RESUMEN
For the Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS), climate change will greatly exacerbate their vulnerability. The PSIDS have a high ranking in the Climate Risk Index and the World Risk Index. Financial losses due to climate-induced disasters, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), are also high in the Pacific region. While climate risk insurance solutions could play a key role in the efficient distribution of recovery resources, there are many challenges to their successful implementation. Effective climate risk insurance products for the vulnerable sections of these societies are almost non-existent in this part of the world. Among the worst climate-induced disasters to affect the PSIDS are those related to cyclones and floods. These not only adversely impact the welfare of the households affected by these disasters, but they lower the long-term development potential of the countries involved. There is also evidence to suggest that climate-induced disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity over time due to climate change. It is against this background that an inquiry into the necessity for climate risk insurance products in the context of PSIDS should take place. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the literature addressing climate risk insurance as a risk mitigation or climate adaptation tool for managing the climate-induced financial vulnerabilities in the PSIDS. The paper explores the affordability of climate risk insurance, particularly among the vulnerable sections of society, and discusses the challenges of implementing an appropriate climate risk insurance model in the region. Finally, it examines recent climate risk insurance initiatives that have been attempted by multilateral agencies, such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations' Pacific Financial Inclusion Practice (UNCDF), Pacific Insurance and Climate Adaptation Programme (PICAP), and respective local governments.
RESUMEN
Noise as such is achieving dangerously alarming proportion and proving hazardous in all spheres of life, and industries are not exception to it. Coal industry is constantly involved in nation building and the miners working near by machinery should be protected against ill effects of noise. An attempt is being made to conserve hearing without hampering the normal working in this study and statistically it has proved very useful.
RESUMEN
Laryngeal tumours are not uncommon. Great majorities of cordal benign tumours are non-neoplastic. The important tumours are polyps and nodes, cysts, non-specific granulome of vocal process, papillary keratosis, laryngocoele and primary amyloiosis. These are mostly non-neoplostic tumours. Papiloma, Fibroma, Angioma, Chondroma, Adenoma, are the other varieties of laryngeal tumour which are neoplastie. Fibroma is mostly seen at the junction of middle and anterior thirds of the vocal lords. Fibromyxoma is a rare variety and can be confirmed by histopathology. Myxomatous tissue is invariably interspersed between fibrous tissue in fibromyxoma and their treatment is by complete endoscopie removal (Micro Laryngeal surgery) under anaesthesia.
RESUMEN
Foreign bodies in oesophagus are not uncommon. Due to natural anatomical constrictions foreign bodies get lodged invariably. Coins, bones, open safety pins, tumps of meat are commonly encountered in food pipe. Inhaled, swallowed or aspirated foreign body is a serious problem and on occasions can be fatal ( Schloss et al 1983). Many a time these accidental inhalations or aspirations of foreign bodies in children is neither observed nor suspected (Cohen et al 1980), Cases of long term impacted foreign bodies in oesophagus are uncommon and particularly round glass marble for a year is rarely reported. A rare case of impacted marble lying in mid oesophagus for one year is reported herewith.