The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes / A eficiência do óleo de cravo como anestésico e em procedimentos de eutanaisa em peixes de pequeno porte

Abstract Clove oil is used as a fish anesthetic because it is a natural and inexpensive product with low toxicity risks. The goal of the present study was to determine the appropriate concentration of clove oil for small-sized tropical fish to be used in mark-recapture studies or when individuals are to be sacrificed. We applied three different clove oil concentrations (D1=0.05 mL, D2=0.10 mL and D3=0.20 mL per 500 mL of water) on three small-sized fish species. We found a negative relationship between induction time and treatment for two species (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp.), while concentration was unrelated to recovery time. Fish body length was positively related to induction time in the D2 treatment for Hemigrammus sp., and negatively for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 in the D1 treatment, but was unrelated to recovery time for three species and treatments. Mortality rates varied across treatments, but higher rates were observed with higher clove oil concentrations. We conclude that 0.05 mL of clove oil per 500 mL of water is the most efficient dose for studies where fish will be released back to their natural habitats, while 0.20 mL of clove oil is recommended for studies that require fish euthanization for further laboratory analyses.

Resumo O óleo de cravo é recomendado como anestésico para peixes por ser produto de origem natural, baixo custo e apresentar poucos riscos de intoxicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar concentrações adequadas de óleo de cravo para anestesiar ou eutanasiar peixes de pequeno porte em ambiente natural. Foram testadas três concentrações do anestésico (D1=0,05 mL, D2=0,10 mL e D3=0,20 mL) em três espécies de peixes de pequeno. Houve uma relação negativa entre o tempo para a sedação dos indivíduos e a concentração para duas espécies (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 e Hemigrammus sp.), porém não foi encontrada relação entre o tempo para recuperação e as concentrações. Os exemplares maiores de Hemigrammus sp. levaram mais tempo para serem sedados no tratamento D2, já o contrário foi observado para Hyphessobrycon sp.1 no tratamento D1, enquanto que não houve efeito do comprimento no tempo de recuperação das três espécies. A mortalidade dos indivíduos variou entre as três concentrações do anestésico e as maiores taxas de mortalidade ocorreram nas maiores concentrações. Desse modo, a concentração de 0,05 mL é eficiente para estudos que envolvem manuseio e a soltura dos peixes, enquanto que a concentração de 0,20 mL é recomendada em estudos onde os peixes precisam ser sacrificados.

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes

Abstract Clove oil is used as a fish anesthetic because it is a natural and inexpensive product with low toxicity risks. The goal of the present study was to determine the appropriate concentration of clove oil for small-sized tropical fish to be used in mark-recapture studies or when individuals are to be sacrificed. We applied three different clove oil concentrations (D1=0.05 mL, D2=0.10 mL and D3=0.20 mL per 500 mL of water) on three small-sized fish species. We found a negative relationship between induction time and treatment for two species (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp.), while concentration was unrelated to recovery time. Fish body length was positively related to induction time in the D2 treatment for Hemigrammus sp., and negatively for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 in the D1 treatment, but was unrelated to recovery time for three species and treatments. Mortality rates varied across treatments, but higher rates were observed with higher clove oil concentrations. We conclude that 0.05 mL of clove oil per 500 mL of water is the most efficient dose for studies where fish will be released back to their natural habitats, while 0.20 mL of clove oil is recommended for studies that require fish euthanization for further laboratory analyses.

Resumo O óleo de cravo é recomendado como anestésico para peixes por ser produto de origem natural, baixo custo e apresentar poucos riscos de intoxicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar concentrações adequadas de óleo de cravo para anestesiar ou eutanasiar peixes de pequeno porte em ambiente natural. Foram testadas três concentrações do anestésico (D1=0,05 mL, D2=0,10 mL e D3=0,20 mL) em três espécies de peixes de pequeno. Houve uma relação negativa entre o tempo para a sedação dos indivíduos e a concentração para duas espécies (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 e Hemigrammus sp.), porém não foi encontrada relação entre o tempo para recuperação e as concentrações. Os exemplares maiores de Hemigrammus sp. levaram mais tempo para serem sedados no tratamento D2, já o contrário foi observado para Hyphessobrycon sp.1 no tratamento D1, enquanto que não houve efeito do comprimento no tempo de recuperação das três espécies. A mortalidade dos indivíduos variou entre as três concentrações do anestésico e as maiores taxas de mortalidade ocorreram nas maiores concentrações. Desse modo, a concentração de 0,05 mL é eficiente para estudos que envolvem manuseio e a soltura dos peixes, enquanto que a concentração de 0,20 mL é recomendada em estudos onde os peixes precisam ser sacrificados.

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes.

Clove oil is used as a fish anesthetic because it is a natural and inexpensive product with low toxicity risks. The goal of the present study was to determine the appropriate concentration of clove oil for small-sized tropical fish to be used in mark-recapture studies or when individuals are to be sacrificed. We applied three different clove oil concentrations (D1=0.05 mL, D2=0.10 mL and D3=0.20 mL per 500 mL of water) on three small-sized fish species. We found a negative relationship between induction time and treatment for two species (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp.), while concentration was unrelated to recovery time. Fish body length was positively related to induction time in the D2 treatment for Hemigrammus sp., and negatively for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 in the D1 treatment, but was unrelated to recovery time for three species and treatments. Mortality rates varied across treatments, but higher rates were observed with higher clove oil concentrations. We conclude that 0.05 mL of clove oil per 500 mL of water is the most efficient dose for studies where fish will be released back to their natural habitats, while 0.20 mL of clove oil is recommended for studies that require fish euthanization for further laboratory analyses.

Heart transplantation in pediatric population and in adults with congenital heart disease: long-term follow-up, critical clinical analysis, and perspective for the future.

BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation is a treatment option for children as well as for adults with congenital heart disease. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of a tertiary center with heart transplant program in pediatric population and in adults with congenital heart disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of the evaluation of pediatric as well as adult patients undergoing heart transplantation for congenital heart disease. We evaluated the following indication and complications such as renal dialysis, graft vascular disease, tumors and survival. RESULTS: From October 1992 to November 2013, 134 patients had transplantation, and there were 139 transplantations and 5 retransplantations. The immunosuppression regimen is based on calcineurin inhibitors and cytostatic drugs. The type of heart disease indicated for transplantation was cardiomyopathies in 70% and congenital heart disease in 30%. Of these 134 patients, 85 patients were alive. Actuarial survival is 77.4%, 69.6%, 59.3% at 1, 5, and 10 years after transplantation. Three patients underwent renal transplantation, 1 patient is in renal dialysis, and 8.2% of patients had post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Two patients had retransplantation for graft vascular disease; 1 of them required a simultaneous kidney transplant and died 30 days after the procedure and 1 patient is clinically well 2 years after retransplantation. CONCLUSION: Heart transplantation in children and in adults with congenital heart disease is a promising therapeutic option and enables long-term survival for these patients.

The impact of tacrolimus as rescue therapy in children using a double immunosuppressive regimen after heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Organ transplant recipients with refractory rejection or intolerance to the prescribed immunosuppressant may respond to rescue therapy with tacrolimus. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of children undergoing heart transplantation who required conversion from a cyclosporine-based, steroid-free therapy to a tacrolimus-based regimen. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, cohort study of 28 children who underwent conversion from cyclosporine-based, steroid-free therapy to a tacrolimus-based therapy for refractory or late rejection or intolerance to cyclosporine. RESULTS: There was complete resolution of refractory rejection episodes and adverse side effects in all patients. The incidence rate (×100) of rejection episodes before and after conversion was 7.98 and 2.11, respectively (P ≤ .0001). There was a 25% mortality rate in patients using tacrolimus after a mean period of 60 months after conversion. CONCLUSION: Tacrolimus is effective as rescue therapy for refractory rejection and is a therapeutic option for pediatric patients.

Effect of environmental quality and mesohabitat structure on a Biotic Integrity Index based on fish assemblages of cerrado streams from Rio Cuiabá basin, Brazil.

Over the last 30 years, the Cerrado has been experiencing various antropic impacts that have brought about alterations to species composition, structure and functioning of aquatic habitats. Therefore, studies on negative impacts are useful to prevent future damage and restore environmental quality. The objectives of our study were: i) to adapt an index of biotic integrity of streams in the Rio Cuiabá Basin and ii) to analyze if the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) correlated with the environmental quality measured by the Index of Environmental Quality (IEQ) and with the mesohabitat structure. We sampled 26 streams in sub-basins of the Cuiabá River. In each stream, we closed a stretch of 50 m with blockage nets and used electrofishing to capture fish. To obtain a measure of environmental quality in sampled units, we characterized the stream and its micro basin. For the analyses, we used the Spearman Correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test and Analysis of Multiple Regression. We collected 697 individuals distributed into 6 orders, 15 families and 49 species. The IBI followed changes on environmental quality measured by IEQ when we removed streams that present natural barriers from the analysis (r² = 0.4; r² = 0.58). Types of land use did not affect the biotic integrity (n = 26; df = 4; H = 4,860; p = 0.302), but natural and artificial barriers affected it (n = 26; df = 4; H = 11,027; p = 0.026). The IBI was not sensitive to variations in mesohabitat structure (F2,23 = 0.373; r² = 0.031; Axe 1 p = 0.620; Axe 2 p = 0.490). The IBI is certainly a reasonable instrument for evaluating changes in the environment, but we cannot ignore the fact that we were able to obtain the same result with any combinations of metrics. This makes its analysis and interpretation difficult.

Effect of environmental quality and mesohabitat structure on a Biotic Integrity Index based on fish assemblages of cerrado streams from Rio Cuiabá basin, Brazil / Efeito da qualidade ambiental e da estrutura do meso-habitat sobre um índice de integridade biótica baseado em assembleias de peixes de córregos de cerrado da bacia do rio Cuiabá, Brasil

Over the last 30 years, the Cerrado has been experiencing various antropic impacts that have brought about alterations to species composition, structure and functioning of aquatic habitats. Therefore, studies on negative impacts are useful to prevent future damage and restore environmental quality. The objectives of our study were: i) to adapt an index of biotic integrity of streams in the Rio Cuiabá Basin and ii) to analyze if the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) correlated with the environmental quality measured by the Index of Environmental Quality (IEQ) and with the mesohabitat structure. We sampled 26 streams in sub-basins of the Cuiabá River. In each stream, we closed a stretch of 50 m with blockage nets and used electrofishing to capture fish. To obtain a measure of environmental quality in sampled units, we characterized the stream and its micro basin. For the analyses, we used the Spearman Correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test and Analysis of Multiple Regression. We collected 697 individuals distributed into 6 orders, 15 families and 49 species. The IBI followed changes on environmental quality measured by IEQ when we removed streams that present natural barriers from the analysis (r² = 0.4; r² = 0.58). Types of land use did not affect the biotic integrity (n = 26; df = 4; H = 4,860; p = 0.302), but natural and artificial barriers affected it (n = 26; df = 4; H = 11,027; p = 0.026). The IBI was not sensitive to variations in mesohabitat structure (F2,23 = 0.373; r² = 0.031; Axe 1 p = 0.620; Axe 2 p = 0.490). The IBI is certainly a reasonable instrument for evaluating changes in the environment, but we cannot ignore the fact that we were able to obtain the same result with any combinations of metrics. This makes its analysis and interpretation difficult.

Nos últimos 30 anos, o cerrado tem sofrido severos impactos antrópicos que provocam alterações na composição de espécies, na estrutura e no funcionamento de habitats aquáticos. Dessa forma, estudos sobre impactos negativos são úteis para prevenir futuras degradações e restaurar a qualidade ambiental. Os objetivos do nosso estudo foram: i) adaptar um índice de integridade biótica para os riachos da bacia do rio Cuiabá e ii) analisar se o índice de integridade biótica (IIB) é correlacionado com a qualidade ambiental medida pelo índice de qualidade ambiental (IQA) e com a estrutura do meso-habitat. Amostramos 26 riachos da sub-bacia do rio Cuiabá; em cada um deles, delimitados um segmento de 50 m, utilizando a pesca elétrica como método de coleta. Para obter a medida de qualidade ambiental nas unidades amostradas, caracterizamos os riachos e sua microbacia. Para as análises nós usamos a correlação de Sperman, o teste Kruskal-Wallis e a análise de componentes principais. Coletamos 697 indivíduos distribuídos em 6 ordens, 15 famílias e 49 espécies. O IIB seguiu mudanças na qualidade ambiental medida pelo IQA quando nós removemos da análise os riachos que apresentavam barreiras ambientais (r² = 0.4; r²S= 0.58). Tipos de usos da terra não afetaram a integridade biótica (n = 26; df = 4; H = 4,860; p = 0.302), de modo oposto existiu uma associação negativa entre a presença de barreira e o IIB (n = 26; df = 4; H = 11,027; p = 0.026). O IIB não foi sensível às variações na estrutura do meso-habitat (F2,23 = 0.373; r² = 0.031; Axe 1 p = 0.620; Axe 2 p = 0.490). O IIB mostrou-se como um razoável instrumento para avaliar as mudanças do ambiente, mas não podemos ignorar que com várias combinações das métricas podemos obter um mesmo resultado, o que dificulta sua análise e interpretação.

Performance of Azolla caroliniana Willd. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. on fish farming effluent.

The increasing release of untreated fish farming effluents into water courses that flow to the Pantanal wetlands in Mato Grosso (Brazil) may drive this ecosystem to eutrophication. Therefore, the growth of Azolla caroliniana Willd. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. in fish farming effluent and their effect on its quality were evaluated for 48 days in a greenhouse. The results were compared to those obtained in a nutrient rich solution (Hoagland ½ medium). Azolla caroliniana showed lower relative growth rate in fish farming effluent (0.020 d-1) than in Hoagland ½ medium (0.029 d-1). However, S. auriculata grew slightly better in fish farming effluent (0.030 d-1) than in Hoagland ½ medium (0.025 d-1). The species apparently contributed to reduce nitrate and phosphate concentration in Hoagland ½ medium. However, in fish farming effluent, only electrical conductivity and pH were reduced by plants compared to the control without plants. Thus, A. caroliniana and S. auriculata show low potential for improving effluent quality.

Sustainable harvest of two large predatory catfish in the Cuiabá river basin, northern Pantanal, Brazil.

Fishery is an important economic activity in the Pantanal. Among the regions species, the Pimelodidae catfish stands out as an important part of the annual catch. This study assesses the structure, exploitation and stock management of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos and Sorubim cf. lima, the sixth and seventh largest Pimelodidae of the Pantanal. The analysis is based on fish caught by commercial fishing in the Cuiabá river and landed at the "Antônio Moysés Nadaf" Market in the Cuiabá city, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The findings indicate that commercial fishing activities target several fish cohorts and that usually only individuals above mean length at first maturation are caught. Estimates of the instantaneous mortality coefficient show that the current fishing mortality is low. Simulations of relative yield-per-recruit model demonstrate that the current yield of two species could be greater if the fishery effort were increased, indicating that the stocks are underexploited. However, an increase in current fishery efforts should be viewed with caution, since the stock-recruitment relationship for the species is unknown. The results indicate that the current harvest of two species in the Cuiabá River Basin is sustainable.

Sustainable harvest of two large predatory catfish in the Cuiabá river basin, northern Pantanal, Brazil

Fishery is an important economic activity in the Pantanal. Among the regionÆs species, the Pimelodidae catfish stands out as an important part of the annual catch. This study assesses the structure, exploitation and stock management of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos and Sorubim cf. lima, the sixth and seventh largest Pimelodidae of the Pantanal. The analysis is based on fish caught by commercial fishing in the Cuiabá river and landed at the "Antônio Moysés Nadaf" Market in the Cuiabá city, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The findings indicate that commercial fishing activities target several fish cohorts and that usually only individuals above mean length at first maturation are caught. Estimates of the instantaneous mortality coefficient show that the current fishing mortality is low. Simulations of relative yield-per-recruit model demonstrate that the current yield of two species could be greater if the fishery effort were increased, indicating that the stocks are underexploited. However, an increase in current fishery efforts should be viewed with caution, since the stock-recruitment relationship for the species is unknown. The results indicate that the current harvest of two species in the Cuiabá River Basin is sustainable.

A pesca é uma importante atividade econômica no Pantanal. Entre as espécies que ocorrem na região, os bagres Pimelodídeos se destacam como uma importante parte da captura anual. Este estudo avalia a estrutura, estado de explotação e o manejo do estoque do Hemisorubim platyrhynchos e Sorubim cf. lima, respectivamente o sexto e o sétimo maiores Pimelodídeos do Pantanal. As análises se baseiam nos peixes capturados no Rio Cuiabá pela pesca e desembarcados no Mercado Municipal "Antônio Moysés Nadaf", na cidade de Cuiabá, Estado do Mato Grosso. Os resultados indicam que a pesca comercial incide sobre várias coortes do estoque e que usualmente somente são capturados indivíduos acima do comprimento médio na primeira maturação. Estimativas do coeficiente instantâneo de mortalidade mostram que a mortalidade por pesca atual é baixa. Simulações do modelo de rendimento relativo por recruta indicam que o rendimento atual das duas espécies poderia aumentar com um aumento no esforço de pesca, indicando que o estoque está subexplotado. Contudo, um aumento no esforço de pesca corrente deve ser visto com cautela, uma vez que a relação entre o estoque e o recrutamento para as espécies é desconhecido. Em síntese, os resultados indicam que o nível atual de captura das duas espécies no Rio Cuiabá é sustentável.

Age and growth of the porthole shovelnose catfish (Hemisorubim platyrhynchos) in the Pantanal

O jurupoca, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, é o sexto maior pimelodídeo do Pantanal. Sua idade e crescimento foram estudados a partir dos espinhos de nadadeiras peitorais de exemplares coletados no rio Cuiabá, Pantanal mato-grossense. Os exemplares provieram da pesca comercial e experimental com linha e anzol. A análise do índice de incremento marginal não permitiu que se distinguissem a periodicidade e a época de formação dos anéis de crescimento (H = 4,142; p = 0,247). Porém, o declínio acentuado do índice de incremento marginal registrado na vazante sugere que esse seja o período de formação dos anéis. A estimativa dos parâmetros que descrevem a curva de crescimento de von Bertalanffy, ajustada por meio de regressão não-linear aos comprimentos observados e com o valor do LØ fixado em 64,0 cm (comprimento furcal), foi de k = 0,222 ano-1 e to = -2,149 anos. A longevidade dos indivíduos foi estimada em 11,4 anos. Os resultados indicam que o comprimento furcal é bom preditor da idade para os indivíduos dessa espécie de peixe.

Age and growth of the duckbill catfish (Sorubim cf. lima) in the Pantanal.

The Duckbill Catfish, Sorubim lima, is a predator of large South American rivers. The age and growth of S. lima were studied based on the pectoral fin-spines of samples collected from the Cuiabá River, Pantanal. The samples were taken from commercial and experimental hook-and-line fishing. An analysis of the marginal increment suggests that the growth rings are formed once a year during the dry season, from July to September (ANOVA type I: F = 4.183; g.l. = 3 and 104; p = 0.008). The estimate of the parameters that describe von Bertalanffy's growth curve by nonlinear regression of the observed lengths in the age were: L infinity = 56.0 cm (fork length); k = 0.245 year-1; to = -2.605 years. The animals were estimated to have a life span of 9.6 years. The findings indicate that the fork length is a good predictor of the age of individuals of this fish species.

Age and growth of the Duckbill Catfish (Sorubim cf. lima) in the Pantanal

O Jurupensém, Sorubim lima, é um predador dos grandes rios da América do Sul. A idade e o crescimento do S. lima foram estudados a partir de espinhos de nadadeiras peitorais de exemplares coletados no Rio Cuiabá, Pantanal Mato-grossense. Os exemplares provieram da pesca comercial e experimental, com linha e anzol. A análise do índice de incremento marginal sugere que os anéis de crescimento se formam uma vez ao ano, durante a estação da seca, entre julho e setembro (ANOVA tipo I: F = 4,183; g.l. = 3 e 104; p = 0,008). Os parâmetros que descrevem a curva de crescimento de von Bertalanffy, ajustados por meio de regressão não-linear aos comprimentos observados na idade, foram estimados em: Loo = 56,0 cm (comprimento furcal); k = 0,245 ano-1; to = -2,605 anos. A longevidade dos indivíduos foi estimada em 9,6 anos. Os resultados indicam que o comprimento furcal é um bom preditor de idade para os indivíduos dessa espécie de peixe.

Age and growth of the porthole shovelnose catfish (Hemisorubim platyrhynchos) in the Pantanal.

The porthole shovelnose catfish, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, is the sixth largest pimelodidae of the Pantanal. Its age and growth were studied using pectoral fin-spines from fish collected in the Cuiabá river basin, Pantanal. The fish, which came from commercial and experimental fisheries, were all caught with hook and line. Growth-ring formation time could not be defined through the Kruskal-Wallis test on marginal increment (H = 4.142; p = 0.247). Nevertheless, decrease in the marginal increment index occurring as waters recede suggests this as the probable time when growth rings form. Estimation of the parameters of von Bertalanffy growth curve, adjusted through nonlinear regression to observed fork lengths, with L(infinity) fixed at 64 cm, were: k = 0.222 year(-1); t(o) = -2.149 years. Individual life span was estimated at 11.4 years. The results suggest that fork length is a good predictor of age for individuals of this species.