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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is generally characterised by a complex aetiology, with several contributing causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, and congenital anomalies. This case report describes a three-year-old female suffering from traumatic temporomandibular ankylosis with retrognathia, severe mouth-opening restriction, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The present case highlights the difficulties with TMJ ankylosis, especially when access to healthcare is sought out late and delayed diagnosis is prevalent. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis and awake fiberoptic intubation were used in the surgical and anaesthetic management of this case, with the otorhinolaryngology team on standby to perform a tracheostomy if required, highlighting the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach in such cases. Patients with TMJ ankylosis have significant life-altering changes, including psychological stress, chewing difficulty, speech difficulties, facial distortion, and speech impediment. When OSA progresses, it also presents more health risks. For the purpose of treating TMJ ankylosis, avoiding serious problems, and enhancing patient well-being, prompt diagnosis and therapy are crucial. In order to optimise patient results, this case study highlights the need for knowledge and research in the treatment of TMJ ankylosis as well as the requirement of medical professionals working together in a synergistic way.
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As one of the most common cancers in the world, breast cancer management is fraught with difficulties. Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is one of the surgical procedures that is essential to the treatment of breast cancer. Cardiovascular issues, especially a reduced ejection fraction (EF), make these procedures more complex. Due to their increased vulnerability to adverse cardiac events during surgery, it is imperative to preserve hemodynamic stability and reduce physiological stress responses in these patients. A promising option in this changing field of anesthetic techniques is cervical epidural anesthesia (CEA). It effectively reduces hemodynamic fluctuations frequently linked to general anesthesia while providing analgesia. We report the case of an elderly patient with decreased EF and breast cancer scheduled for an MRM. To ensure the best possible outcomes in complex cases, the case report covers preoperative assessment, anesthesia technique, intraoperative management, and postoperative outcomes. This highlights the critical significance of customizing anesthesia and surgical procedures, informed consent, and meticulous postoperative pain management, and ultimately advocates for the broader implementation of CEA in such settings.
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Males are frequently affected by gynecomastia, a benign proliferative glandular tissue condition of the breast. Gynecomastia is usually treated with surgery to remove breast tissue. Using erector spinae plane block and thoracic segmental spinal anaesthesia in place of typical general anaesthesia during breast procedures has become more common in recent years. This case report presents the management of a 24-year-old male with long-standing left breast gynecomastia. Using a combination of erector spinae plane block and thoracic segmental spinal anaesthesia, the patient had the breast tissue excised. The regulation of the neuroendocrine stress response, lower need for analgesics after surgery, and decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting are among the many benefits of the anaesthetic methods. With better patient outcomes, fewer surgical complications, and efficient postoperative pain management, these methods offer a compelling substitute for general anaesthesia. The range of surgical scenarios in which these techniques can be applied could be expanded by additional research and clinical experience.
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Background Opioids, which have well-known adverse effects such as drowsiness paralytic ileus and respiratory depression, were mostly utilised to treat postoperative pain in the past. The increased incidence of side effects has led to a rise in interest in pain management techniques that spare opioids. Persistent abdominal pain following surgery has a major detrimental effect on patients' quality of life. While epidural analgesia is widely regarded as the gold standard to combat the pain that is present post abdominal surgeries, it is not devoid of drawbacks. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has developed as a potentially effective treatment for severe abdominal pain. The TAP block acts on the neuro-fascial plane between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles, which is innervated by spinal nerves from T6 to L1. Studies reveal that the addition of corticosteroids to bupivacaine in TAP blocks provides pain relief and improves the quality of life of the patient. Aims and objectives In this study, the effects of bupivacaine and corticosteroids, particularly dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, on chronic abdominal pain following surgery are examined. Assessing the quality of pain relief is the primary objective. Methodology Thirty patients who had undergone abdominal surgery and had been having persistent abdominal pain for six to eight months thereafter and had attempted unsuccessfully to treat the pain with alternative pain relief methods participated in the study. They were divided into two groups at random. Dexamethasone and bupivacaine were given to patients in Group D while methylprednisolone and bupivacaine were given to patients in Group M for ultrasonography (USG)-guided bilateral TAP blocks. At various intervals up to 12 weeks after injection, the patient's pain levels were measured using the visual analogue score (VAS), and their quality of life was assessed using the quality-of-life score. Results Patients in Group M experienced significantly less pain than those in Group D at the fourth, sixth, and 12th weeks of treatment. Furthermore, in the fourth, sixth, and 12th weeks, patients in Group M reported a superior quality of life in comparison to those in Group D. Conclusion Patients with persistent postoperative abdominal pain receiving bupivacaine and methylprednisolone in an ultrasonography-guided TAP block experience more effective and long-lasting pain relief than those who receive bupivacaine and dexamethasone. The quality of life for patients may be enhanced by using corticosteroids to optimise postoperative pain management strategies and lessen the need for opioids, as this study highlights.
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Background The study was done to determine the duration of postoperative analgesia brought on by incorporating intra-articular Bupivacaine with Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant following knee arthroscopies. Methods A prospective randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA classes I and II, between the ages of 20 and 60 years, undergoing arthroscopic surgeries of the knee under spinal anaesthesia. The patients were divided into group B and group D, each containing 30 patients. The participants in group B were administered Inj. Bupivacaine 0.5% 19 mL + 1 mL of normal saline intra-articularly and the participants in group D were administered Inj. Bupivacaine 0.5% 19 mL, Inj. Dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg and normal saline post-surgery. The number of analgesics used in the first 24 hours, pain levels using the visual analogue scale and the timing of administration of the first analgesic dose between the two study groups were evaluated. Results In comparison to the Bupivacaine group, the Dexmedetomidine group required fewer rescue analgesics. The visual analogue visual scale score in group B at four hours and six hours was 2.7 ± 1.39 and 2.9 ± 1.03, respectively, and in group D at four hours and six hours was 1.9 ± 1.09 and 1.83 ± 0.91. The visual analogue scale scores at these times were statistically significant. The visual analogue scale scores at 12 hours and 24 hours were statistically not significant. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine added to Intra-articular Bupivacaine provides an increased duration of postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing arthroscopic surgeries of the knee. The combination offers improved analgesia and reduces the overall dosage of rescue analgesics needed without causing substantial side effects.
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A typical spine is straight and symmetrical, with all of the vertebrae facing forward when viewed from the posterior. Scoliosis is a term used to describe a lateral deviation of the spine's normal vertical line that is greater than 10° on an X-ray. More severe curves are sometimes accompanied by medical issues such as increased back discomfort and cardiorespiratory difficulties along with the cosmetic components of the deformity. The test for spinal cord integrity prior to the widespread adoption of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) was the wake-up test. In this article, we review the challenges faced by anesthesiologists and surgeons during intraoperative monitoring and the importance of clinical assessment of surgical outcomes.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of chronic inflammatory arthritis affecting about 1% of the population. Females are more frequently affected than males. The aetiology of the disease is uncertain. Immunological, genetic and environmental factors play a role in the manifestations. The condition is characterised by a combination of articular symptoms and multi-organ involvement. These pose a wide array of difficulties in administering anaesthesia for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These patients are prone to have a problem in airway management due to arthritic changes in the cervical spine and temporomandibular joint and in the administration of neuraxial anaesthesia owing to changes occurring in the vertebral column. We present a case of a 45-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis posted for a vaginal hysterectomy. The patient had narrowed intervertebral spaces and was managed successfully by the use of ultrasonography to place an epidural catheter and for the administration of subarachnoid block for the conduct of the procedure.
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Pain associated with abdominal malignancies or metastasis can be very severe and can be intractable and resistant to conventional pharmacologic therapies. Typically, narcotics and non-narcotics are used in combination to alleviate the cancer pain, but these are often unsuccessful. Neurolysis and radio-frequency ablation of the celiac plexus and splanchnic nerves is being used with great success for management of the pain associated with abdominal malignancies with added advantages of improving quality of life, pain relief and decreased narcotic consumption. The tumor or associated lymphadenopathy may result in distortion of the celiac plexus anatomy, thus making it hard to reach the celiac plexus. In such cases, splanchnic nerve block can be employed with relative ease as compared to celiac plexus block. Given the nature of the debilitating pain associated with these conditions and inadequate pain relief with narcotics, these blocks are a boon in disguise to such patients with altered anatomy. Post administration of the splanchnic block, the functioning and quality of life of patients with abdominal malignancies improve. Hence, these blocks can be used to decrease the morbidity associated with abdominal malignancies.
