A porous organic polymer for symmetric sodium dual-ion batteries through an adsorption-intercalation-insertion mechanism.

A porous organic polymer (POP) has been developed for dual-ion storage in all organic symmetric rechargeable batteries. The triphenylamine-pyrene-based POP could host sodium and hexafluorophosphate ions acting as the anode and the cathode, respectively, through the adsorption-intercalation and insertion mechanism. The current study highlights the concept of widening the potential window of a dual ion battery by judicious selection of the constituent moieties.

Copper/Zinc-Catalyzed Stitching of 2-Carbonylanilines with Bis(ynamides): Access to Pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolines and Its Photophysical Studies.

Herein, a one-pot desulfonylative protocol enabled by copper(II)/zinc(II) salts to access pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolines in good to excellent yields from 2-carbonylanilines and ynamide-derived buta-1,3-diynes has been reported. Significantly, various 2-carbonylanilines carrying reactive functional groups are well tolerated. Moreover, a gram-scale synthesis and synthetic application highlight the practical utility of the current protocol. Notably, the fluorescence properties of pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolines have been recorded, and their potential use as a fluorescent probe in the imaging of live cells has been demonstrated.

Unveiling autophagy and aging through time-resolved imaging of lysosomal polarity with a delayed fluorescent emitter.

Detecting the lysosomal microenvironmental changes like viscosity, pH, and polarity during their dynamic interorganelle interactions remains an intriguing area that facilitates the elucidation of cellular homeostasis. The subtle variation of physiological conditions can be assessed by deciphering the lysosomal microenvironments during lysosome-organelle interactions, closely related to autophagic pathways leading to various cellular disorders. Herein, we shed light on the dynamic lysosomal polarity in live cells and a multicellular model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), through time-resolved imaging employing a thermally activated delayed fluorescent probe, DC-Lyso. The highly photostable and cytocompatible DC-Lyso rapidly labels the lysosomes (within 1 min of incubation) and exhibits red luminescence and polarity-sensitive long lifetime under the cellular environment. The distinct variation in the fluorescence lifetime of DC-Lyso suggests an increase in local polarity during the lysosomal dynamics and interorganelle interactions, including lipophagy and mitophagy. The lifetime imaging analysis reveals increasing lysosomal polarity as an indicator for probing the successive development of C. elegans during aging. The in vivo microsecond timescale imaging of various cancerous cell lines and C. elegans, as presented here, therefore, expands the scope of delayed fluorescent emitters for unveiling complex biological processes.

Boosting Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation via Nanoarchitectonics Using Oxygen Vacancy Regulation in W-Doped Bi2MoO6 Nanosheets.

Ammonia and nitrates are key raw materials for various chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The conventional methods like Haber-Bosch and Ostwald methods used in the synthesis of ammonia and nitrates, respectively, result in harmful emission of gases. In recent years, the photocatalytic fixation of N2 into NH3 and nitrates has become a hot topic since it is a green and cost-effective approach. However, the simultaneous production of ammonia and nitrates has not been studied much. In this regard, we have synthesized W-doped Bi2MoO6 nanosheets in various molar ratios and demonstrated their potential as efficient photocatalysts for the simultaneous production of NH3 and NO3- ions under visible light irradiation. It was found that one of the catalysts (BMWO0.4) having an optimal molar ratio of doped tungsten showed the best photocatalytic NH3 production (56 µmol h-1) without using any sacrificial agents along with the simultaneous production of NO3- ions at a rate of 7 µmol h-1. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the synthesized photocatalysts could be ascribed to oxygen vacancy defects caused by Mo substitution by a more electronegative W atom. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations verified the alteration in the band gap after doping of W atoms and also showed a strong chemisorption of N2 over the photocatalyst surface leading to its activation and thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity. Thus, the present work provides insights into the effect of structural distortions on tailoring the efficiency of materials used in photocatalytic N2 fixation.

Structural Modulation of Nitrogen-Rich Covalent Organic Frameworks for Iodine Capture.

Developing efficient adsorbent materials for iodine scavenging is essential to mitigate the threat of radioactive iodine causing adverse effects on human health and the environment. In this context, we explored N-rich two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with diverse functionalities for iodine capture. The pyridyl-hydroxyl-functionalized triazine-based novel 5,5',5″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(pyridine-2-amine) (TTPA)-COF possesses high crystallinity (crystalline domain size: 24.4 ± 0.6 nm) and high porosity (specific BET surface area: 1000 ± 90 m2 g-1). TTPA-COF exhibits superior vapor-phase iodine adsorption (4.43 ± 0.01 g g-1) compared to analogous COF devoid of pyridinic moieties, 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TAPT)-COF. The high iodine capture by TTPA-COF is due to the enhanced binding affinity conferred by the extra pyridinic active sites. Furthermore, the crucial role of long-range order in porous adsorbents has been experimentally evidenced by comparing the performance of iodine vapor capture of TTPA-COF with an amorphous network polymer having identical functionalities. We have also demonstrated the high iodine scavenging ability of TTPA-COF from the organic and aqueous phases. The mechanism of iodine adsorption by the heteroatom-rich framework is elucidated through FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectral analyses. The present study highlights the need for structural tweaking of the building blocks toward the rational construction of advanced functional porous materials for a task-specific application.

UV-to-NIR Harvesting Conjugated Porous Polymer Nanocomposite: Upconversion and Plasmon Expedited Thioether Photooxidation.

Photocatalysts capable of harvesting a broad range of the solar spectrum are essential for sustainable chemical transformations and environmental remediation. Herein, we have integrated NIR-absorbing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) with UV-Vis absorbing conjugated porous organic polymer (POP) through the in situ multicomponent C-C coupling to fabricate a UC-POP nanocomposite. The light-harvesting ability of UC-POP is further augmented by loading plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNP) into UC-POP. A three-times enhancement in the upconversion luminescence is observed upon the incorporation of AuNP in UC-POP, subsequently boosting the photocatalytic activity of UC-POP-Au. The spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical investigations infer the enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of thioethers, including mustard gas simulant by UC-POP-Au compared to POP and UC-POP due to the facile electron-hole pair generation, suppressed exciton recombination, and efficient charge carrier migration. Thus, the unique design strategy of combining plasmonic and upconversion nanoparticles with a conjugated porous organic polymer opens up new vistas towards artificial light harvesting.

Unveiling the Long-Lived Emission of Copper Nanoclusters Embedded in a Protein Scaffold.

Protein-conjugated coinage metal nanoclusters have become promising materials for optoelectronics and biomedical applications. However, the origin of the photoluminescence, especially the long-lived excited state emission in these metal nanoclusters, is still elusive. Here, we unveiled the underlying mechanism of long-lived emission in albumin protein-conjugated copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) using steady state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Our findings reveal room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in protein-conjugated Cu NCs. Time-resolved area-normalized spectra distinguished short- and long-lived components, where the former arises from the singlet state and the latter from the triplet state, thus resulting in RTP. The similarity of the emission spectra at room (298 K) and cryogenic (77 K) temperature ascertains the RTP phenomenon by harvesting the higher-lying triplet states. Time-gated bioimaging of A549 cells using the long-lived emission not only supports RTP emission in the cellular environment but also provides exciting avenues in long-term bioimaging using bovine serum albumin-conjugated Cu NCs.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for deciphering the morphological evolution of supramolecular self-assembly.

The properties and functions of non-covalent interaction-driven fluorescent supramolecular self-assembly depend greatly on their evolution dynamics. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy have been used to elucidate the formation of molecular self-assembly. However, some pertinent issues, such as the drying or freezing of the sample for electron microscopy, the influence of the interactions between the tip and the sample in atomic force microscopy imaging, and the low spatial resolution of confocal laser scanning microscopy images, often impede the real-time analysis and exploration of the dynamics of molecular self-assembly processes. In this context, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy have recently been explored to unravel the physical picture of the in situ growth dynamics and stimuli-induced morphological transformation of luminescent self-assembled structures. The current highlight article demonstrates the need for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to acquire precise information on the dynamics and morphological evolution of fluorescent self-assembled architectures using a few remarkable recent studies. In addition to the current status and challenges, the future directions for the further exploration of dynamic self-assembly processes towards developing next-generation functional materials have been delineated.

Tailoring defects in SrTiO3 by one step nanoarchitectonics for realizing photocatalytic nitrogen fixation in pure water.

Surface contamination of materials by nitrogenous impurities is a major problem that can bias the quantification of ammonia in photocatalytic N2 fixation reactions. In this work, SrTiO3 nanocubes were prepared by using a nitrogenous precursor and engineered with Ti3+ sites and oxygen vacancy defects in a one-step solvothermal approach. It was observed that the synthesized materials were containing surface nitrogenous impurities and therefore a rigorous cleaning procedure was adopted to eliminate them to the best extent. The contribution of unavoidable surface impurities was deduced in the form of adventitious NH3 by employing control experiments and a realistic photocatalytic NH3 generation was achieved. It was found that pristine SrTiO3 showed no photocatalytic activity, whereas one of the defected SrTiO3 materials showed the highest NH3 formation under natural sunlight in pure water, which was ascribed to the tuned defect sites, enhanced surface area and efficient separation of photogenerated charges. Based on the experimental results, a stringent protocol has been suggested for materials synthesis while working with nitrogenous precursors and for subsequent photocatalytic N2 fixation experiments. Thus, the present study provides a simple and affordable procedure for catalyst synthesis for the studied application and expands the scope of perovskite oxide materials to fabricate efficient photocatalysts for sustainable NH3 production.

Pyridinium-Functionalized Ionic Porous Organic Polymer for Rapid Scavenging of Oxoanions from Water.

Metal oxoanions adversely affect the food chain through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Therefore, they are among the major freshwater contaminants that require immediate remediation. Although several adsorbents are developed over the years for sequestering these micropollutants, the selective removal of oxoanions remains still a formidable challenge. Herein, pyridinium and triazine-based ionic porous organic polymer, iPOP-Cl, developed through a Brønsted acid-catalyzed aminal formation reaction, is reported as a suitable anion exchange material for the selective removal of metal oxoanions from wastewater. The positively charged nitrogen centers, along with exchangeable chloride counter-ions in the porous polymer, allow facile oxoanion uptake. iPOP-Cl is found to be a selective scavenger of permanganate (MnO4 - ) and dichromate (Cr2 O7 2- ) from water in the presence of a high concentration of competing anions generally found in brackish water. The material exhibits fast sorption kinetics, a high uptake capacity (333 mg g-1 for MnO4 - and 358 mg g-1 for Cr2 O7 2- ), and excellent recyclability.

Transformation of an Imine Cage to a Covalent Organic Framework Film at the Liquid-Liquid Interface.

Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) opens up a fascinating route for the construction of well-organized supramolecular architectures, starting from organic molecular cages to crystalline macromolecular covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Herein, for the first time, we have manifested a facile room-temperature DCC-directed transformation of discrete organic imine cage-to-COF film at the liquid-liquid interface. The unfolding of the cage leading to the generation of imine intermediates, followed by their interface-assisted preorganization and subsequent growth of the COF film, are elucidated through detailed spectroscopic and microscopic investigations. The interfacial cage-to-COF transformation provides a facile route for the faster fabrication of free-standing COF films with high porosity and crystallinity, demonstrating excellent performance towards molecular sieving and high solvent permeance. Thus, the current study opens up a new route for structural interconversion between two crystalline entities with diverse dimensionality employing DCC at the confined interface.

N,N'-octyl biphenothiazine and dibenzothiophene dioxide-based soluble porous organic polymer for biphasic photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

A donor-acceptor-based soluble porous organic polymer (PzDBS) was fabricated using a flexible core composed of N,N'-octyl biphenothiazine and a rigid building unit involving dibenzothiophene dioxide. The soluble porous organic polymer was explored for aqueous-organic biphasic photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, introducing a promising avenue in the domain of porous polymer photocatalysts.

Molecular to Supramolecular Self-Assembled Luminogens for Tracking the Intracellular Organelle Dynamics.

Deciphering the dynamics of intracellular organelles has gained immense attention due to their subtle control over diverse, complex biological processes such as cellular metabolism, energy homeostasis, and autophagy. In this context, molecular materials, including small-organic fluorescent probes and their supramolecular self-assembled nano-/microarchitectures, have been employed to explore the diverse intracellular biological events. However, only a handful of fluorescent probes and self-assembled emissive structures have been successfully used to track different organelle's movements, circumventing the issues related to water solubility and long-term photostability. Thus, the water-soluble molecular fluorescent probes and the water-dispersible supramolecular self-assemblies have emerged as promising candidates to explore the trafficking of the organelles under diverse physiological conditions. In this review, we have delineated the recent progress of fluorescent probes and their supramolecular self-assemblies for the elucidation of the dynamics of diverse cellular organelles with a special emphasis on lysosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. Recent advancement in fluorescence lifetime and super-resolution microscopy imaging has also been discussed to investigate the dynamics of organelles. In addition, the fabrication of the next-generation molecular to supramolecular self-assembled luminogens for probing the variation of microenvironments during the trafficking process has been outlined.

Porous Organic Polymers: Promising Testbed for Heterogeneous Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Photocatalysis and Nonredox CO2 Fixation.

Catalysts play a pivotal role in achieving the global need for food and energy. In this context, porous organic polymers (POPs) with high surface area, robust architecture, tunable pore size, and chemical functionalities have emerged as promising testbeds for heterogeneous catalysis. Amorphous POPs having functionalized interconnected hierarchical porous structures activate a diverse range of substrates through covalent/non-covalent interactions or act as a host matrix to encapsulate catalytically active metal centers. On the other hand, conjugated POPs have been explored for photoinduced chemical transformations. In this personal account, we have delineated the evolution of various POPs and the specific role of pores and pore functionalities in heterogeneous catalysis. Subsequently, we retrospect our journey over the last ten years towards designing and fabricating amorphous POPs for heterogeneous catalysis, specifically photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated organic transformations and nonredox chemical fixation of CO2 . We have also outlined some of the future avenues of POPs and POP-based hybrid materials for diverse catalytic applications.

Nanostructured Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers: Morphological Evolution and Rapid Separation of Polar Organic Micropollutants.

Nanostructured hypercrosslinked porous organic polymers have triggered immense research interest for a broad spectrum of applications ranging from catalysis to molecular separation. However, it still remains a challenge to tune their nanoscale morphology. Herein, we demonstrated a remarkable variation of morphologies of triptycene-based hypercrosslinked microporous polymers starting from irregular aggregates (FCTP) to rigid spheres (SCTP) to two-dimensional nanosheets (SKTP) from three distinct polymerization methodologies, Friedel-Crafts knitting using an external crosslinker, Scholl reaction, and solvent knitting, respectively. Further, the dramatic role of reaction temperatures, catalysts, and solvents resulting in well-defined morphologies was elucidated. Mechanistic investigations coupled with microscopic and computational studies revealed the evolution of 2D nanosheets of a highly porous solvent-knitted polymer (SKTP, 2385 m2 g-1), resulting from the sequential hierarchical self-assembly of nanospheres and nanoribbons. A structure-activity correlation of hypercrosslinked polymers and their sulfonated counterparts for the removal of toxic polar organic micropollutants from water was delineated based on the chemical functionalities, specific surface area, pore size distribution, dispersity, and nanoscale morphology. Furthermore, a sulfonated 2D sheet-like solvent-knitted polymer (SKTPS) exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics (within 30 s) for a large array of polar organic micropollutants, including plastic components, steroids, antibiotic drugs, herbicides, and pesticides with remarkable uptake capacity and excellent recyclability. The current study provides the impetus for designing morphology-controlled functionalized porous polymers for task-specific applications.

Three in One: Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescence, Solid-State Emission, and Dual-Organelle Imaging Using a Pyrene-Benzophenone Derivative.

Small organic luminogens, owing to their contrasting stimuli-responsive fluorescence in solution along with strong emission in aggregated and solidstates, have been employed in optoelectronic devices, sensors, and bioimaging. Pyrene derivatives usually exhibit strong fluorescence and concentration-dependent excimer/aggregate emission in solution. However, the impacts of microenvironments on the monomer and aggregate emission bands and their relative intensities in solution, solid, and supramolecular aggregates are intriguing. The present study delineates a trade-off between the monomer and aggregate emissions of a pyrene-benzophenone derivative (ABzPy) in solution, in the solid-state, and in nanoaggregates through a combined spectroscopic and microscopic approach. The impact of external stimuli (viscosity, pH) on the aggregate emission was demonstrated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence anisotropy decay analysis. The aggregate formation was noticed at a higher concentration (>10 µM) in solution, at 77 K (5 µM), and in the solid-state due to the π-π stacking interactions (3.6 Å) between two ABzPy molecules. In contrast, no aggregate formation was observed in the viscous medium as well as in a micellar environment even at a higher concentration of ABzPy (50 µM). The crystal structure analysis further shed light on the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding-assisted solid-state emission, which was found to be highly sensitive toward external stimuli like pH and mechanical forces. The broad emission band comprising both monomer and aggregate in the aqueous dispersion of nanoaggregates was used for the specific cellular imaging of lysosomes and lipid droplets, respectively.

UV to NIR multistate electrochromism and electrofluorochromism in dibenzophenazine-arylamine derivatives.

An intriguing case of intramolecular and intervalence charge transfer-driven multistate electrochromism and electrofluorochromism in dibenzophenazin-(phenyl)methanone and arylamine-based redox-active donor-acceptor-donor molecules was elucidated. Tunable absorption from UV to NIR and on-off switching of fluorescence in a single-component all-organic molecular material by a subtle variation of electric potentials were demonstrated.

Two-dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electrochromic Switching.

The electrochromic materials have received immense attention for the fabrication of smart optoelectronic devices. The alteration of the redox states of the electroactive functionalities results in the color change in response to electrochemical potential. Even though transition metal oxides, redox-active small organic molecules, conducting polymers, and metallopolymers are known for electrochromism, advanced materials demonstrating multicolor switching with fast response time and high durability are of increasing demand. Recently, two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have been demonstrated as electrochromic materials due to their tunable redox functionalities with highly ordered structure and large specific surface area facilitating fast ion transport. Herein, we have discussed the mechanistic insights of electrochromism in 2D COFs and their structure-property relationship in electrochromic performance. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art knowledge for developing the electrochromic 2D COFs and their potential application in next-generation display devices are highlighted.

N,N'-bicarbazole-benzothiadiazole-based conjugated porous organic polymer for reactive oxygen species generation in live cells.

A π-conjugated porous organic polymer (BCzBz) was fabricated employing N,N'-bicarbazole and benzothiadiazole as molecular building units exhibiting broad visible light absorption. The photostable, water-dispersible, and cytocompatible BCzBz was demonstrated as an efficient probe for intracellular reactive oxygen species generation under photoirradiation.