The effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function, amyloidogenesis, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.

With the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and difficulties in finding effective treatments, it is essential to discover alternative therapies through new approaches. In this regard, non-pharmacological therapies, such as physical exercise, have been proposed and explored for the treatment of AD. Recent studies have suggested that resistance exercise (RE) is an effective strategy for promoting benefits in memory and cognitive function, producing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, and reducing amyloid load and plaques, thereby reducing the risk, and alleviating the neurodegeneration process of AD and other types of dementia in the elderly. In addition, RE is the exercise recommended by the World Health Organization for the elderly due to its benefits in improving muscle strength and balance, and increasing autonomy and functional capacity, favoring improvements in the quality of life of the elderly population, who is more likely to develop AD and other types of dementia. In this mini-review, we discuss the impact of RE on humans affected by MCI and AD, and animal models of AD, and summarize the main findings regarding the effects of RE program on memory and cognitive functions, neurotrophic factors, Aß deposition and plaque formation, as well as on neuroinflammation. Overall, the present review provides clinical and preclinical evidence that RE plays a role in alleviating AD symptoms and may help to understand the therapeutic potential of RE, thereby continuing the advances in AD therapies.

High fat diet modulates inflammatory parameters in the heart and liver during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

The high fat diet (HFD) can trigger metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces progressive inflammatory manifestations capable to affect the structure and the function of important organs such as the heart and liver. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of a HFD on the immune response and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities during acute infection with the T. cruzi strain VL-10. The VL-10 strain has cardiac tropism and causes myocarditis in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either: (i) regular diet (Reg) or (ii) HFD for 8 weeks, after which mice in each group were infected with T. cruzi. Mice were euthanized on day 30 after infection, and the liver and heart were subjected to histology and zymography to determine MMP-2 activities and plasma levels of IL-10, TNF, CCL2, and CCL5. T. cruzi-infected HFD animals had higher parasitemia, LDL and total cholesterol levels. Regardless of diet, plasma levels of all inflammatory mediators and cardiac MMP-2 activity were elevated in infected mice in contrast with the low plasma levels of leptin. HFD animals presented micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, while cardiac leukocyte infiltration was mainly detected in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings suggested that a HFD promotes higher circulating T. cruzi load and cardiac and liver immunopathogenesis in an experimental model using the VL-10 strain of the T. cruzi.

Enalapril in Combination with Benznidazole Reduces Cardiac Inflammation and Creatine Kinases in Mice Chronically Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi.

The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi triggers an inflammatory process in mammalian heart causing events such as fibrosis, changes in the architecture and functionality in this organ. Enalapril, an angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitor, is a drug prescribed to ameliorate this heart dysfunction, and appears to exert a potential role in immune system regulation. Our aim was to evaluate the chronic cardiac inflammatory parameters after therapeutic treatment with enalapril and benznidazole in C57BL/6 mice infected with the VL-10 strain of T. cruzi. After infection, animals were treated with oral doses of enalapril (25 mg/kg), benznidazole (100 mg/kg), or both during 30 days. Morphometric parameters and levels of chemokines (CCL2, CCL5), IL-10, creatine kinases (CKs), and C-reactive protein were evaluated in the heart and serum at the 120th day of infection. Enalapril alone or in combination with benznidazole did not change the number of circulating parasites, but reduced cardiac leukocyte recruitment and total collagen in the cardiac tissue. Interestingly, the combination therapy (enalapril/benznidazole) also reduced the levels of chemokines, CK and CK-MB, and C-reactive proteins in chronic phase. In conclusion, during the chronic experimental T. cruzi infection, the combination therapy using enalapril plus benznidazole potentiated their immunomodulatory effects, resulting in a low production of biomarkers of cardiac lesions.

Uso de fluorescência em um método de dissector modificado para estimar o número de miócitos no tecido cardíaco / Use of fluorescence in a modified disector method to estimate the number of myocytes in cardiac tissue / Uso de fluorescencia en un método de disector modificado para estimar el número de miocitos en el tejido cardíaco

FUNDAMENTO: Métodos convencionais de dissector atualmente requerem consideráveis custos financeiros, técnicos e operacionais para estimar o número de células, incluindo cardiomiócitos, em uma área de 3D. OBJETIVO: Usar a microscopia de fluorescência em um método de dissector modificado para determinar o número de miócitos no tecido cardíaco em condições normais e patológicas. MÉTODOS: O estudo empregou camundongos Wistar machos com quatro meses de idade e peso de 366,25 ± 88,21 g randomizados em grupos controles (GC, n = 8) e infectados (GI, n = 8). Os animais do GI foram inoculados com cepa Y de T. cruzi (300.000 tripomastigotas/50 g). Após oito semanas, os animais foram pesados e sacrificados. Os Ventrículos Esquerdos (VE) foram removidos para análise estereológica da densidade numérica de cardiomiócitos (Nv [c]) e o número total dessas células no VE (N [c]). Esses parâmetros foram estimados usando um dissector fluorescente (DF) e comparados com os métodos convencionais de dissector óptico (DO) e dissector físico (DFi). RESULTADOS: Em ambos os métodos de dissector, os animais do GI apresentaram queda significativa de Nv[c] e N[c] em comparação com os animais do GC (P > 0,05). Uma correlação forte, igual ou superior a 96%, foi obtida entre DF, DO e DFi. CONCLUSÃO: O método DF parece ser igualmente confiável para determinar Nv[c] e N[c] em condições normais e patológicas, apresentando algumas vantagens em relação aos métodos convencionais de dissector: redução de cortes histológicos e imagens na análise estereológica, redução do tempo de análise das imagens, a construção de DF em microscópios simples, utilizando o modo de epifluorescência, distinção de planos de dissector em ampliações inferiores.

BACKGROUND: Conventional disector methods currently require considerable financial, technical and operational costs to estimate the number of cells, including cardyomyocytes, in a 3D area. OBJECTIVE: To use fluorescence microscopy in a modified disector method to determine the number of myocytes in cardiac tissue in normal and pathological conditions. METHODS: The study employed four-month-old male Wistar rats with weight of 366.25 ± 88.21g randomized in control (CG, n=8) and infected (IG, n=8) groups. IG animals were inoculated with T. cruzi Y strain (300,000 trypomastigotes/50g wt). After eight weeks, the animals were weighted and euthanized. The left ventricles (LV) were removed for stereological analysis of numerical density of cardiomyocytes (Nv[c]) and total number of these cells in the LV (N[c]). These parameters were estimated using a fluorescent disector (FD) and compared with the conventional optical (OD) and physical (PD) disector methods. RESULTS: In both disector methods, IG animals presented significant decrease of Nv[c] and N[c] compared to CG animals (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in these variables despite the disector method applied in CG and IG animals (P> 0.05). A strong correlation, equal or above 96%, was obtained between FD, OD and PD. CONCLUSION: The FD method seems to be equally reliable to determine Nv[c] and N[c] in normal and pathological conditions and presents some advantages compared to conventional disector methods: reduction of histological slices and images in the stereological analysis, reduction of time to analyze the images, construction of FD in simple microscopes using the epifluorescence mode, distinction of disector planes in lower magnifications.

FUNDAMENTO: Métodos convencionales de disector actualmente requieren considerables costos financieros, técnicos y operativos para estimar el número de células, incluyendo cardiomiocitos, en un área de 3D. OBJETIVO: Usar la microscopia de fluorescencia en un método de disector modificado para determinar el número de miocitos en el tejido cardíaco en condiciones normales y patológicas. MÉTODOS: El estudio empleó ratones Wistar machos de cuatro meses de edad y peso de 366,25 ± 88,21 g randomizados en grupos controles (GC, n = 8) e infectados (GI, n = 8). Los animales del GI fueron inoculados con cepa Y de T. cruzi (300.000 tripomastigotas/50 g). Después de ocho semanas, los animales fueron pesados y sacrificados. Los Ventrículos Izquierdos (VI) fueron removidos para análisis estereológico de la densidad numérica de cardiomiocitos (Nv [c]) y el número total de esas células en el VI (N [c]). Esos parámetros fueron estimados usando un disector fluorescente (FD) y comparados con los métodos convencionales de disector óptico (OD) y disector físico (PD). RESULTADOS: En ambos métodos de disector, los animales del GI presentaron caída significativa de Nv[c] y N[c] en comparación con los animales del GC (P > 0,05). Una correlación fuerte, igual o superior a 96%, fue obtenida entre FD, OD y PD. CONCLUSIÓN: El método FD parece ser igualmente confiable para determinar Nv[c] y N[c] en condiciones normales y patológicas, presentando algunas ventajas en relación a los métodos convencionales de disector: reducción de cortes histológicos e imágenes en el análisis estereológico, reducción del tiempo de análisis de las imágenes, la construcción de FD en microscopios simples, utilizando el modo de epifluorescencia, distinción de planos de disector en ampliaciones inferiores.

Use of fluorescence in a modified disector method to estimate the number of myocytes in cardiac tissue.

BACKGROUND: Conventional disector methods currently require considerable financial, technical and operational costs to estimate the number of cells, including cardyomyocytes, in a 3D area. OBJECTIVE: To use fluorescence microscopy in a modified disector method to determine the number of myocytes in cardiac tissue in normal and pathological conditions. METHODS: The study employed four-month-old male Wistar rats with weight of 366.25 ± 88.21g randomized in control (CG, n=8) and infected (IG, n=8) groups. IG animals were inoculated with T. cruzi Y strain (300,000 trypomastigotes/50g wt). After eight weeks, the animals were weighted and euthanized. The left ventricles (LV) were removed for stereological analysis of numerical density of cardiomyocytes (Nv[c]) and total number of these cells in the LV (N[c]). These parameters were estimated using a fluorescent disector (FD) and compared with the conventional optical (OD) and physical (PD) disector methods. RESULTS: In both disector methods, IG animals presented significant decrease of Nv[c] and N[c] compared to CG animals (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in these variables despite the disector method applied in CG and IG animals (P> 0.05). A strong correlation, equal or above 96%, was obtained between FD, OD and PD. CONCLUSION: The FD method seems to be equally reliable to determine Nv[c] and N[c] in normal and pathological conditions and presents some advantages compared to conventional disector methods: reduction of histological slices and images in the stereological analysis, reduction of time to analyze the images, construction of FD in simple microscopes using the epifluorescence mode, distinction of disector planes in lower magnifications.

Treinamento em natação atenua a disfução contrátil de cardiomiócitos de ratos diabéticos / Swimming training attenuates contractile dysfunction in diabetic rat cardiomyocytes / Entrenamiento en natación atenúa la disfunción contráctil de cardiomiocitos de ratones diabéticos

FUNDAMENTO: O diabete experimental promove disfunção contrátil em cardiomiócitos, mas os efeitos do treinamento em natação nesta disfunção não são conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Testar os efeitos de um programa de treino em natação (PTN) sobre a disfunção contrátil de cardiomiócitos de ratos com diabete experimental. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (idade: 30 dias; peso corporal médio: 84,19 g) com diabete induzida por estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg de peso corporal; glicemia > 300 mg/dl) foram alocados em diabéticos sedentários (DS, n = 10) e diabéticos exercitados (DE, n = 13). Animais da mesma idade e peso serviram de controles sedentários (CS, n = 10) e controles exercitados (CE, n = 06). Os animais DE e CE foram submetidos a um PTN (05 dias/semana, 90 min/dia), por 08 semanas. Os miócitos do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram isolados e estimulados eletricamente a 3,0 Hz em temperatura ambiente (∼ 25º C). RESULTADOS: O diabete reduziu a função contrátil nos cardiomiócitos dos animais em relação aos controles (i.e., menor amplitude de contração, maior tempo de contração e relaxamento). O PTN atenuou a redução na amplitude de contração (CS, 11 ± 0,2 por cento vs DE, 11,6 ± 0,2 por cento), o tempo para o pico de contração (CS, 319 ± 5,8 ms vs DE, 333 ± 4,8 ms) e o tempo para 50 por cento de relaxamento (CS, 619 ± 22,2 ms vs DE, 698 ± 18,6 ms) dos cardiomiócitos dos animais diabéticos. O diabete reduziu as dimensões dos cardiomiócitos, porém, o PTN minimizou a redução da largura e volume celular, sem alterar o comprimento. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de treino em natação atenuou a disfunção contrátil dos miócitos do VE de ratos com diabete experimental.

BACKGROUND: Experimental diabetes promotes contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes, but the effects of swimming in this disorder are not known. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of a swimming training program (STP) on cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in rats with experimental diabetes. METHODS: Wistar rats (age: 30 days; mean body weight: 84.19 g) with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight; glucose > 300 mg/dl) were divided into sedentary diabetic rats (SD, n = 10) and exercised diabetic rats (ED, n = 13). Animals of same age and weight served as sedentary controls (SC, n = 10) and exercised controls (EC, n = 06). Animals and ED and EC underwent a STP (05 days/week, 90 min/day) for 08 weeks. Left ventricular (LV) myocytes were isolated and electrically stimulated at 3.0 Hz at room temperature (∼ 25º C). RESULTS: Diabetes reduced contractile function in cardiomyocytes of animals compared to controls (i.e., lower amplitude of contraction, longer duration of contraction and relaxation). The STP attenuated the reduced amplitude of contraction (SC, 11 ± 0.2 percent vs ED, 11.6 ± 0.2 percent), time to peak contraction (SC, 319 ± 5.8 ms vs ED, 333 ± 4.8 ms) and time to 50.0 percent of relaxation (SC, 619 ± 22.2 ms vs ED 698 ± 18.6 ms) of cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats. Diabetes reduced the size of cardiomyocytes, however, the STP minimized the reduction of cell volume and width, without changing length. CONCLUSION: The swimming training program attenuated the contractile dysfunction of the LV myocytes of rats with experimental diabetes.

FUNDAMENTO: La diabetes experimental promueve el trastorno contráctil de los cardiomiocitos, pero los efectos del entrenamiento en natación en este trastorno no se conocen. OBJETIVO: Probar los efectos de un programa de capacitación en natación (PTN) sobre el trastorno contráctil de cardiomiocitos de ratas con diabetes experimental. MÉTODOS: Ratas Wistar (edad: 30 días, peso corporal medio: 84,19 g) con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg de peso corporal, glucosa > 300 mg/dl) fueron divididos en diabéticos sedentarios (DS, n = 10) y diabéticos ejercitados (DE, n = 13). Animales de la misma edad y peso sirvieron de controles sedentarios (CS, n = 10) y controles ejercitados (CE, n = 06). Los animales DE y CE se sometieron a un PTN (05 días/semana, 90 min/día), por 08 semanas. Los miocitos del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) fueron aislados y estimulados eléctricamente a 3,0 Hz en temperatura ambiente (~ 25º C). RESULTADOS: La diabetes disminuyó la función contráctil de los cardiomiocitos de los animales en comparación con los controles (es decir, menor amplitud de la contracción, la duración de la contracción y relajación). El PTN atenuó la reducción de la amplitud de la contracción (CS, 11 ± 0,2 por ciento frente a la DE, 11,6 ± 0,2 por ciento), el tiempo para la contracción máxima (CS, 319 ± 5,8 ms vs DE, 333 ± 4,8 ms) y el tiempo para el 50 por ciento de relajación (CS, 619 ± 22,2 ms vs DE, 698 ± 18,6 ms) de los cardiomiocitos de los animales diabéticos. La diabetes redujo las dimensiones de los cardiomiocitos, sin embargo, el PTN minimizó la reducción de la anchura y volumen celular, sin cambiar la longitud. CONCLUSIÓN: El programa de entrenamiento de natación atenuó la disfunción contráctil de los miocitos del VI de las ratas con diabetes experimental.

Swimming training attenuates contractile dysfunction in diabetic rat cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: Experimental diabetes promotes contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes, but the effects of swimming in this disorder are not known. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of a swimming training program (STP) on cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in rats with experimental diabetes. METHODS: Wistar rats (age: 30 days; mean body weight: 84.19 g) with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight; glucose > 300 mg/dl) were divided into sedentary diabetic rats (SD, n = 10) and exercised diabetic rats (ED, n = 13). Animals of same age and weight served as sedentary controls (SC, n = 10) and exercised controls (EC, n = 06). Animals and ED and EC underwent a STP (05 days/week, 90 min/day) for 08 weeks. Left ventricular (LV) myocytes were isolated and electrically stimulated at 3.0 Hz at room temperature (∼ 25º C). RESULTS: Diabetes reduced contractile function in cardiomyocytes of animals compared to controls (i.e., lower amplitude of contraction, longer duration of contraction and relaxation). The STP attenuated the reduced amplitude of contraction (SC, 11 ± 0.2% vs ED, 11.6 ± 0.2%), time to peak contraction (SC, 319 ± 5.8 ms vs ED, 333 ± 4.8 ms) and time to 50.0% of relaxation (SC, 619 ± 22.2 ms vs ED 698 ± 18.6 ms) of cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats. Diabetes reduced the size of cardiomyocytes, however, the STP minimized the reduction of cell volume and width, without changing length. CONCLUSION: The swimming training program attenuated the contractile dysfunction of the LV myocytes of rats with experimental diabetes.

Malnutrition enhances cardiovascular responses to chemoreflex activation in awake rats.

Several studies in the literature suggest that low-protein intake is associated with increases in sympathetic efferent activity and cardiovascular disease. Among the possible mechanisms, changes in the neurotransmission of cardiovascular reflexes have been implicated. Therefore, the present study comprised the evaluation of chemoreflex responsiveness in rats subjected to a low-protein diet during the 35 days after weaning. As a result, we observed that malnourished rats presented higher levels of baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate and exhibited a mild increase in the pressor response to chemoreflex activation. They also exhibited a massive bradycardic response to chemoreflex activation. Interestingly, bilateral ligature of the carotid body arteries further increased baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate in malnourished animals. The data suggest severe autonomic imbalance and/or change in the central interplay between neural and cardiovascular mechanisms.