Mechanical properties of components of the bonding interface in different regions of radicular dentin surfaces.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The mechanical properties of the adhesive materials used in intraradicular treatments could vary according to the interaction between the restorative material and dentin substrate. An evaluation of these properties is essential to determine the success of the luting procedures performed on glass-fiber posts. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of dentin adhesives, resin cements, and the dentin that underlies the bonding interface in different thirds of intraradicular dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty extracted, single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. After the endodontic treatment of the post spaces, the teeth were divided into 5 groups (n=8): Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC, Excite DSC + RelyX ARC, Adper SE Plus + RelyX ARC, RelyX Unicem, and Set. The hardness and elastic modulus values were measured at the adhesive interface in different thirds of the radicular dentin by using an ultramicrohardness tester. The data were subjected to 2-way ANOVA and the Fisher protected least significant difference test (α=.05). RESULTS: In the underlying dentin, the highest Martens hardness values were found in the apical region for all groups; the exceptions were the groups with the self-etching adhesive. In the adhesive layer, the highest Martens hardness values were obtained for the Adper SE Plus + RelyX ARC group; further, no statistical differences were found among the different regions for this group. RelyX ARC had the lowest Martens hardness and elastic modulus values in the apical regions when used with Adper Single Bond 2 and Adper SE Plus. No differences were found in the Martens hardness and elastic modulus values for the self-adhesive resin cement in the regions investigated. CONCLUSION: The mechanical properties of adhesive materials and the underlying dentin are influenced by the interaction between the two as well as by the depth of the analyzed intraradicular area.

Microtensile bond strength of resin cements to caries-affected dentin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The bonding of resin materials to caries-affected dentin, especially self-adhesive cements, remains a challenge in dentistry. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of different resin cements to sound or caries-affected dentin at 24 hours and 6 months after the bonding procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six human molars were used, 18 sound and 18 affected by caries. Indirect composite resin blocks (Tescera) were bonded to dentin by using 3 different resin cements: RelyX ARC, Panavia F, and RelyX Unicem. A universal testing machine was used to measure the microtensile bond strength 24 hours and 6 months after the bonding procedure. Representative specimens were analyzed with a scanning electron microscopy. The results were submitted to 3-way analysis of variance and the Fisher test (α=.05). RESULTS: The highest values of microtensile bond strength were found with RelyX ARC for both tooth conditions (P<.001). There was no difference between RelyX Unicem and Panavia F (P>.05). There was no difference between caries-affected and sound dentin (P=.89). CONCLUSIONS: Caries did not influence the bonding strength of resin cements to dentin.

Can green tea be used to reverse compromised bond strength after bleaching?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of green tea on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to bleached enamel. Forty-two human third molars were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 7 each group): group 1, no treatment; group 2, bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide); group 3, bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate gel (SA); group 4, bleaching + 10% green tea gel (GT); group 5, SA; and group 6, GT. In groups 2, 3, and 4, bleach was applied onto the enamel surface for 6 h, every day for 14 d. In groups 3 and 5, SA was applied for 1 h; and in groups 4 and 6, GT was applied for 1 h. Immediately after treatment, the specimens were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 and Filtek Z350 XT. The µTBS of the specimens was tested using a universal testing machine. Fracture mode analysis of the bonded enamel surface was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The mean µTBS values for each group were: group 1, 33.2 ± 5.8 MPa; group 2, 22.6 ± 5.5 MPa; group 3, 30.0 ± 5.2 MPa; group 4, 31.6 ± 3.8 MPa; group 5, 29.1 ± 4.2 MPa; and group 6, 32.2 ± 4.5 MPa. All groups had a higher percentage of mixed failures. In conclusion, green tea can be used as an alternative antioxidant on bleached enamel before bonding procedures.

Effects of three restorative techniques in the bond strength and nanoleakage at gingival wall of Class II restorations subjected to simulated aging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of simulated aging in bond strength and nanoleakage of class II restorations using three different restorative techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class II preparations (n = 12) were restored using: FS - composite resin Filtek Supreme Plus (3M/ESPE); RMGIC + FS - resin-modified glass ionomer cement Vitrebond Plus (3M/ESPE) + FS; and FFS + FS - flowable composite resin Filtek Supreme Plus Flowable (3M ESPE) + FS. The teeth were assigned into two groups: Control and Simulated Aging - Thermal/Mechanical cycling (3,000 cycles, 20-80 °C/500,000 cycles, 50 N). From each tooth, two slabs were assessed to microtensile bond strength test (µTBS) (MPa), and two slabs were prepared for nanoleakage assessment, calculated as penetration along the restoration margin considering the penetration length (%) and as the area of silver nitrate particle deposition (µm(2)). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: FS presented the highest µTBS to dentin (22.39 ± 7.55 MPa) after simulated aging, while the presence of flowable resin significantly decreased µTBS (14.53 ± 11.65 MPa) when compared to no aging condition. Both control and aging groups of RMGIC + FS presented the highest values of silver nitrate penetration (89.90 ± 16.31 % and 97.14 ± 5.76 %) and deposition area (33.05 ± 12.49 and 28.08 ± 9.76 µm(2)). Nanoleakage was not affected by simulated aging. CONCLUSIONS: FS presented higher bond strength and lower nanoleakage and was not affected by simulated aging. Use of flowable resin compromised the bond strength after simulated aging. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of an intermediate layer did not improve the dentin bond strength neither reduced nanoleakage at the gingival margins of class II restorations under simulated aging conditions.

Effect of dentin surface modification on the microtensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements.

PURPOSE: To explore the potential to modify human dentin surface as a means of improving the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of resin cement to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sound human molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat to expose polished dentin. Indirect composite resin cylinders were cemented to the teeth with RelyX Unicem or G-Cem self-adhesive cements following dentin surface treatments: 6.5% grape-seed extract, 5% glutaraldehyde, or 25% polyacrylic acid and control (no pretreatment). After 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned into beams to produce a cross-sectional area of 1.0 mm(2). Specimens of each group (n = 25) were individually mounted on a jig and placed on a tensile testing machine. A tensile force was applied to failure at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. RESULTS: The use of polyacrylic acid on dentin prior to cementation with RelyX Unicem resulted in a statistically significant increase in µTBS compared to the control group (p= 0.0282). Polyacrylic acid (p= 0.0016) or glutaraldehyde (p= 0.0043) resulted in a statistically significant increase in µTBS of G-Cem to dentin when compared to the control group. Treatment with grape-seed extract did not result in a statistically significant increase in µTBS for either cement (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Priming dentin surfaces prior to the use of self-adhesive resin cements may be a promising means of improving µTBS. In addition, it was concluded that the results of this study are material dependent as well as being dependent of the type of dentin primer.

Effect of whitening and desensitizing dentifrices on composite surfaces treated with surface sealants.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of different dentifrices on the microhardness and surface roughness of composite surfaces covered by surface sealants. METHODS: Samples of Filtek P60 were made and divided into groups, in accordance with surface treatments: G1 - Fortify; G2 - Fortify Plus; G3 - control (none). For Knoop microhardness evaluation, the specimens were placed in a microdurometer, under a load of 50 g for 15 sec. The analyses of surface roughness were carried out individually in a profilometer. The specimens were submitted to toothbrushing using dentifrices: Colgate Maximum Protection Anti-caries, Colgate Whitening or Sensodyne, diluted in distilled water (1:3) for 30 000 cycles. RESULTS: The results showed that the control group (G3) presented the highest microhardness values. The control group presented, before toothbrushing, the lowest surface roughness values, and after toothbrushing there were no differences among the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of the lowest values of microhardness demonstrated the effectiveness of these sealant materials to support the abrasive wear.

Effect of bleaching on sound enamel and with early artificial caries lesions using confocal laser microscopy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of bleaching agents on sound enamel (SE) and enamel with early artificial caries lesions (CL) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Eighty blocks (4 x 5 x 5 mm) of bovine enamel were used and half of them were submitted to a pH cycling model to induce CL. Eight experimental groups were obtained from the treatments and mineralization level of the enamel (SE or CL) (n=10). SE groups: G1 - unbleached (control); G2 - 4% hydrogen peroxide (4 HP); G3 - 4 HP containing 0.05% Ca (Ca); G4 - 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (7.5 HP) containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). CL groups: G5 - unbleached; G6 - 4 HP; G7 - 4 HP containing Ca; G8 - 7.5 HP ACP. G2, G3, G6, G7 were treated with the bleaching agents for 8 h/day during 14 days, while G4 and G8 were exposed to the bleaching agents for 30 min twice a day during 14 days. The enamel blocks were stained with 0.1 mM rhodamine B solution and the demineralization was quantified using fluorescence intensity detected by CLSM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's tests (α=0.05). For the SE groups, the bleaching treatments increased significantly the demineralization area when compared with the unbleached group. In the CL groups, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05).The addition of ACP or Ca in the composition of the whitening products did not overcome the effects caused by bleaching treatments on SE and neither was able to promote remineralization of CL.

Effect of bleaching on sound enamel and with early artificial caries lesions using confocal laser microscopy

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of bleaching agents on sound enamel (SE) and enamel with early artificial caries lesions (CL) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Eighty blocks (4 x 5 x 5 mm) of bovine enamel were used and half of them were submitted to a pH cycling model to induce CL. Eight experimental groups were obtained from the treatments and mineralization level of the enamel (SE or CL) (n=10). SE groups: G1 - unbleached (control); G2 - 4% hydrogen peroxide (4 HP); G3 - 4 HP containing 0.05% Ca (Ca); G4 - 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (7.5 HP) containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). CL groups: G5 - unbleached; G6 - 4 HP; G7 - 4 HP containing Ca; G8 - 7.5 HP ACP. G2, G3, G6, G7 were treated with the bleaching agents for 8 h/day during 14 days, while G4 and G8 were exposed to the bleaching agents for 30 min twice a day during 14 days. The enamel blocks were stained with 0.1 mM rhodamine B solution and the demineralization was quantified using fluorescence intensity detected by CLSM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher’s tests (α=0.05). For the SE groups, the bleaching treatments increased significantly the demineralization area when compared with the unbleached group. In the CL groups, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05).The addition of ACP or Ca in the composition of the whitening products did not overcome the effects caused by bleaching treatments on SE and neither was able to promote remineralization of CL.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de agentes clareadores no esmalte sadio (ES) ou esmalte com lesão inicial de cárie artificial (LC), utilizando microscopia confocal laser de varredura (CLSM). Oitenta blocos (4 x 5 x 5 mm) de esmalte bovino foram usados, sendo que 40 destes foram desmineralizados com ciclagem de pH para induzir a LC. Oito grupos experimentais foram obtidos a partir dos tratamentos e condição do esmalte (ES ou LC), com n=10: Grupos ES: G1 - sem tratamento (controle); G2 - peróxido de hidrogênio 4% (PH4); G3: PH4 contendo 0,05% cálcio (Ca); G4 - peróxido de hidrogênio 7,5% (pH 7,5) contendo fosfato de cálcio amorfo (ACP). Grupos LC: G5 - não clareado; G6 - pH 4; G7 - pH 4 Ca; G8 - pH 7,5 ACP. Os grupos G2, G3, G6 e G7 foram tratados com o gel clareador por 8 h/dia durante 14 dias, enquanto as amostras dos grupos G4 e G8 foram submetidas ao agente clareador por 30 min/duas vezes ao dia, durante 14 dias. Os blocos de esmalte foram corados com solução de Rodamina B e a área fluorescente de desmineralização foi quantificada utilizando CLSM. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Para ES, os tratamentos clareadores aumentaram significativamente a área de desmineralização quando comparado com os grupos não clareados, entretanto, para LC não foi observado diferença estatística significante entre os grupos. A adição de ACP e Ca na composição dos géis clareadores não anulou os efeitos dos tratamentos clareadores no ES, assim como não teve capacidade de remineralizar o LC.

Effect of postpolymerization method on the color stability of composite resins submitted to ultraviolet aging.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of postpolymerization method on the color stability of resin-based composites. Samples of direct and indirect restorative materials were polymerized with two photo-curing units (Visio photo-curing oven system and LED Elipar Freelight 2). All samples were submitted to an initial chromatic analysis using a spectrometer and submitted to ultraviolet-accelerated artificial aging. The direct material showed less color change than the indirect material, independent of the photo-activation method used. Samples photo cured with the LED system showed less change than those photo cured with the Visio system. The postpolymerization oven did not improve the color stability of direct and indirect resin-based composites.

Changes in the stiffness of demineralized dentin following application of tooth whitening agents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bleaching agents on the elastic modulus of bovine demineralized dentin matrix (EMDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-five slices were obtained from 17 bovine teeth. The slices were divided randomly into five experimental groups (n = 17): unbleached control group (CG), 4% hydrogen peroxide (HP4), 4% hydrogen peroxide + 0.05% Ca (HP4 + Ca), 7.5% hydrogen peroxide + ACP (HP7.5) and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP10). The HP4, HP4 + Ca and CP10 groups were treated with the bleaching agents for 8 h/day (14 days), while the samples of HP7.5 group were exposed to bleaching agent for 30 min twice a day (14 days). The CG was kept in 100% humidity. After bleaching treatments, the enamel of the samples was removed and 85 dentin beams (0.5 × 1.7 × 7.0 mm) were prepared. Afterwards, the beams were immersed in 10% phosphoric acid solution (5 h) and rinsed with water (10 min). The beams were tested after 24 h, 7 and 14 days of storage in distilled water, using three-point bend method. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's test. RESULTS: All bleaching treatments reduced the EMDM. After 14 days post-bleaching, the EMDM increased for HP4 and HP4+Ca groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of bleaching agents promoted a decrease in EMDM, which indicates that the bleaching treatment interacts with the dentin organic matrix. The EMDM measurement for the specimens of the 7.5% hydrogen peroxide group that were immersed in water at 14 days post-bleaching did not recover the EMDM values when compared to the control group.

Effect of fluid resins on the surface roughness and topography of resin composite restorations analyzed by atomic force microscope.

The aim of the study was to verify the influence of surface sealants on the surface roughness of resin composite restorations before and after mechanical toothbrushing, and evaluate the superficial topography using atomic force microscope. Five surface sealers were used: Single Bond, Opti Bond Solo Plus, Fortify, Fortify Plus and control, without any sealer agent. The lowest values of surface roughness were obtained for control, Single Bond and Fortify groups before toothbrushing. Fortify and Fortify Plus were the sealer agents that support the abrasive action caused by the toothbrushing although Fortify Plus group remained with high values of surface roughness. The application of specific surface sealants could be a useful clinical procedure to maintain the quality of resin-based composite restorations.

The effect of dentin pretreatment on the microtensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Self-adhesive cements have lower bond strength than conventional resin cements that rely on the application of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tannic and polyacrylic acid on the microtensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen molar crowns were flattened to expose dentin and divided into 3 groups according to the dentin pretreatment: (1) control, without surface treatment; (2) 25% polyacrylic acid solution (Ketac Conditioner); (3) 20% tannic acid. Composite resin (Tescera) blocks were luted to dentin surfaces using 2 self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX Unicem or Maxcem Elite) (n=3). All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours, sectioned into beams (1 mm(2)), and tested to failure using a microtensile method at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD tests (α=.05). RESULTS: The polyacrylic acid significantly improved the microtensile bond strength of RelyX Unicem (14.92 ±4.94 MPa) when compared to the control group (8.35 ±1.99 MPa) and tannic acid treatment (8.38 ±2.67 MPa) (P<.001). Dentin surface treatment did not affect the microtensile bond strength of Maxcem Elite cemented groups (control, 8.45 ±3.21 MPa; polyacrylic acid, 9.53 ±9.95 MPa; tannic acid, 6.89 ±4.45 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: Dentin pretreatment with polyacrylic acid improved the microtensile bond strength of RelyX Unicem.

Colonisation of soft lining materials by micro-organisms.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the in vitro adherence of pathogenic micro-organisms, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to soft lining materials and their inhibitory effect on these micro-organisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure adherence, specimens of Molloplast B and Ufi Gel P were inoculated [10(7 )colony-forming units per millimetre (cfu/ml)] with TSB media containing the micro-organisms. To determine the number of micro-organisms in the 10(-2)-10(-5) dilutions, 25 microl of the suspension were transferred to plates of selective media. Colony counts of each specimen were quantified (cfu/ml). The surface roughness was measured with a perfilometer to assess the relationship between the adherence of micro-organisms and surface roughness of each material. For the inhibition test, specimens of materials were placed in agar plates inoculated individually with the micro-organisms. After 48 h, the inhibition zones around the specimens were measured. RESULTS: None of the materials exhibited inhibition zones. The number of cfu/ml of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were significantly greater than C. albicans for both materials. The Ufi Gel P exhibited greater adherence of C. albicans than Molloplast B. No correlation was observed between the adherence of micro-organisms and surface roughness. CONCLUSION: The surface roughness of the materials is not the only factor governing micro-organism adherence.

Influence of desensitizing agents on the microshear bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of desensitizing agents on the micro-shear bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin. Forty bovine teeth were divided into 8 groups (n=5): G1--Single Bond (SB); G2--GH.F + SB; G3-- Desensibilize + SB; G4--essensiv + SB; G5 --ingle Bond 2 (SB2); G6--H.E + SB2; G7--esensibilize + SB2; G8--Dessensiv + SB2. In all of the groups, the desensitizing agents were applied after phosphoric acid etching and before the dentin adhesive application. Z250 composite resin tubes were bonded on the treated surface. After 24 hours, the teeth were tested in a universal machine. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). The results showed that the groups where Desensibilize and Dessensiv were applied exhibited smaller bond strength values.

Associação entre otalgia, zumbido, vertigem e hipoacusia com desordens temporomandibulares / Association between otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo and hypoacusia, with temporomandibular disorders

Devido à coexistência de sinais e sintomas não específicos com outros bem estabelecidos no contexto das desordens temporomandibulares,torna-se difícil para o clínico decidir o que realmente deve ser incluído no diagnóstico e plano de tratamento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, por meio de uma revisão da literatura, a importância da ocorrência dos sintomas aurais de otalgia, zumbido, vertigem e hipoacusia em pacientes com desordem temporomandibular. Ainda que muitas teorias tenham sido relatadas para explicar a relação entre os sintomas aurais e as desordens temporomandibulares, a ampla variação entre os resultados dos estudos revisados dificulta o estabelecimento da prevalência desses sintomas concomitantemente às desordens temporomandibulares. Além disso, essa ocorrência não necessariamente implica em uma relação de causa-efeito. Devido às dificuldades de diagnóstico da relação entre os achados, diferentes tipos de tratamentos devem ser considerados para que os sintomas não específicos das desordens temporomandibulares também sejam efetivamente controlados. É imprescindível que o cirurgião-dentista conheça as possíveis etiologias dos sintomas aurais para saber se há uma provável associação com as desordens temporomandibulares e, assim, incluí-los no plano de tratamento.

Because nonespecific symptoms and signs are associated with others well-established in the temporomandibular disorders, it is difficult for the clinician to decide what symptoms and signs should be considered during the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Therefore, the aim of this literature review was to evaluate the prevalence of aural symptoms (otalgias, tinnitus, dizziness and deafness) in patients with orofacial pain. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the association between aural symptoms and temporomandibular disorders, the results of the previous studies differed in magnitude. For this reason, it is difficult to establish the prevalence of these aural symptoms concomitantly with temporomandibular disorders. Moreover, such relationship does not necessarily imply a cause-effect relationship. Because of the diagnosis complexity, different treatments must be considered, so the nonespecific symptoms of temporomandibular disorders can be effectively controlled as well. It is crucial for the the clinician to be aware of the possible etiology of aural symptoms, so he should determine if such symptoms may be associated with temporomandibular disorders and thus include them in the treatment.

Influence of surface sealants on microleakage of composite resin restorations.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of surface sealants and dentin adhesive systems on the microleakage of composite restorations. METHODS: Class V cavities were made on the buccal faces of 100 permanent third molars and restored with Z250. After 24 hours, they were submitted to polishing and finishing processes. The teeth were divided into groups according to the sealant agent: group 1--Single Bond; group 2--Opti Bond Solo Plus; group 3--Fortify; group 4--Fortify Plus; and group 5--control without sealant. The analysis of immediate microleakage was performed in 10 restorations from each group, soon after the sealing. The other 10 specimens from each group were submitted to tooth-brushing and thermal cycles. The teeth were isolated and immersed in 2% methylene blue solution, washed in tap water, and sectioned in the buccolingual direction. The percentage of marginal leakage was calculated using an image analysis program, and results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test. RESULTS: All the sealed groups demonstrated lower microleakage values compared to the control group. Group 3, sealed with Fortify, presented the lowest mean microleakage values. CONCLUSION: The application of surface sealants effectively decreased the microleakage in composite resin restorations.

In vitro evaluation of surface roughness of 4 resin composites after the toothbrushing process and methods to recover superficial smoothness.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficiency of repolishing, sealing with surface sealant, and the joining of both in decreasing the surface roughness of resin-based composites after a toothbrushing process. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ten specimens of each composite (Alert, Z100, Definite, and Prodigy Condensable), measuring 2 mm in thickness and 4 mm in diameter, were made and submitted to finishing and polishing processes on both sides of the specimens using the Sof-Lex system. The specimens were then subjected to toothbrushing (30,000 cycles), and surface roughness (Ra) was analyzed with a Surfcorder SE 1700 profilometer. The upper surface of each composite was etched with 37% phosphoric acid, and the surface-penetrating sealant Protect-it was applied on 1 surface. The roughness of these surfaces was again measured. On the other side, the surface of the specimen was repolished, and the efficiency of this procedure was measured using the profilometer. The surface roughness resulting from the joining of the 2 methods was verified by applying, in the final stage, the surface-penetrating sealant on the repolished surface. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey test (P <.05). RESULTS: Results showed that the lowest surface roughness values were obtained for Definite, Z100, and Prodigy Condensable after the repolishing process and after the repolishing plus sealing. For Alert, the joining of repolishing plus sealing promoted the lowest values of surface roughness. CONCLUSION: Of the resin-based composites, Alert demonstrated the highest values of surface roughness in all the techniques tested.

Effect of disinfection treatments on the hardness of soft denture liner materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of disinfection treatments with chemical solutions (2% glutaraldehyde, 5% sodium hypochlorite, and 5% chlorhexidine) and microwave energy on the hardness of four long-term soft denture liners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty rectangular specimens of four soft lining materials (Molloplast-B, Ufi Gel P, Eversoft, and Mucopren soft) were made for each material. Ten samples of each material were immersed in different disinfectant solutions for 10 minutes or placed in a microwave oven for 3 minutes at 500 W. The hardness values were obtained with a Shore A durometer, before the first disinfection cycle (control), and also after two cycles of disinfection. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p < 0.01). RESULTS: The highest value of hardness was obtained for Molloplast-B, independent of the disinfection technique. Mucopren soft demonstrated intermediate values and Ufi Gel P and Eversoft the lowest values of Shore A hardness. For Molloplast-B, the disinfection using glutaraldehyde demonstrated the highest value of hardness. The number of disinfections had no effect on the hardness values for all the materials studied and disinfection techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The application of two disinfection cycles did not change the Shore A hardness values for all the materials. The glutaraldehyde solution demonstrated the highest values of Shore A hardness for the Molloplast-B, Mucopren soft, and Ufi Gel P materials, while Eversoft did not present any differences in hardness when submitted to different disinfection treatments.

Efetividade microbiológica da desinfecção por microondas e seus efeitos sobre a dureza de materiais reembasadores macios / Effectiveness of microwave irradiation to sterilize soft denture lining materials and its effects on the hardness of these materials

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção utilizando energia por microondas sobre os materiais reembasadores macios Mollopast-B e Ufi Gel P contaminados com os microorganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa. Além disso, foi analisado o efeito desta técnica na dureza dos materiais reembasadores macios. Para avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção, foram confeccionados 200 corpos-de-prova de cada material sobre bases de resinas termopolimerizadas seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Os corpos-de-prova foram imersos meio de cultura TSB inoculados com os microrganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa e submetidos à desinfecção em microondas pelos tempos de 3, 4, 5 e 6 minutos a potência de 650W. Alíquotas da suspensão resultante das diluições seriadas de 10-2-10 -5 foram semeadas em placas de petri e após 48 h de incubação o número de colônias foi calculado (ufc/mL). Para a avaliação do efeito da desinfecção com energia por microondas sobre a dureza dos materiais, 40 corpos-de-prova de cada reembasador macio foram submetidos aos diferentes tempos de desinfecção em microondas (3, 4, 5 e 6 min). As mediadas de dureza foram realizadas com um durômetro shore A em diferentes períodos: imediatamente após a confecção dos corpos, 24, 48 h e após 7 dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: a ­ os tempos de 4, 5 e 6 minutos de irradiação com energia por microondas esterilizou os corpos-de-prova dos materiais Molloplast B e Ufi Gel P; b - 3 minutos de irradiação promoveu a desinfecção dos corposde-prova do material Molloplast B contaminados com B. subtilis, S. aureus e P. aeruginosa; c - a dureza apresentou maiores alterações nos tempos de desinfecção 5 e 6 min

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different times of exposure in microwave to disinfect two long-term soft lining materials (Molloplast B and Ufi Gel P) and the effects of this method on the hardness of these materials. Specimens of soft liners were made on an acrylic denture base resin and individually inoculated with C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa. After 24 hours at 37º C, 160 specimens of each material were individually submitted to microwave irradiation at 650 W for 3, 4, 5 and 6 minutes. Forty specimens were used as positive controls. Replicated specimens were plated on selective media appropriate for each microorganism. After incubation at 37ºC for 48 hours, colonies counts were quantified for each plated specimens (ufc/mL). To evaluate the effects of disinfection with microwave energy at different times of exposure on the hardness, fifty rectangular specimens (36 x 7 x 6 mm in thickness) were made for each material. Ten samples of each material were immersed in 200 mL of distilled water and disinfected in a microwave oven for 3, 4, 5 and 6 minutes at 650 W. The specimens were microwaved twice and hardness values were obtained with a Shore A durometer at different times: immediately after specimen fabrication and after 24, 48 hours and 7 days. Control specimens of each material were not disinfected and were maintained in distilled water during the role experimental period. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.01). The results showed that: asterilization was obtained at 6, 5 and 4 minutes of microwave irradiation for all specimens relined with Ufi Gel P and Molloplast B contaminated with all microorganisms; b- the specimens relined with Molloplast B contaminated with B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and irradiated for 3 minutes demonstrated growth after incubation; c- the 6 minutes of microwave disinfection promoted the lower shore A hardness mean values for Molloplast B material at immediate, 24 and 48 hours (p<0.01). For Ufi Gel P, 5 and 6 minutes of microwave disinfection produced a significant increase in hardness values after 24, 48 hours and 7 days (p<0.01) although there were no significant differences among them (p>0.01)

Efetividade microbiológica da desinfecção por microondas e seus efeitos sobre a dureza de materiais reembasadores macios / Effectiveness of microwave irradiation to sterilize soft denture lining materials and its effects on the hardness of these materials

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção utilizando energia por microondas sobre os materiais reembasadores macios Mollopast-B e Ufi Gel P contaminados com os microorganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa. Além disso, foi analisado o efeito desta técnica na dureza dos materiais reembasadores macios. Para avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção, foram confeccionados 200 corpos-de-prova de cada material sobre bases de resinas termopolimerizadas seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Os corpos-de-prova foram imersos meio de cultura TSB inoculados com os microrganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa e submetidos à desinfecção em microondas pelos tempos de 3, 4, 5 e 6 minutos a potência de 650W. Alíquotas da suspensão resultante das diluições seriadas de 10-2-10 -5 foram semeadas em placas de petri e após 48 h de incubação o número de colônias foi calculado (ufc/mL). Para a avaliação do efeito da desinfecção com energia por microondas sobre a dureza dos materiais, 40 corpos-de-prova de cada reembasador macio foram submetidos aos diferentes tempos de desinfecção em microondas (3, 4, 5 e 6 min). As mediadas de dureza foram realizadas com um durômetro shore A em diferentes períodos: imediatamente após a confecção dos corpos, 24, 48 h e após 7 dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: a – os tempos de 4, 5 e 6 minutos de irradiação com energia por microondas esterilizou os corpos-de-prova dos materiais Molloplast B e Ufi Gel P; b - 3 minutos de irradiação promoveu a desinfecção dos corpos-de-prova do material Molloplast B contaminados com B. subtilis, S. aureus e P. aeruginosa; c - a dureza apresentou maiores alterações nos tempos de desinfecção 5 e 6 min.