2D nanomaterials-based delivery systems and their potentials in anticancer synergistic photo-immunotherapy.

As the field of cancer therapeutics evolves, integrating two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with photo-immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach with significant potential to augment cancer treatment efficacy. These 2D nanomaterials include graphene-based 2D nanomaterials, 2D MXenes, 2D layered double hydroxides, black phosphorus nanosheets, 2D metal-organic frameworks, and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. They exhibit high load capacities, multiple functionalization pathways, optimal biocompatibility, and physiological stability. Predominantly, they function as anti-tumor delivery systems, amalgamating diverse therapeutic modalities, most notably phototherapy and immunotherapy, and the former is a recognized non-invasive treatment modality, and the latter represents the most promising anti-cancer strategy presently accessible. Thus, integrating phototherapy and immunotherapy founded on 2D nanomaterials unveils a novel paradigm in the war against cancer. This review delineates the latest developments in 2D nanomaterials as delivery systems for synergistic photo-immunotherapy in cancer treatment. We elaborate on the burgeoning realm of photo-immunotherapy, exploring the interplay between phototherapy and enhanced immune cells, immune response modulation, or immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Notably, the strategies to augment photo-immunotherapy have also been discussed. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of these 2D nanomaterials in photo-immunotherapy.

PiRNA-4447944 promotes castration-resistant growth and metastasis of prostate cancer by inhibiting NEFH expression through forming the piRNA-4447944-PIWIL2-NEFH complex.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the leading cause of prostate cancer (PCa)-related death in males, which occurs after the failure of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are crucial regulators in many human cancers, but their expression patterns and roles in CRPC remain unknown. In this study, we performed small RNA sequencing to explore CRPC-associated piRNAs using 10 benign prostate tissues, and 9 paired hormone-sensitive PCa (HSPCa) and CRPC tissues from the same patients. PiRNA-4447944 (piR-4447944) was discovered to be highly expressed in CRPC group compared with HSPCa and benign groups. Functional analyses revealed that piR-4447944 overexpression endowed PCa cells with castration resistance ability in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of piR-4447944 using anti-sense RNA suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Additionally, enforced piR-4447944 expression promoted in vitro migration and invasion of PCa cells, and reduced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, piR-4447944 bound to PIWIL2 to form a piR-4447944/PIWIL2 complex and inhibited tumor suppressor NEFH through direct interaction at the post-transcriptional level. Collectively, our study indicates that piR-4447944 is essential for prostate tumor-propagating cells and mediates androgen-independent growth of PCa, which extends current understanding of piRNAs in cancer biology and provides a potential approach for CRPC treatment.

Construction and validation of a predictive model for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty.

The aim was to investigate the independent risk factors for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty, and to establish a nomogram prediction model accordingly. Data were collected from total knee replacement patients from January 2022 to December 2023 in our hospital. Unifactorial and multifactorial logistic regression analyses were used to determine the independent risk factors for lower extremity DVT after total knee arthroplasty and to establish the corresponding nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted and the area under the curve was calculated, and the calibration curves and decision curves were plotted to evaluate the model performance. A total of 652 patients with total knee arthroplasty were included in the study, and 142 patients after total knee arthroplasty developed deep veins in the lower extremities, with an incidence rate of 21.78%. After univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, a total of 5 variables were identified as independent risk factors for lower extremity DVT after total knee arthroplasty: age > 60 years (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.23-3.91), obesity (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.10-1.96), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.23-2.46), D-dimer > 0.5 mg/L (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.07-1.78), and prolonged postoperative bed rest (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.15-3.44). the nomogram constructed in this study for lower extremity DVT after total knee arthroplasty has good predictive accuracy, which helps physicians to intervene in advance in patients at high risk of lower extremity DVT after total knee arthroplasty.

A comparative study on 3D printing-assisted arthroscopic IDEAL point femoral tunnel positioning for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction versus conventional arthroscopic positioning.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and precision of using a 3D-printed template for femoral tunnel placement in guiding the optimal positioning of the Internal anatomical stop and Low tension maintenance (IDEAL) bone tunnel during single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 40 patients who underwent arthroscopic single-bundle ACL reconstruction at our hospital between April 2021 and November 2021. In the direct vision group, the IDEAL bone tunnel was positioned using radiofrequency localization directly visualized at the stump. In the 3D-printed positioning group, preoperative CT scans and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data were employed. Following the Quadrant method by Bernard, the femoral tunnel's depth was set at 25% and its height at 29%. Postoperative plain CT scans enabled the reconstruction of 3D models for both groups. The accuracy of femoral tunnel placement was then compared. RESULTS: The central locations of the bone tunnels in the direct vision group were at a mean depth of 25.74 ± 1.84% and a height of 29.22 ± 2.97%. In the 3D printing localization group, these values were 25.39 ± 2.98% for depth and 28.89 ± 2.50% for height, respectively. No significant differences were found in tunnel positioning between the groups. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC) and Lysholm scores postoperatively, with no significant differences observed 12 months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that 3D printing-assisted arthroscopic IDEAL point femoral tunnel positioning and conventional arthroscopic positioning are feasible and effective for ACL reconstruction. Using 3D printing technology to design femoral anchor points in ACL reconstruction allows for the customization of anterior fork reconstruction and precise bone tunnel positioning, supporting the goal of individualized and accurate reconstruction.

Improving Miscibility of Polymer Donor and Polymer Acceptor by Reducing Chain Entanglement for Realizing 18.64% Efficiency All Polymer Solar Cells.

All-polymer solar cells have experienced rapid development in recent years by the emergence of polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs). However, the strong chain entanglements of polymer donors (PDs) and polymer acceptors (PAs) decrease the miscibility of the resulting polymer mixtures, making it challenging to optimize the blend morphology. Herein, we designed three PAs, namely PBTPICm-BDD, PBTPICγ-BDD and PBTPICF-BDD, by smartly using a BDD unit as the polymerized unit to copolymerize with different Y-typed non-fullerene small molecular acceptors (NF-SMAs), thus achieving a certain degree of distortion and giving the polymer system enough internal space to reduce the entanglements of the polymer chains. Such effects increase the chances of the PD being interspersed into the acceptor material, which improve the solubility between the PD and PA. The PBTPICγ-BDD and PBTPICF-BDD displayed better miscibility with PBQx-TCl, leading to a well optimized morphology. As a result, high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.50% and 17.17% were achieved for PBQx-TCl:PBTPICγ-BDD and PBQx-TCl:PBTPICF-BDD devices, respectively. With the addition of PYF-T-o as the third component into PBQx-TCl:PBTPICγ-BDD blend to further extend the absorption spectral coverage and finely tune microstructures of the blend morphology, a remarkable PCE of 18.64% was realized finally.

Cationic liposomes as a drug-free system for efficient anticancer therapy by intracytoplasmic delivery of sodium bicarbonate.

Developing the delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy and low side effects is of great interest and significance for anticancer therapy. Compared to the high cost in synthesizing new chemotherapeutic drugs, exploring the anticancer potentials of existing chemicals is more convenient and efficient. Sodium bicarbonate (BC), a simple inorganic salt, has shown its tumor inhibition capacity via regulating the acidity of tumor microenvironment. However, the effects of intracytoplasmic BC on tumor growth and the potentials of BC to serve as an anticancer agent are still unknown. Herein, we developed a BC-loaded cationic liposome system (BC-CLP) to deliver BC into the cytosol of cancer cells. The in vitro studies showed that the BC-CLP containing 1% BC (w/v) had a size of 112.9 nm and a zeta potential of 19.1 mV, which reduced the viability of the model cancer cells (human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells) to 13.7%. In contrast, the neutral BC-LP caused less than 50% viability reduction. We further found that BC-CLP released BC directly into cytoplasm via membrane fusion pathway rather than endocytosis, leading to the remarkable increase of cytosolic pH, which may contribute to the anticancer effect of BC-CLP. Our findings indicate that BC-CLP is a potential system for high-efficiency cancer therapy without causing drug-related side effects or resistance.

Nanomaterials-based advanced systems for photothermal / photodynamic therapy of oral cancer.

The traditional clinical approaches for oral cancer consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and so on. However, these treatments often induce side effects and exhibit limited efficacy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) emerges as a promising adjuvant treatment, utilizing photothermal agents (PTAs) to convert light energy into heat for tumor ablation. Another innovative approach, photodynamic therapy (PDT), leverages photosensitizers (PSs) and specific wavelength laser irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering an effective and non-toxic alternative. The relevant combination therapies have been reported in the field of oral cancer. Simultaneously, the advancement of nanomaterials has propelled the clinical application of PTT and PDT. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of PTT and PDT is required for better application in oral cancer treatment. Here, we review the use of PTT and PDT in oral cancer, including noble metal materials (e.g., Au nanoparticles), carbon materials (e.g., graphene oxide), organic dye molecules (e.g., indocyanine green), organic molecule-based agents (e.g., porphyrin-analog phthalocyanine) and other inorganic materials (e.g., MXenes), exemplify the advantages and disadvantages of common PTAs and PSs, and summarize the combination therapies of PTT with PDT, PTT/PDT with chemotherapy, PTT with radiotherapy, PTT/PDT with immunotherapy, and PTT/PDT with gene therapy in the treatment of oral cancer. The challenges related to the PTT/PDT combination therapy and potential solutions are also discussed.

Preparation of protein-stabilized Litsea cubeba essential oil nano-emulsion by ultrasonication: Bioactivity, stability, in vitro digestion, and safety evaluation.

Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) has garnered widespread attention due to its robust biological activity. However, challenges such as high volatility, limited water solubility, and low bioavailability impede its application. Nano-emulsion encapsulation technology offers an effective solution to these issues. In this study, we prepared litsea cubeba essential oil nano-emulsion (LCEO-NE) for the first time using whey protein (WP) as the emulsifier through an ultrasonic-assisted method, achieving high efficiency with minimal energy consumption. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the nanoparticles were uniformly spherical, with a particle size of 183.5 ± 1.19 nm and a zeta potential of -35.5 ± 0.95 mV. Stability studies revealed that LCEO-NE exhibited excellent thermal and salt stability, maintaining its integrity for up to four weeks when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C. In vitro digestion assays confirmed the digestibility of LCEO-NE. Furthermore, evaluation of the DPPH, ABTS, and antimicrobial activities revealed that LCEO-NE displayed superior bacteriostatic and antioxidant properties compared to LCEO. Scanning electron microscopy elucidated that its bacteriostatic effect involved the disruption of bacterial microstructure. Hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the safety of LCEO-NE within the effective concentration range. This research supports the utilization of nanoparticles for encapsulating LCEO, thereby enhancing its stability and bioactivity, and consequently expanding its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Exosomes: The endogenous nanomaterials packed with potential for diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders.

Neurologic disorders (NDs) are serious diseases that threaten public health. However, due to the complex pathogenesis and significant individual differences in traditional treatments, specific treatment methods for NDs are still lacking. Exosomes, the smallest extracellular vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells, are receiving increasing attention in the field of NDs. They contain misfolded proteins related to various NDs, including amyloid-beta, Tau proteins, and α-synuclein, indicating their promising roles in the diagnosis and treatment of NDs. In this review, an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and biological functions of exosomes is provided. Moreover, we summarize their potential roles in the pathogenesis of three prevalent NDs (including Alzheimer's disease, Ischemic stroke, and Parkinson's disease). On this basis, the diagnostic potential and therapeutic value of exosomes carrying various bioactive molecules are discussed in detail. Also, the concerns and perspectives of exosome-based diagnosis and therapy are discussed.

Glycol Monomethyl Ether-Substituted Carbazolyl Hole-Transporting Material for Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency of 25.52 .

Organic self-assembled molecules (OSAMs) based hole-transporting materials play a pivotal role in achieving highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, the reported carbazol-based OSAMs have serious drawbacks, such as poor wettability for perovskite solution spreading due to the nonpolar surface, worse matched energy arrangement with perovskite, and limited molecular species, which greatly limit the device performance. To address above problems, a novel OSAM [4-(3,6-glycol monomethyl ether-9H-carbazol-9-yl) butyl]phosphonic acid (GM-4PACz) was synthesized as hole-transporting material by introducing glycol monomethyl ether (GM) side chains at carbazolyl unit. GM groups enhance the surface energy of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/SAM substrate to facilitate the nucleation and growth of up perovskite film, suppress cation defects, release the residual stress at SAM/perovskite interface, and evaluate energy level for matching with perovskite. Consequently, the GM-4PACz based IPSC achieves a champion PCE of 25.52 %, a respectable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.21 V, a high stability, possessing 93.29 % and 91.75 % of their initial efficiency after aging in air for 2000 h or tracking at maximum power point for 1000 h, respectively.

Macaque Brainnetome Atlas: A multifaceted brain map with parcellation, connection, and histology.

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a crucial experimental animal that shares many genetic, brain organizational, and behavioral characteristics with humans. A macaque brain atlas is fundamental to biomedical and evolutionary research. However, even though connectivity is vital for understanding brain functions, a connectivity-based whole-brain atlas of the macaque has not previously been made. In this study, we created a new whole-brain map, the Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), based on the anatomical connectivity profiles provided by high angular and spatial resolution ex vivo diffusion MRI data. The new atlas consists of 248 cortical and 56 subcortical regions as well as their structural and functional connections. The parcellation and the diffusion-based tractography were evaluated with invasive neuronal-tracing and Nissl-stained images. As a demonstrative application, the structural connectivity divergence between macaque and human brains was mapped using the Brainnetome atlases of those two species to uncover the genetic underpinnings of the evolutionary changes in brain structure. The resulting resource includes: (1) the thoroughly delineated Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), (2) regional connectivity profiles, (3) the postmortem high-resolution macaque diffusion and T2-weighted MRI dataset (Brainnetome-8), and (4) multi-contrast MRI, neuronal-tracing, and histological images collected from a single macaque. MacBNA can serve as a common reference frame for mapping multifaceted features across modalities and spatial scales and for integrative investigation and characterization of brain organization and function. Therefore, it will enrich the collaborative resource platform for nonhuman primates and facilitate translational and comparative neuroscience research.

Diagnostic value of serum NLRP3, metalloproteinase-9 and interferon-γ for postoperative hydrocephalus and intracranial infection in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. We unveiled the diagnostic value of serum NLRP3, metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in post-craniotomy intracranial infections and hydrocephalus in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma to investigate the high risk factors for these in patients with TBI, and the serological factors predicting prognosis, which had a certain clinical predictive value. Study subjects underwent bone flap resection surgery and were categorized into the intracranial infection/hydrocephalus/control (without postoperative hydrocephalus or intracranial infection) groups, with their clinical data documented. Serum levels of NLRP3, MMP-9 and IFN-γ were determined using ELISA kits, with their diagnostic efficacy on intracranial infections and hydrocephalus evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The independent risk factors affecting postoperative intracranial infections and hydrocephalus were analysed by logistic multifactorial regression. The remission after postoperative symptomatic treatment was counted. The intracranial infection/control groups had significant differences in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, opened injury, surgical time and cerebrospinal fluid leakage, whereas the hydrocephalus and control groups had marked differences in GCS scores, cerebrospinal fluid leakage and subdural effusion. Serum NLRP3, MMP-9 and IFN-γ levels were elevated in patients with post-craniotomy intracranial infections/hydrocephalus. The area under the curve values of independent serum NLRP3, MMP-9, IFN-γ and their combination for diagnosing postoperative intracranial infection were 0.822, 0.722, 0.734 and 0.925, respectively, and for diagnosing hydrocephalus were 0.865, 0.828, 0.782 and 0.957, respectively. Serum NLRP3, MMP-9 and IFN-γ levels and serum NLRP3 and MMP-9 levels were independent risk factors influencing postoperative intracranial infection and postoperative hydrocephalus, respectively. Patients with hydrocephalus had a high remission rate after postoperative symptomatic treatment. Serum NLRP3, MMP-9 and IFN-γ levels had high diagnostic efficacy in patients with postoperative intracranial infection and hydrocephalus, among which serum NLRP3 level played a major role.

Development of new materials for electrothermal metals using data driven and machine learning.

After adopting a combined approach of data-driven methods and machine learning, the prediction of material performance and the optimization of composition design can significantly reduce the development time of materials at a lower cost. In this research, we employed four machine learning algorithms, including linear regression, ridge regression, support vector regression, and backpropagation neural networks, to develop predictive models for the electrical performance data of titanium alloys. Our focus was on two key objectives: resistivity and the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). Subsequently, leveraging the results of feature selection, we conducted an analysis to discern the impact of alloying elements on these two electrical properties.The prediction results indicate that for the resistivity data prediction task, the radial basis function kernel-based support vector machine model performs the best, with a correlation coefficient above 0.995 and a percentage error within 2%, demonstrating high predictive capability. For the TCR data prediction task, the best-performing model is a backpropagation neural network with two hidden layers, also with a correlation coefficient above 0.995 and a percentage error within 3%, demonstrating good generalization ability. The feature selection results using random forest and Xgboost indicate that Al and Zr have a significant positive effect on resistivity, while Al, Zr, and V have a significant negative effect on TCR. The conclusion of the composition optimization design suggests that to achieve both high resistivity and TCR, it is recommended to set the Al content in the range of 1.5% to 2% and the Zr content in the range of 2.5% to 3%.

Crossbreeding Effect of Chalcogenation and Iodination on Benzene Additives Enables Optimized Morphology and 19.68% Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells.

Volatile solid additives have attracted increasing attention in optimizing the morphology and improving the performance of currently dominated non-fullerene acceptor-based organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the underlying principles governing the rational design of volatile solid additives remain elusive. Herein, a series of efficient volatile solid additives are successfully developed by the crossbreeding effect of chalcogenation and iodination for optimizing the morphology and improving the photovoltaic performances of OSCs. Five benzene derivatives of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DOB), 1-iodo-4-methoxybenzene (OIB), 1-iodo-4-methylthiobenzene (SIB), 1,4-dimethylthiobenzene (DSB) and 1,4-diiodobenzene (DIB) are systematically studied, where the widely used DIB is used as the reference. The effect of chalcogenation and iodination on the overall property is comprehensively investigated, which indicates that the versatile functional groups provided various types of noncovalent interactions with the host materials for modulating the morphology. Among them, SIB with the combination of sulphuration and iodination enabled more appropriate interactions with the host blend, giving rise to a highly ordered molecular packing and more favorable morphology. As a result, the binary OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO and PBTz-F:L8-BO as well as the ternary OSCs based on PBTz-F:PM6:L8-BO achieved impressive high PCEs of 18.87%, 18.81% and 19.68%, respectively, which are among the highest values for OSCs.

Functional nanomaterials as photosensitizers or delivery systems for antibacterial photodynamic therapy.

Bacterial infection is a global health problem that closely related to various diseases threatening human life. Although antibiotic therapy has been the mainstream treatment method for various bacterial infectious diseases for decades, the increasing emergence of bacterial drug resistance has brought enormous challenges to the application of antibiotics. Therefore, developing novel antibacterial strategies is of great importance. By producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) with photosensitizers (PSs) under light irradiation, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as a non-invasive and promising approach for treating bacterial infections without causing drug resistance. However, the insufficient therapeutic penetration, poor hydrophilicity, and poor biocompatibility of traditional PSs greatly limit the efficacy of aPDT. Recently, studies have found that nanomaterials with characteristics of favorable photocatalytic activity, surface plasmonic resonance, easy modification, and high drug loading capacity can improve the therapeutic efficacy of aPDT. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of nanomaterials-mediated aPDT and summarize the representative nanomaterials in aPDT, either as PSs or carriers for PSs. In addition, the combination of advanced nanomaterials-mediated aPDT with other therapies, including targeted therapy, gas therapy, and multidrug resistance (MDR) therapy, is reviewed. Also, the concerns and possible solutions of nanomaterials-based aPDT are discussed. Overall, this review may provide theoretical basis and inspiration for the development of nanomaterials-based aPDT.

Layer-by-Layer Organic Solar Cells Enabled by 1,3,4-Selenadiazole-Containing Crystalline Small Molecule with Double-Fibril Network Morphology.

A double-fibril network of the photoactive layer morphology is recognized as an ideal structure facilitating exciton diffusion and charge carrier transport for high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, in the layer-by-layer processed OSCs (LbL-OSCs), polymer donors and small molecule acceptors (SMAs) are separately deposited, and it is challenging to realize a fibril network of pure SMAs with the absence of tight interchain entanglement as polymers. In this work, crystalline small molecule donors (SMDs), named TDZ-3TR and SeDZ-3TR, were designed and introduced into the L8-BO acceptor solution, forcing the phase separation and molecular fibrilization. SeDZ-3TR showed higher crystallinity and lower miscibility with L8-BO acceptor than TDZ-3TR, enabling more driving force to favor the phase separation and better molecular fibrilization of L8-BO. On the other hand, two donor polymers of PM6 and D18 with different fibril widths and lengths were put together to optimize the fibril network of the donor layer. The simultaneously optimization of the acceptor and donor layers resulted in a more ideal double-fibril network of the photoactive layer and an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.38 % in LbL-OSCs.

Peroxidase-like activity and mechanism of gold nanoparticle-modified Ti3C2 MXenes for the construction of H2O2 and ampicillin colorimetric sensors.

Transition metal carbides modified by Au nanoparticles (Au/Ti3C2) were synthesized and developed as a colorimetric sensor for the determination of H2O2 and ampicillin. The surface electrical properties of Ti3C2 were changed, and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gold growth solution were synthesized simultaneously. Au/Ti3C2 was obtained by seed growth method with AuNPs modified on the surface of transition metal carbides, nitrides or carbon-nitrides (Ti3C2 MXenes). The synthesized AuNPs and Ti3C2 had no peroxidase-like activity, but Au/Ti3C2 had. The peroxidase catalytic mechanism was due to electron transfer. The peroxidase activity of Au/Ti3C2 can be utilized for the determination of H2O2. The linear range of Au/Ti3C2 for H2O2 was 1-60 µM, and the detection limit was 0.12 µM (S/N = 3). A colometric sensor for ampicillin detection based on Au/Ti3C2 was further constructed since S in ampicillin formed an Au-S bond with Au/Ti3C2, leading to the weakening of its peroxidase-like property. The change of peroxidase-like property attenuated oxidation of TMB, and the ampicillin content was inversely proportional to the concentration of oxidized TMB, and the blue color of solution faded, which enabled the determination of ampicillin. The linear range for ampicillin was 0.005-0.5 µg mL- 1, and the detection limit was 1.1 ng mL- 1 (S/N = 3). The sensor was applied to the detection of ampicillin in milk and human serum.

Preparation of starch-palmitic acid complexes by three different starches: A comparative study using the method of heating treatment and autoclaving treatment.

Recent research emphasizes the growing importance of starch-lipid complexes due to their anti-digestibility ability, prompting a need to explore the impact of different starch sources and preparation methods on their properties. In this study, starch-palmitic acid (PA) complexes were prepared by three different starches including Tartary buckwheat starch (TBS), potato starch (PTS), and pea starch (PS) by heating treatment (HT) and autoclaving treatment (AT), respectively, and their physicochemical property and in vitro digestibility were systematically compared. The formation of the starch-PA complex was confirmed through various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Among the complexes, the PTS-PA complex exhibited the highest complexation index over 80 %, while the PS-PA complex had the lowest rapid digestible starch content (56.49-59.42 %). Additionally, the complexes prepared by AT exhibited higher resistant starch content (41.95-32.46 %) than those prepared by HT (31.42-32.49 %), while the complexes prepared by HT held better freeze-thaw stability and hydration ability than those prepared by AT. This study highlights the important role of starch sources in the physicochemical and digestibility properties of starch-lipid complex and the potential application of AT in the preparation of novel resistant starch.

Anti-skin aging effect of sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins in D-galactose-induced aging mice.

Oxidative stress in skin cells caused by changes in the external environment is one of the principal causes of skin aging. Sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins (SBPs) have good free radical scavenging ability. We established a senescence model by injecting 500 mg/kg D-galactose into the dorsal necks of mice, and then different doses of SBP (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) were gavaged to explore the effects of SBP on the skin tissues of senescent mice and elucidate the related mechanism of action. The results reveal that SBP can alleviate the skin aging phenomenon caused by D-galactose-induced aging. It can also enhance the total antioxidant capacity in the body, thereby strengthening the body's antioxidant defense capability. In addition, SBP can effectively improve skin aging by regulating the TGF-ß1/Smads pathway and MMPs/TIMP system, increasing the relative content of Col I and tropoelastin, further maintaining the stability of collagen fiber and elastic fiber structure. These results will provide the development and production of the antioxidant function of cosmetics and health products, providing a new train of thought.