Consideration and Application of Lipoprotein(a) in the Risk Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults.

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is an low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle in which apolipoprotein (apo) B is covalently bound to a plasminogen-like molecule called apo(a). A High level of Lp(a) has been demonstrated to be an independent, causal, and prevalent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), as well as aortic valve disease, through mechanisms that promote atherogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis. With reliable and accessible assays, Lp(a) level has been established to be associated linearly with the risk for ASCVD. The 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Dyslipidemia Guidelines recommend measuring an Lp(a) level once in a person's lifetime as part of the initial lipid screening. The aim of this review is to provide an update and overview of the utility and application of Lp(a) level in the assessment and treatment of adults at risk for ASCVD, consistent with this guideline recommendation.

La lipoprotéine(a), ou Lp(a), est une lipoprotéine de basse densité dans laquelle l'apolipoprotéine B est liée de manière covalente à une molécule semblable au plasminogène, l'apolipoprotéine(a). On a démontré qu'un taux élevé de Lp(a) est un facteur de risque indépendant, causal et fréquent d'athérosclérose cardiovasculaire (ASCV) et de valvulopathie aortique, en raison de mécanismes qui favorisent l'athérogénèse, l'inflammation et la thrombose. Des épreuves fiables et accessibles ont permis d'établir que le taux de Lp(a) était associé de façon linéaire à un risque d'ASCV. Dans ses lignes directrices de 2021 sur la prise en charge de la dyslipidémie, la Société cardiovasculaire du Canada recommande de mesurer le taux de Lp(a) une fois au cours de la vie d'une personne, dans le cadre du dépistage initial des lipides. Le présent article vise à fournir une mise à jour et un compte rendu de l'utilité et de l'application du taux de Lp(a) dans l'évaluation et le traitement des adultes présentant un risque d'ASCV, conformément à cette recommandation issue des lignes directrices.

Pharmacist-Led Follow-Up Program for Rural Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: The PLURAL-ACS Pilot Program.

Background: Patients living in rural settings have poorer access to care and more frequent readmissions after treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) than patients in urban settings. It is unclear what types of medication-related issues are encountered by this cohort and whether pharmacist-led care could resolve them. Objectives: To describe the issues related to cardiac medications encountered by rural patients after treatment for ACS and the impact of a pharmacist-led virtual follow-up pilot program in this population. Methods: A quality improvement initiative was developed whereby a cardiology pharmacist provided follow-up to post-ACS rural patients in Alberta, Canada, between March and May 2022. For each patient, the pharmacist identified and resolved cardiac medication-related issues through regular telephone visits over a 30-day period following hospital discharge. The primary outcome was the number of cardiac medication-related issues identified. Secondary outcomes included the types of medication-related issues identified and actions taken by the pharmacist to resolve them. Results: During the 15-week program, 40 patients received care, and 139 virtual visits were completed. The median time spent per visit was 60 (interquartile range [IQR] 50-80) minutes. In total, 255 cardiac medication-related issues (6 per patient, IQR 3.75-8.25) were identified, of which 233 (91%) were resolved by the pharmacist. Prescription errors, adverse effects, and drug therapy optimization were the most common issues identified on days 1, 10, and 30, respectively. The pharmacist commonly undertook patient counselling (n = 126, 54%) and medication prescribing (n = 63, 27%) to address medication-related issues. Conclusions: A substantial number of cardiac medication-related issues were identified and resolved through a pharmacist-led virtual follow-up program in rural post-ACS patients. These findings could assist in the development of future follow-up programs to improve care for this high-risk population.

Contexte: L'accès des patients vivant en milieu rural aux soins est plus difficile et leur réadmission plus fréquente après un traitement pour le syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA) que les patients vivant en milieu urbain. On ne sait pas exactement quels types de problèmes liés aux médicaments rencontre cette cohorte et si les soins dispensés par les pharmaciens pourraient les résoudre. Objectifs: Décrire les problèmes liés aux médicaments cardiaques que rencontrent les patients vivant en milieu rural après un traitement pour le SCA et les effets d'un programme pilote de suivi virtuel dirigé par un pharmacien dans cette population. Méthodes: Une initiative d'amélioration de la qualité a été développée dans le cadre de laquelle un pharmacien en cardiologie a assuré le suivi des patients vivant en milieu rural après un SCA en Alberta, au Canada, entre mars et mai 2022. Pour chaque patient, le pharmacien a identifié et résolu les problèmes liés aux médicaments cardiaques grâce à des visites téléphoniques régulières sur une période de 30 jours après le congé de l'hôpital. Le critère de jugement principal était le nombre de problèmes identifiés liés aux médicaments cardiaques. Les critères de jugement secondaires comprenaient les types de problèmes liés aux médicaments identifiés et les mesures prises par le pharmacien pour les résoudre. Résultats: Au cours du programme de 15 semaines, 40 patients ont reçu des soins et 139 visites virtuelles ont été réalisées. La durée médiane de chaque visite était de 60 minutes (intervalle interquartile [IQR] 50­80). Au total, 255 problèmes liés aux médicaments cardiaques (6 par patient, IQR 3,75­8,25) ont été identifiés, dont 233 (91 %) ont été résolus par le pharmacien. Les erreurs de prescription, les événements indésirables et l'optimisation du traitement médicamenteux étaient les problèmes les plus fréquents les jours 1, 10 et 30, respectivement. Le pharmacien offrait généralement du counseling aux patients (n = 126, 54 %) et prescrivait des médicaments (n = 63, 27 %) pour résoudre les problèmes liés aux médicaments. Conclusions: Un nombre important de problèmes liés aux médicaments cardiaques ont été identifiés et résolus grâce à un programme de suivi virtuel dirigé par un pharmacien chez les patients vivant en milieu rural après un SCA. Ces résultats pourraient aider à élaborer de futurs programmes de suivi pour améliorer les soins dans cette population à haut risque.

2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults.

The 2021 guidelines primary panel selected clinically relevant questions and produced updated recommendations, on the basis of important new findings that have emerged since the 2016 guidelines. In patients with clinical atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, most patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and those with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/L, statin therapy continues to be recommended. We have introduced the concept of lipid/lipoprotein treatment thresholds for intensifying lipid-lowering therapy with nonstatin agents, and have identified the secondary prevention patients who have been shown to derive the largest benefit from intensification of therapy with these agents. For all other patients, we emphasize risk assessment linked to lipid/lipoprotein evaluation to optimize clinical decision-making. Lipoprotein(a) measurement is now recommended once in a patient's lifetime, as part of initial lipid screening to assess cardiovascular risk. For any patient with triglycerides ˃ 1.5 mmol/L, either non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or apolipoprotein B are the preferred lipid parameter for screening, rather than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We provide updated recommendations regarding the role of coronary artery calcium scoring as a clinical decision tool to aid the decision to initiate statin therapy. There are new recommendations on the preventative care of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Health behaviour modification, including regular exercise and a heart-healthy diet, remain the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention. These guidelines are intended to provide a platform for meaningful conversation and shared-decision making between patient and care provider, so that individual decisions can be made for risk screening, assessment, and treatment.

Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and Major Adverse Coronary Events in Patients with Diabetes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is associated with a higher risk of major adverse coronary events (MACE) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Guidelines recommend disparate targets for glycemic control of patients with diabetes who have undergone CABG, ranging from a target hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of < 7.0% to 7.1-8.5%, based on data from non-CABG patients. To date, no study has evaluated the long-term impact of HbA1c concentrations on MACE post-CABG. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HbA1c and MACE in CABG patients with diabetes. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI2D) trial, which enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, restricted to participants who underwent CABG with ≥ 1 HbA1c measurement post-CABG, was performed. The index date was date of first post-CABG HbA1c measurement. The primary outcome was MACE (composite of death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or repeat revascularization). Secondary outcomes included MACE components and heart failure. Cox proportional hazards models treating HbA1c as a time-dependent exposure (reference group: HbA1c 6.1-7.0%) were used to derive hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals adjusting for age, sex and baseline characteristics selected by stepwise regression. RESULTS: A total of 549 patients were followed over a median 3.5 years. The median age of the cohort was 64 years, 25.1% were female, and median baseline HbA1c was 6.7%. Compared to achieving an HbA1c 6.1-7.0%, HbA1c > 8.0% was associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR 1.77, 1.01-3.10). This association was strongest for unstable angina (HR 5.21, 1.03-26.39). Achieving an HbA1c ≤ 6.0% was associated with an increased risk of death (HR 2.41, 1.01-5.74). Other comparisons were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Among patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent CABG, achieving HbA1c 6.1-7.0% was associated with a lower risk of MACE and unstable angina versus achieving an HbA1c > 8.0% and lower risk of death versus achieving an HbA1c ≤ 6.0%.

Switching to Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Managed With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Initially Treated With Prasugrel or Ticagrelor: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of switching from ticagrelor or prasugrel to clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients managed with percutaneous coronary intervention on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and bleeding. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, bibliographies of relevant articles, and clinicaltrials.gov for eligible articles published from inception to January 27, 2019. Study Selection and Data Extraction: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort and case-control studies that reported on ≥1 outcome of interest. Primary outcomes were MACE and major bleeding, and the secondary outcome was any bleeding. Data Synthesis: From 483 articles, we included 7 relevant studies (2 RCTs, 5 cohort studies) at high/unclear risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analysis revealed inconclusive effects on MACE (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.59-1.68; I2 = 82%), major bleeding (HR = 0.51; 0.19-1.35; I2 = 91%), and any bleeding (HR = 0.64; 0.38-1.07; I2 = 85%). Similar nonsignificant results were obtained in secondary analyses evaluating risk ratios. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Ticagrelor and prasugrel, are now considered preferred therapy over clopidogrel in patients with ACS. Switching from these potent P2Y12 inhibitors to clopidogrel is commonly performed to reduce bleeding risk, other adverse effects, or costs. Current best-available evidence is inconclusive regarding the effects of switching to clopidogrel on the risk of MACE and bleeding. Overall, studies were underpowered to detect clinically important differences. Conclusions: Until adequately powered trials demonstrate an advantage to switching to clopidogrel from prasugrel or ticagrelor, clinicians may consider this approach as clinically indicated on an individual, case-by-case basis.

Comparison of Preventive Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy in Surgical vs Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Data suggest that patients who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have a lower rate of secondary preventive cardiovascular pharmacotherapy use compared with patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study sought to assess the rate of use of preventive pharmacotherapy at discharge in patients who underwent CABG vs PCI post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at St Paul's Hospital in Vancouver, Canada. Patients aged ≥ 18 years who presented with an ACS and underwent CABG or PCI between January and November 2018 were included. Data on preventive pharmacotherapy use and reasons for justified nonuse (eg, intolerance, contraindication) were collected. RESULTS: A total of 275 patients were included. Mean age was 65 years, and 83% were male. Overall, 141 patients (51%) underwent CABG and 134 patients (49%) underwent PCI. All patients received acetylsalicylic acid, but more patients who underwent CABG received 325 mg (vs 80-81 mg) compared to PCI (25% vs 1%, P < 0.01). Use of P2Y12 inhibitors was higher in patients who underwent PCI (primarily ticagrelor) compared with patients who underwent CABG (primarily clopidogrel) (99% vs 26%, P < 0.01). All patients who underwent CABG received a ß-blocker vs 96% of patients who underwent PCI (P = 0.017). Use of angiotensin-modulating agents was higher in patients who underwent PCI (98% vs 65%, P < 0.01). Statin use was similar between groups (99% vs 99%, P = 0.96), but more patients who underwent PCI received maximum-dose therapy (89% vs 64%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Use of acetylsalicylic acid, ß-blockers, and statins in patients post-ACS was high regardless of revascularization strategy, whereas P2Y12 inhibitors and angiotensin-modulating agents were underused in patients who underwent CABG even after adjusting for justified nonuse.

CONTEXTE: Les données semblent indiquer que le taux de recours à une pharmacothérapie cardiovasculaire en prévention secondaire est plus faible chez les patients qui subissent un pontage aortocoronarien (PAC) que chez ceux qui subissent une intervention coronarienne percutanée (ICP). Les auteurs ont tenté d'évaluer le taux de recours à une pharmacothérapie préventive à la sortie de l'hôpital après un syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA) chez les patients ayant subi un PAC et chez ceux ayant subi une ICP. MÉTHODE: Une étude de cohorte prospective a été menée à l'hôpital St. Paul de Vancouver, au Canada. Ont été inclus les patients âgés de 18 ans ou plus ayant présenté un SCA traité par un PAC ou par une ICP entre janvier et novembre 2018. Des données sur le recours à une pharmacothérapie préventive et les raisons justifiant le non-recours à une telle thérapie (p. ex. intolérance, contre-indication) ont été recueillies. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 275 patients ont été retenus. Les sujets avaient en moyenne 65 ans, et 83 % d'entre eux étaient des hommes. Dans l'ensemble, 141 patients (51 %) ont subi un PAC et 134 (49 %), une ICP. Tous les patients ont reçu de l'acide acétylsalicylique, mais les patients ayant subi un PAC ont été plus nombreux à recevoir une dose de 325 mg plutôt qu'une dose de 80-81 mg que chez les patients ayant subi une ICP (25 % vs 1 %, p < 0,01). L'emploi d'inhibiteurs du récepteur P2Y12 était plus fréquent chez les patients ayant subi une ICP (principalement le ticagrélor) que chez les patients ayant subi un PAC (principalement le clopidogrel) (99 % vs 26 %, p < 0,01). Tous les patients qui ont subi un PAC ont aussi reçu un bêtabloquant, comparativement à 96 % des patients qui ont subi une ICP (p < 0,017). L'emploi d'agents modulateurs de l'angiotensine était plus fréquent chez les patients ayant subi une ICP (98 % vs 65 %, p < 0,01). L'emploi de statines était comparable dans les deux groupes (99 % vs 99 %, p = 0,96), mais un plus grand nombre de patients ayant subi une ICP ont reçu un traitement à la dose maximale (89 % vs 64 %, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONS: Le recours à l'acide acétylsalicylique, aux bêtabloquants et aux statines chez les patients ayant subi un SCA était élevé quelle que soit la stratégie de revascularisation, tandis que les inhibiteurs du récepteur P2Y12 et les agents modulateurs de l'angiotensine étaient sous-utilisés chez les patients ayant subi un PAC, même lorsqu'on tenait compte des cas de non-utilisation justifiée.

Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update 2018.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common monogenic disorder causing premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It affects 1 in 250 individuals worldwide, and of the approximately 145,000 Canadians estimated to have FH, most are undiagnosed. Herein, we provide an update of the 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on FH addressing the need for case identification, prompt recognition, and treatment with statins and ezetimibe, and cascade family screening. We provide a new Canadian definition for FH and tools for clinicians to make a diagnosis. The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with "definite" FH is 10- to 20-fold that of a normolipidemic individual and initiating treatment in youth or young adulthood can normalize life expectancy. Target levels for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are proposed and are aligned with the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines on dyslipidemia. Recommendation for the use of inhibitors of proprotein convertase kexin/subtilisin type 9 are made in patients who cannot achieve therapeutic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets on maximally tolerated statins and ezetimibe. The writing committee used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology in the preparation of the present document, which offers guidance for practical evaluation and management of patients with FH. This position statement also aims to raise awareness of FH nationally, and to mobilize patient support, promote knowledge translation, and availability of treatment and health care resources for this under-recognized, but important medical condition.

Cardiovascular Efficacy and Safety of PCSK9 Inhibitors: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Including the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are efficacious lipid-lowering agents, but more precise estimates of their effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), mortality, and safety are needed. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed randomized controlled trials with durations ≥ 6 months comparing MACE, mortality, and safety with PCSK9 inhibitors vs control. We searched CENTRAL, Embase, MedLine and the grey literature to November 7, 2018. From 2048 articles, we included 23 trials (n = 60,723). PCSK9 inhibitors reduced MACE (relative risk, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.88), but did not clearly reduce mortality (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-1.02) or increase adverse events. In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibitors reduce nonfatal MACE, are well tolerated, but effects on mortality remain unclear.

Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update

This guideline is directed to primary health care providers caring for Canadian adults who have or are at risk of developing chronic cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure and stroke, and the risk factors for these conditions, including smoking, obesity and physical inactivity. The purpose of the C-CHANGE guideline is to bring together a comprehensive set of recommendations drawn from the nine participating guideline groups applicable to the care of people with multiple comorbidities. The aim is also to do this with sufficient rigour that health care practitioners and patients have confidence in the C-CHANGE process, as well as in the guidelines from the nine participating groups.