Delamination of 2D coordination polymers: The role of solvent and ultrasound.

Two novel cadmium-based 2D coordination polymers have been synthesized and characterized. Experimental results evidence that the best delamination processes occurs when weak interactions dominate the cohesion between layers and solvent molecules are occluded within the crystalline network. In this case, the delamination of the crystals occurs spontaneously in water. On top of that, and thanks to the high stability of the resulting (flake) colloidal dispersions, we have completed a detailed study of the sonication assisted delamination impact by: I) comparison of two different sonication approaches (bath vs. tip sonication) and II) optimization of final flake morphology and yield by controlling solvent and sonication time. Our results definitely pave the way for the fabrication and implementation of 2D coordination polymers using ultrasound.

A case study perspective on psychological outcomes after female genital mutilation.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is still performed throughout Africa and in a few countries of Asia and the Middle East, affecting over 100 million females worldwide. It includes procedures that intentionally injure female external genital organs for non-medical reasons, and can have deleterious consequences for the physical, psychological and sexual lives of its victims. This paper presents three case studies illustrating the psychological and sexual consequences of FGM. Data were gathered about child and family history, employment, medical and psychiatric history, and the genital mutilation experienced. Self-report measures of self-esteem, mental health status and sexual life were also administered. The results obtained highlight the need for European professionals to develop greater knowledge about FGM and its serious consequences, especially as regards sexuality. This is particularly important given the large numbers of immigrant women now residing within EU countries.

La importancia del apoyo social en la intervención con víctimas de abuso sexual infantil: una revisión teórica / The importance of social support in the intervention with victims of child sexual abuse: a theoretical review

Se presenta una revisión teórica de la importancia de la evaluación e implementación del apoyo social en la intervención con víctimas de abuso sexual, al ser éste un componente fundamental de la resiliencia que presentan ciertos individuos ante esta experiencia y dada su impor­tancia en el pronóstico del tratamiento. La mayoría de estudios llevados a cabo en esta área constatan la elevada frecuencia de reacciones negativas y culpabilizadoras por parte del entorno de la víctima ante la revelación del abu­so aumentando el riesgo de sintomatología psicológica, así como dificultando la efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados. Es necesario incluir, como parte integral del proceso de intervención, aquellas fuentes de apoyo que la víctima valora como relevantes, realizar estudios em­píricos nacionales que permitan observar el efecto de esta variable en víctimas de abuso sexual infantil de nuestro país y desarrollar instrumentos para evaluarla, permitien­do comparaciones con otros contextos y observando la existencia de posibles diferencias culturales

A review of the importance of social support in the assessment and intervention of sexual abuse victims is presented. Social support has been shown to be a funda­mental component of resilience and also to have a strong influence on the prognosis of psychological treatment on victims. The majority of the studies conducted in this area confirm the high frequency of negative reactions from the victims' social environment when sexual abuse is dis­closed, which increases the risk of guilt cognitions and internalizing psychological symptoms in the victim. In addition, this lack of social support decreases the effec­tiveness of psychological treatment. Intervention process should include those sources of support that the sexual abuse victim considered relevant. Also, national empiri­cal studies should be conducted allowing cross-cultural comparisons and the analysis of cultural differences

Abuso sexual infantil y síndorme de alienación parental: criterios diferenciales / Child sexual abuse an parental alienation syndrome. Differential criteria

El abuso sexual infantil y los denominados casos de interferencias parental son situaciones de especial gravedad para los menores que las padecen, así como de evidente dificultad para su adecuado diagnóstico y abordaje profesional. Discernir cuando el profesional se encuentra ante uno u otro caso entraña una complejidad para la que son necesarios una formación adecuada y unos criterios fiables. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo aportar algunos de los criterios recogidos de las publicaciones al respecto, que pretenden facilitar la diferenciación entre ambas situaciones. El análisis del relato del menor, así como diferentes indicadores clínicos presentes en una parte importante de las víctimas de abuso sexual pueden ayudar al profesional a tomar una decisión al respecto. Los efectos de un error diagnóstico en cualquiera de estos casos conllevaría un gran perjuicio para el menor, su familia y el sistema social, siendo fundamental que el profesional evite participar activamente en una evaluación de este tipo si no se dispone de la adecuada formación y experiencia (AU)

Child sexual abuse and those cases of parental interferences are severe situations with negative consequences for children suffering them. Moreover, these situations are not easy to tackle regarding the diagnosis and professional approach. To distinguish when the professional is in front of one of the above mentioned situations is a complex task for which are needed a strong, solid training and trustworthy criteria. The main aim of the present work is to suggest some criteria, gathered from the publications in the field, which would be able to differentiate between actual child sexual abuse and parental interference. The analysis of the child’s report, as well as different clinical indicators that are present in many victims of sexual abuse can help the professional to take the right decision. The effects of a diagnostic mistake in any of these cases would imply harm for the child, his or her family and the social system. It is very important that the professional avoid taking part actively in an evaluation of this type if he or she does not have enough training and experience on this controversial field (AU)

Use of the Kidcope to identify socio-economically diverse Spanish school-age children's stressors and coping strategies.

BACKGROUND: The process by which children cope with stressful events is a very relevant topic. However, few systematic efforts have been made to design age-specific measures. METHODS: This study examined problems commonly experienced by children, ages between 7 and 12 years, from two different sources: a primary school mainly enrolling families of medium socio-economic status, and an after-school social care centre from a socially and economically deprived neighbourhood. Data were obtained using the younger version of the Kidcope. RESULTS: Almost 55% of the sample reported a problem related to others with no differences observed in age, gender or school group. The strategies that children considered the most effective were 'social support' (35%), 'emotional regulation' (33%) and 'wishful thinking' (32%). The children from disadvantaged backgrounds reported different problems mainly related with 'victimization and violence', 'moving house' and conflicts with 'norms and rules' and tended to use avoidant strategies to face them, which could be related to the perception of uncontrollability of these stressors. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported the first descriptive results in the type of problems and coping strategies of two different social groups of Spanish children using the Kidcope. The Kidcope can be useful to screen children for coping abilities at an early age living under stressful conditions in underprivileged sectors of society.

Oestrus synchronisation of rabbit does at early post-partum by doe-litter separation or ECG injection: Reproductive parameters and endocrine profiles.

Inseminating rabbit does at early post-partum, in combination with early weaning, can increase prolificacy (total kits born and still born per parturition) and decrease parturition intervals. Oestrus synchronisation increases fertility and prolificacy, while decreasing the number of inseminations required for gestation. However, little is known about the effectiveness of different oestrus synchronisation methods at early post-partum. In this study, does (n = 138) were artificially inseminated nine times (over a period of 1 year, kits weaned at 25 days), on day 4 post-partum after separation from the litter (for 48 or 24 h) or 48 h after 25 UI eCG injection. Plasma levels of prolactin and estradiol were also evaluated in a subsample of 12 multiparous lactating does per treatment, on days 2, 3 and 4 post-partum. The three treatments increased overall fertility of multiparous females compared to controls (which were not synchronised), but there were no differences among treatments in total kits born or stillborn. Does treated with eCG had a higher culling rate. The interval between parturitions and the number of inseminations required for gestation tended to decrease with increasing number of inseminations. In lactating does, there was an interaction between treatment and insemination order. Fertility decreased with increasing inseminations in eCG does but tended to increase above control values in the separated does until the fourth insemination. Control lactating does had significantly less kits per parturition compared to treatments, but eCG lactating does had more stillborn kits. Oestradiol levels increased on day 4 post-partum in all synchronised lactating does (and immediately before artificial insemination in 48 h doe-litter separation), so ovarian activity could be stimulated at early post-partum using all treatments. However, the increase could not be explained by prolactin levels, since there were no effects of suckling absence on plasma prolactin in separated does. In conclusion, separating does from the litter before insemination can be just as effective as eCG treatment, especially during for the first four inseminations.

Second-harmonic generation studies in the B2 and B4 phases of a banana-shaped liquid crystal.

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements have been performed in the B2 phase of the achiral banana-shaped molecule with n=12 alkoxy end chains (P-12-O-PIMB). A quantitative value of the nonlinear efficiency has been obtained from SHG curves at oblique incidences, taking into account that the signal is generated by a random orientation of different domains. In the B4 phase, circular dichroism, optical absorption and SHG studies have been carried out. It has been found that there are no simple helical arrangements giving rise to selective reflection in the visible region of the spectrum. In addition, some unusual features of the SHG behavior are pointed out. It is concluded that the phase is intrinsically inactive for the SHG process. The detected signal is due to the presence of some birefringent inclusions that are created at the B2 to B4 transition and slowly disappear while the sample is maintained within the B4 phase. A structural model for these inclusions is presented.

Comparison between the switching dynamics of homeotropic and planar cells of chiral smectic-C liquid crystals

The molecular dynamics during the switching of homeotropic and planar cells of chiral smectic-C liquid crystals has been investigated using electrooptic measurements and second-harmonic-generation interferometry. Two ferroelectric liquid crystals with great differences in their molecular structures have been studied. It has been found that the molecular motion is rather different depending on the type of cell used. For planar cells, the azimuthal rotation of the molecules is limited within half the smectic cone and the molecules rotate in opposite directions in the two halves of the chevron structure. In contrast, for homeotropic cells there is no chevron structure and a uniform macroscopic optical indicatrix can be defined all over the sample during the whole switching process. However, the molecular reorientation takes place within numerous microdomains of size smaller than the optical wavelength. There are two types of microdomains that occur with different probabilities depending on the material. Within each domain the molecules rotate in opposite directions, and the molecules describe a complete cone during a whole switching period.