From bedside to benchmarks: A physician-scientist workforce dashboard for biomedical research institutions.

INTRODUCTION: There is growing concern about the declining physician-scientist workforce. NIH recently provided a national dashboard describing the biomedical research workforce, but local strategies are needed. METHODS: We used curated local and national data to develop a workforce dashboard. RESULTS: Many trends at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) were similar to those nationally, such as the increasing percentage of Research Project Grant (RPG)-holding PhDs and the aging RPG population, but differences were also apparent. At OHSU, nearly ¾ of physician-scientist RPGs hold MD-only, compared with nationally, where nearly half are MD/PhD. OHSU also lags in the percentage of RPGs held by women physician-scientists. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis also permitted us to gain a more complete picture of research funding that has been done nationally. We used these data to develop a dashboard that allows our institution to develop policies to increase the numbers of physician-scientists. The data generation approaches and dashboard are likely to be useful at other institutions, as well.

Comparing Healthcare Costs Associated with Oral and Subcutaneous Methotrexate or Biologic Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is the primary disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Optimizing the use of oral and subcutaneous MTX may delay the use of expensive biologic therapies; the effect of such a delay on overall medical costs is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the 5-year healthcare costs of treatment pathways for patients with RA who initiate oral MTX in the United States. METHODS: We identified patients with RA in the Symphony Health Solutions database (Integrated Dataverse) who initiated treatment with oral MTX in 2009 and had RA-related claims for each year through 2014. We then grouped the patients into 4 treatment cohorts, including those who (1) continued to use oral MTX, (2) switched to subcutaneous MTX, (3) switched to subcutaneous MTX and then added or switched to a biologic therapy, and (4) added or switched to a biologic therapy. The costs (in 2015 US dollars) for pharmaceuticals, office visits, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits were estimated for each cohort. RESULTS: Of the total 35,640 patients in this study, 15,599 patients continued to use oral MTX, with an average cost of $47,464 per patient in the full study period; 1802 patients switched to subcutaneous MTX, with an average per-patient cost of $59,058; 711 patients switched to subcutaneous MTX and then added or switched to a biologic agent, with an average per-patient cost of $175,391 and a mean time to a biologic use of 1184 days; and 17,528 patients added or switched to a biologic from oral MTX, with an average per-patient cost of $212,595 and a mean time to a biologic use of 478 days. Biologic treatments were responsible for the cost differences between the cohorts; the nondrug costs were similar across the groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings that patients who switched to subcutaneous MTX incurred lower costs than patients who only used oral MTX before using biologics may provide useful information for patients and providers who are choosing between continued MTX use and adding or switching to a biologic based on treatment guidelines.

Delays in treatment intensification with oral antidiabetic drugs and risk of microvascular and macrovascular events in patients with poor glycaemic control: An individual patient simulation study.

AIMS: To use the Archimedes model to estimate the consequences of delays in oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) treatment intensification on glycaemic control and long-term outcomes at 5 and 20 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using real-world data, we modelled a cohort of hypothetical patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥8%, on metformin, with no history of insulin use. The cohort included 3 strata based on the number of OADs taken at baseline. The first add-on in the intensification sequence was a sulphonylurea, next was a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and last, a thiazolidinedione. The scenarios included either no delay or delay, based on observed and extrapolated times to intensification. RESULTS: At 1 year, HbA1c was 6.8% for patients intensifying without delay, and 8.2% for those delaying intensification. For no delay vs delay, risks of major adverse cardiac events, myocardial infarction, heart failure and amputations were reduced by 18.0%, 25.0%, 13.7%, and 20.4%, respectively, at 5 years; severe hypoglycaemia risk, however, increased to 19% for the no delay scenario vs 12.5% for delay. At 20 years, the results showed similar trends to those at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Timing of intensification of OAD therapy according to guideline recommendations led to greater reductions in HbA1c and lower risks of complications, but higher risks of hypoglycaemia than delaying intensification. These results highlight the potential impact of timely treatment intensification on long-term outcomes.