Psychological and Functional Impact of COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities: The COVID-A Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychological and functional sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults living in long term care facilities (LTCFs). DESIGN: Cohort longitudinal study SETTING ANT PARTICIPANTS: A total of 215 residents ≥ 65 years without moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment, living in five LTCFs in Albacete (Spain). MEASUREMENTS: Baseline on-site data were collected between March - June 2020 and three-month follow-up between June to September 2020. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbances were measured as psychological variables. Disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL), ambulation and frailty were assessed as functional variables. Differences were analyzed in relation to level of comorbidity and test positivity for COVID-19. RESULTS: At baseline, residents with COVID-19 presented worse functionality, higher frailty levels and malnutrition risk compared to non-COVID-19 residents. At three-month follow-up, higher rates of clinically significant depressive symptoms (57.7%), anxiety symptoms (29.3%), PTSD symptoms (19.1%) and sleep disturbances (93.0%) were found among residents regardless of COVID status. Thus, among 215 residents, 101 (47%) experienced a decline in BADL from baseline to the 3-month follow-up (median functional loss = 5 points in Barthel Index). In multivariate analyses, COVID-19 status did not explain either the functional or the ambulation loss. By contrast, residents with low comorbidity and COVID-19 presented higher PTSD symptoms (effect 2.58; 95% CI 0.93 to 4.23) and anxiety symptoms (effect 2.10; 95% CI 0.48 to 3.73) compared to the low comorbidity/non-COVID19 group. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic was associated, after three-months, with high psychological impact in older adults in LTCFs., specifically with higher post-traumatic stress and anxiety symptoms. Functional decline did not differ in relation to COVID-19 status but could be related to isolation strategies used for pandemic control.

Generation and validation of in-hospital mortality prediction score in COVID-19 patients: Alba-score.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has a wide range of symptoms reported, which may vary from very mild cases (even asymptomatic) to deadly infections. Identifying high mortality risk individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus through a prediction instrument that uses simple clinical and analytical parameters at admission can help clinicians to focus on treatment efforts in this group of patients. METHODS: Data was obtained retrospectively from the electronic medical record of all COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the Albacete University Hospital Complex until July 2020. Patients were split into two: a generating and a validating cohort. Clinical, demographical and laboratory variables were included. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to select variables associated with in-hospital mortality in the generating cohort. A numerical and subsequently a categorical score according to mortality were constructed (A: mortality from 0% to 5%; B: from 5% to 15%; C: from 15% to 30%; D: from 30% to 50%; E: greater than 50%). These scores were validated with the validation cohort. RESULTS: Variables independently related to mortality during hospitalization were age, diabetes mellitus, confusion, SaFiO2, heart rate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at admission. The numerical score defined ranges from 0 to 13 points. Scores included are: age ≥71 years (3 points), diabetes mellitus (1 point), confusion (2 points), onco-hematologic disease (1 point), SaFiO2 ≤ 419 (3 points), heart rate ≥ 100 bpm (1 point) and LDH ≥ 390 IU/L (2 points). The area under the curve (AUC) for the numerical and categorical scores from the generating cohort were 0.8625 and 0.848, respectively. In the validating cohort, AUCs were 0.8505 for the numerical score and 0.8313 for the categorical score. CONCLUSIONS: Data analysis found a correlation between clinical admission parameters and in-hospital mortality for COVID-19 patients. This correlation is used to develop a model to assist physicians in the emergency department in the COVID-19 treatment decision-making process.

Evaluación de la comorbilidad en la población anciana: utilidad y validez de los instrumentos de medida / Comorbidity in the elderly: utility and validity of assessment tools

La comorbilidad es un problema frecuente en ancianos que contribuye a la complejidad de este grupo poblacional y supone un factor de riesgo de eventos adversos de salud (deterioro funcional, discapacidad, dependencia, institucionalización, hospitalización, mala calidad de vida y muerte), aunque no el principal. La comorbilidad entendida como una compilación de enfermedades no es la principal característica que define la población que debe ser atendida por un geriatra. La edad y el riesgo de declinar funcional deben primar sobre otras características. Los índices de comorbilidad en ancianos no deben ser interpretados de manera aislada, sino en un contexto de valoración integral que incluya disfunciones preclínicas asociadas al envejecimiento, a las medidas de fragilidad, a los aspectos funcionales, mentales y psicosociales. El manejo clínico de la comorbilidad en ancianos requiere conocimientos avanzados en Geriatría, puesto que el tratamiento de varias condiciones puede empeorar otras o hacer aparecer nuevas y porque las disfunciones fisiológicas preclínicas modulan la respuesta a los fármacos. Aunque recomendar un índice de comorbilidad en particular es complejo y depende de numerosas variables, por sus características psicométricas, su aplicabilidad en ancianos y su constructo, la Cumulative Illness Rating Scale en su versión adaptada a ancianos podría ser el más recomendable. Otros, como el índice de Charlson, el Index of CoExistent Disease y el índice de Kaplan, son también métodos válidos y reproducibles(AU)

Comorbidity is common in the elderly and contributes to the complexity of this population subgroup. This problem is a risk factor for major adverse events such as functional decline, disability, dependency, poor quality-of-life, institutionalization, hospitalization and death, but is not the most important factor. Age and risk of functional decline rather than comorbidity (understood as a compilation of diseases) are the main characteristics defining the target population attended by geriatricians. Comorbidity indexes should not be interpreted independently in the elderly, but within a context of comprehensive geriatric assessment that includes age-related preclinical dysfunctions, frailty measures, and functional, mental and psychosocial issues. The clinical management of comorbidity in the elderly requires advanced knowledge of geriatrics because the treatment of one condition may worsen or lead to the development of others and because preclinical physiological dysfunctions modulate drug response. Recommending a specific comorbidity index is difficult and depends on multiple factors, due to their psychometric characteristics, applicability in the elderly and their construct. However, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, in the version adapted to the elderly, could be highly suitable. Other instruments, such as the Charlson index, the Index of CoExistent Disease and the Kaplan index are also valid and reproducible(AU)

Aterosclerosis subclínica, un predictor de limitación funcional al año en ancianos con alto nivel funcional: estudio Albacete / Subclinial atherosclerosis as a predictor of functional limitation at one year in high-functioning older adults: the Albacete study

IntroducciónLa aterosclerosis subclínica se ha asociado con morbimortalidad cardiovascular, pero no se ha analizado su relación con limitación funcional como antesala de la discapacidad.Material y métodosEstudio longitudinal sobre 171 mayores de 64 años con alto nivel funcional. Edad media 73,7 años, 110 mujeres. Se les realizó eco-Doppler carotídeo al inicio del estudio determinando la presencia de placas y la suma del diámetro axial máximo de todas las placas (SDP) y fueron seguidos 12 meses. Analizamos la asociación entre aterosclerosis subclínica y limitación funcional valorada con el timed up and go (TUG) al año, ajustada por covariables sociodemográficas, funcionales, afectivas, cognitivas y factores de riesgo cardiovascular.ResultadosTreinta y siete sujetos (21,6%) realizaron el TUG un 20% más lentamente al año que al inicio, 30 con placa (30,7%) y 7 sin placa (9,5%) (p=0,001). Aquellos con placa tuvieron un mayor riesgo ajustado de enlentecer el TUG más del 20% que aquéllos sin placa (OR: 5,8; IC del 95%: 2,2–15,8). Los que enlentecieron el TUG más del 20% tuvieron una SDP 1,48mm mayor (3,34 vs. 1,85; IC del 95%: 0,52–2,44). Por cada aumento de 2mm en la SDP, los sujetos tuvieron un riesgo ajustado 1,9 veces mayor de realizar el TUG más lentamente al año (IC del 95%: 1,4–2,5).ConclusiónLa aterosclerosis subclínica es un predictor independiente de limitación funcional al año en ancianos con alto nivel funcional(AU)

IntroductionSubclinical atherosclerosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but its relationship with functional limitation as a precursor of disability has not been determined.Material and methodsA longitudinal cohort study was performed in 171 high-functioning community-dwelling adults aged more than 64 years old (mean age 73.7 years, 110 women). All received a carotid ultrasound examination at the beginning of the study. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined by the presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaques and the sum of the diameters of all the plaques (SDP) in the carotid bilateral tree. Subjects were followed-up at 12 months. The association between subclinical atherosclerosis and functional limitation was assessed with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) at entry and at 1 year, adjusted by demographic, functional, affective, cognitive and cardiovascular risk factors as covariables.ResultsAt 1 year after baseline, 37 subjects (21.6%) performed the TUG 20% more slowly: 30 with plaque (30.7%) and seven without plaque (9.5%) (p=0.001). Those with plaque had an adjusted increased risk of performing the TUG 20% more slowly than those without plaque [OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.2–15.8]. SDP was 1.48mm greater in subjects with more than 20% slowing on the TUG [3.34 vs 1.85; 95% CI 0.52–2.44]. For each 2-mm increment in the SDP, subjects had a 1.9-fold greater adjusted risk of performing the TUG 20% more slowly at 1 year [95% CI 1.4–2.5].ConclusionSubclinical atherosclerosis is an independent predictor of functional limitation at 1 year in high-functioning older adults(AU)

[Comorbidity in the elderly: utility and validity of assessment tools]. / Evaluación de la comorbilidad en la población anciana: utilidad y validez de los instrumentos de medida.

Comorbidity is common in the elderly and contributes to the complexity of this population subgroup. This problem is a risk factor for major adverse events such as functional decline, disability, dependency, poor quality-of-life, institutionalization, hospitalization and death, but is not the most important factor. Age and risk of functional decline rather than comorbidity (understood as a compilation of diseases) are the main characteristics defining the target population attended by geriatricians. Comorbidity indexes should not be interpreted independently in the elderly, but within a context of comprehensive geriatric assessment that includes age-related preclinical dysfunctions, frailty measures, and functional, mental and psychosocial issues. The clinical management of comorbidity in the elderly requires advanced knowledge of geriatrics because the treatment of one condition may worsen or lead to the development of others and because preclinical physiological dysfunctions modulate drug response. Recommending a specific comorbidity index is difficult and depends on multiple factors, due to their psychometric characteristics, applicability in the elderly and their construct. However, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, in the version adapted to the elderly, could be highly suitable. Other instruments, such as the Charlson index, the Index of CoExistent Disease and the Kaplan index are also valid and reproducible.

[Subclinial atherosclerosis as a predictor of functional limitation at one year in high-functioning older adults: the Albacete study]. / Aterosclerosis subclínica, un predictor de limitación funcional al año en ancianos con alto nivel funcional: estudio Albacete.

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but its relationship with functional limitation as a precursor of disability has not been determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was performed in 171 high-functioning community-dwelling adults aged more than 64 years old (mean age 73.7 years, 110 women). All received a carotid ultrasound examination at the beginning of the study. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined by the presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaques and the sum of the diameters of all the plaques (SDP) in the carotid bilateral tree. Subjects were followed-up at 12 months. The association between subclinical atherosclerosis and functional limitation was assessed with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) at entry and at 1 year, adjusted by demographic, functional, affective, cognitive and cardiovascular risk factors as covariables. RESULTS: At 1 year after baseline, 37 subjects (21.6%) performed the TUG 20% more slowly: 30 with plaque (30.7%) and seven without plaque (9.5%) (p=0.001). Those with plaque had an adjusted increased risk of performing the TUG 20% more slowly than those without plaque [OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.2-15.8]. SDP was 1.48 mm greater in subjects with more than 20% slowing on the TUG [3.34 vs 1.85; 95% CI 0.52-2.44]. For each 2-mm increment in the SDP, subjects had a 1.9-fold greater adjusted risk of performing the TUG 20% more slowly at 1 year [95% CI 1.4-2.5]. CONCLUSION: Subclinical atherosclerosis is an independent predictor of functional limitation at 1 year in high-functioning older adults.