantified by MVD. The immunohistochemistry analysis detected positive (if present) or negative (if absent) CD105 tumoral staining. This retrospective population-based study was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method, t-test and Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: We found that the expression of endothelial CD105 (MVD) negatively correlated with nuclear grade (P<0.001), tumour stage (P<0.001) and Leibovitch score (P<0.001), whereas the expression of tumoral CD105 positively correlated with these three clinicopathological factors (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, tumoral CD105 was found to be an independent predictor of poor overall survival (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown for the first time that tumoral CD105 is an independent predictive marker for death risk and unfavourable prognosis in patients with ccRCC after curative resection.

Is there a volume-outcome relationship for partial nephrectomy?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of hospital volume on partial nephrectomy indications and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were extracted from the National Observational Registry on the Practice and Hemostasis in Partial Nephrectomy registry. Four groups were created according to the number of partial nephrectomy (PN) performed: very high (VH, ≥ 19 PN), high (H, 10-18 PN), moderate (M, 4-9 PN) and low (L, <4 PN) PN activity. Indications and surgical outcomes were compared among all groups. The effect of hospital volume on postoperative complications and positive margin rate was examined by a multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-three centers included a total of 570 PN. There were 9 VH, 13 H, 12 M and 19 L volume centers which performed 270 (47.4 %), 179 (31.4 %), 74 (13 %) and 47 (8.2 %) PN, respectively. Patients in higher volume centers were significantly younger (p = 0.008), had a lower BMI (p = 0.002) and decreased ASA score (p < 0.001). PN was more frequently performed in higher volume centers (p = 0.006) particularly in case of renal masses <4 cm (p = 0.005). Open surgery was the most common approach in all groups, but laparoscopic PN was more frequent in M volume hospitals (p < 0.001). Positive margin (p = 0.06) and complications (p = 0.022) rates were higher in M group. In multivariable analysis, renal chronic disease was an independent predictor of positive margin rate (p < 0.001, OR 3.91). CONCLUSIONS: PN is more frequently performed in high volume institutions particularly for small renal masses. We observed increase positive margin and complication rates in moderate volume centers that might be explained by an increased use of laparoscopy.

Predictive factors of chronic kidney disease stage V after partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney: a multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVE: Partial Nephrectomy (PN) in a solitary kidney is at risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V and/or haemodialysis (HD). Our objective was to determine predictive factors of CKD stage V in this population. MATERIAL & METHODS: Data from 300 patients were retrospectively collected from 16 tertiary centres. Clinical and operative parameters, tumor characteristics and renal function before surgery were analyzed. Patients with and without CKD stage V (defined as MDRD<1 5 ml/min) were compared using χ2 and Student-t tests for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Predictive factors of CKD stage V were evaluated with a multivariable analysis using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Median age and BMI were 63 years old and 26 kg/m², respectively. Most of the patients (65%) were male with an anatomic solitary kidney (88.3%). Median tumor size was 4 cm and 98% were malignant tumors. Median operative time, blood loss and clamping time were 180 min, 350 ml and 20 min respectively. Renal cooling was used in 19.3% and clamping of the pedicle was performed in 61.6%. Twenty five patients (8.5%) presented post operative CKD stage V at last follow-up and 18 underwent HD (6%) post-operatively because of acute renal insufficiency. There was no difference between CKD stage V and non CKD stage V patients concerning Charlson index, operative time (180 min vs 179 min, p = 0.39), blood loss (475 ml vs 350 ml, p = 0.51), use of renal cooling and type of clamping. Patients with CKD stage V were older (70 vs 63 years old, p = 0.005), had a lower baseline renal function (clearance MDRD 41 vs. 62 ml/min, p<0.0001) and an increased tumor size (p = 0.02). Complications occurred in 91 patients (30%) with 16% of minor (Clavien 1-2) and 14% of major (Clavien > 2) complications, respectively. In multivariable analysis, baseline MDRD, BMI, and the occurrence of a minor complication were independent predictive factors of post operative CKD stage V. CONCLUSION: PN in a solitary kidney is at risk of post-operative CKD stage V and HD. Pre-operative altered renal function and post operative complications are the main predictive factors of permanent CKD stage V.

Predictive factors of hemorrhagic complications after partial nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the predictive factors of hemorrhagic complications (HC) in a contemporary cohort of patients who underwent partial nephrectomy (PN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 199 consecutive patients who underwent PN between 2008 and 2012 at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. HC was defined as a hematoma requiring transfusion, an arterio-veinous fistula, a false aneurysm or a post-operative decrease of hemoglobin >3 g/dl. Patients with or without HC were compared using Wilcoxon and Fisher exact tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. We performed a univariate and multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model using the occurrence of an HC as the dependent variable. RESULTS: 54% of the patients were male with a median age of 61 (22-86) years. Median BMI was 26 (18-47) kg/m(2). Surgery was done open, laparoscopically or with robotic assistance in 106, 54 and 39 cases, respectively. Global complication rate was 40% including 21.6% HC. There were more complex tumors (75.6% vs. 66.5%, p = 0.04) and median length of stay was increased (11 days compared to 7 days, p < 0.0001) in case of a HC. In univariate analysis, imperative indication (p = 0.08), RENAL score (p = 0.07), operating time (p = 0.07) and operative blood loss > 250 ml (p = 0.002) were statistically relevant. In multivariate analysis, only operative blood loss >250 ml was identified as a predictive factor of HC (p = 0.0007). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent a procedure with estimated blood loss >250 ml should be carefully monitored in the postoperative course.

[New anti-angiogenic strategies in the management of kidney cancer]. / Nouvelles stratégies anti-angiogéniques dans la prise en charge du cancer du rein.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to clarify the current role of adjuvant and neo-adjuvant in the treatment of kidney cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data were explored in Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) using the following MeSH terms or combinations of these keywords: "cancer", "rein", "kidney", "adjuvant", "neoadjuvant", "antiangiogenique", "antiangiogenic" and selecting the items produced in their methodology, their relevance to the theme explored and their date of publication. RESULTS: Thirty-two English and French items published between 2001 and 2011 were selected: five studies of evidence level 1, nine level 2 studies, nine level 4 studies, five studies at level 5 and four literature reviews. The cytoreductive nephrectomy as first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic kidney cancer is now controversial with the advent of new targeted anti-angiogenic therapies. In neoadjuvant setting, these treatments showed a moderate decrease in tumor volume and rarely improved resectability. In adjuvant setting, their place has yet to be specified and several trials are currently underway. CONCLUSION: Recent years have seen the anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies upset in locally advanced and metastatic renal cancer. The development of clinical trials and research protocols will allow us to determine in the near future the optimal therapeutic sequences.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib.

BACKGROUND: There are no validated markers that predict response in metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) patients treated with sunitinib. We aim to study the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have recently been proposed as predictors of outcome to anti-VEGF-targeted therapy in metastatic RCC in an independent cohort of patients. METHODS: We genotyped 16 key SNPs in 10 genes involved in sunitinib pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and VEGF-independent angiogenesis in patients with metastatic clear-cell RCC treated with sunitinib as the first-line targeted therapy. Association between SNPs, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were studied by multivariate Cox regression using relevant clinical factors associated with PFS and OS as covariates. RESULTS: In a series of 88 patients, both PFS and OS were associated significantly with SNP rs1128503 in ABCB1 (P=0.027 and P=0.025), rs4073054 in NR1/3 (P=0.025 and P=0.035) and rs307821 in VEGFR3 (P=0.032 and P=0.011). Progression-free survival alone was associated with rs2981582 in FGFR2 (P=0.031) and rs2276707 in NR1/2 (P=0.047), whereas OS alone was associated with rs2307424 in NR1/3 (P=0.048) and rs307826 in VEGFR3 (P=0.013). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm former communications regarding the association between SNPs in ABCB1, NR1/2, NR1/3 and VEGFR3 and sunitinib outcome in clear-cell RCC. Prospective validation of these SNPs is now required.

[CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Renal cancer]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU: Cancer du rein.

INTRODUCTION: The renal sub Committee of the CCAFU established guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, evaluation and standard of care for renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: 2010 Guidelines were updated based on systematic literature search performed by the sub-Committee in Medline and PubMed databases to evaluate references, levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. RESULTS: Multiphasic CT is the standard imaging technique for renal tumors diagnosis. Percutaneous renal biopsies are increasingly important for the management of localized RCC. Partial Nephrectomy is the first option when technically feasible for cT1 tumours. Open surgery remains the standard approach for locally advanced RCCs. New drugs are available for the treatment of metastatic RCC while the role of nephrectomy needs to be established by the Carmena trial. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative and mini-invasive therapies are increasingly important for the management of localized RCC. Therapeutic armamentarium continues to increase in mRCC.